MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease

ABSTRACT This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not...

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Vydáno v:Movement disorders Ročník 30; číslo 12; s. 1600 - 1611
Hlavní autoři: Berg, Daniela, Postuma, Ronald B., Adler, Charles H., Bloem, Bastiaan R., Chan, Piu, Dubois, Bruno, Gasser, Thomas, Goetz, Christopher G., Halliday, Glenda, Joseph, Lawrence, Lang, Anthony E., Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga, Litvan, Irene, Marek, Kenneth, Obeso, José, Oertel, Wolfgang, Olanow, C. Warren, Poewe, Werner, Stern, Matthew, Deuschl, Günther
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.10.2015
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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ISSN:0885-3185, 1531-8257, 1531-8257
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Abstract ABSTRACT This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. Given the lack of clear neuroprotective/disease‐modifying therapy for prodromal PD, these criteria were developed for research purposes only. The criteria are based upon the likelihood of prodromal disease being present with probable prodromal PD defined as ≥80% certainty. Certainty estimates rely upon calculation of an individual's risk of having prodromal PD, using a Bayesian naïve classifier. In this methodology, a previous probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, the probability of prodromal PD is calculated by adding diagnostic information, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. These criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD and will require constant updating as more information becomes available. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
AbstractList This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. Given the lack of clear neuroprotective/disease-modifying therapy for prodromal PD, these criteria were developed for research purposes only. The criteria are based upon the likelihood of prodromal disease being present with probable prodromal PD defined as ≥80% certainty. Certainty estimates rely upon calculation of an individual's risk of having prodromal PD, using a Bayesian naïve classifier. In this methodology, a previous probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, the probability of prodromal PD is calculated by adding diagnostic information, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. These criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD and will require constant updating as more information becomes available.This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. Given the lack of clear neuroprotective/disease-modifying therapy for prodromal PD, these criteria were developed for research purposes only. The criteria are based upon the likelihood of prodromal disease being present with probable prodromal PD defined as ≥80% certainty. Certainty estimates rely upon calculation of an individual's risk of having prodromal PD, using a Bayesian naïve classifier. In this methodology, a previous probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, the probability of prodromal PD is calculated by adding diagnostic information, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. These criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD and will require constant updating as more information becomes available.
This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. Given the lack of clear neuroprotective/disease-modifying therapy for prodromal PD, these criteria were developed for research purposes only. The criteria are based upon the likelihood of prodromal disease being present with probable prodromal PD defined as greater than or equal to 80% certainty. Certainty estimates rely upon calculation of an individual's risk of having prodromal PD, using a Bayesian naive classifier. In this methodology, a previous probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, the probability of prodromal PD is calculated by adding diagnostic information, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. These criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD and will require constant updating as more information becomes available. copyright 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. Given the lack of clear neuroprotective/disease-modifying therapy for prodromal PD, these criteria were developed for research purposes only. The criteria are based upon the likelihood of prodromal disease being present with probable prodromal PD defined as ≥80% certainty. Certainty estimates rely upon calculation of an individual's risk of having prodromal PD, using a Bayesian naïve classifier. In this methodology, a previous probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, the probability of prodromal PD is calculated by adding diagnostic information, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. These criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD and will require constant updating as more information becomes available. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
ABSTRACT This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. Given the lack of clear neuroprotective/disease‐modifying therapy for prodromal PD, these criteria were developed for research purposes only. The criteria are based upon the likelihood of prodromal disease being present with probable prodromal PD defined as ≥80% certainty. Certainty estimates rely upon calculation of an individual's risk of having prodromal PD, using a Bayesian naïve classifier. In this methodology, a previous probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, the probability of prodromal PD is calculated by adding diagnostic information, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. These criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD and will require constant updating as more information becomes available. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. Given the lack of clear neuroprotective/disease-modifying therapy for prodromal PD, these criteria were developed for research purposes only. The criteria are based upon the likelihood of prodromal disease being present with probable prodromal PD defined as ≥80% certainty. Certainty estimates rely upon calculation of an individual's risk of having prodromal PD, using a Bayesian naïve classifier. In this methodology, a previous probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, the probability of prodromal PD is calculated by adding diagnostic information, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. These criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD and will require constant updating as more information becomes available.
Author Berg, Daniela
Postuma, Ronald B.
Goetz, Christopher G.
Chan, Piu
Litvan, Irene
Dubois, Bruno
Olanow, C. Warren
Halliday, Glenda
Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga
Oertel, Wolfgang
Deuschl, Günther
Lang, Anthony E.
Poewe, Werner
Joseph, Lawrence
Stern, Matthew
Bloem, Bastiaan R.
Gasser, Thomas
Obeso, José
Marek, Kenneth
Adler, Charles H.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Daniela
  surname: Berg
  fullname: Berg, Daniela
  email: ron.postuma@mcgill.ca
  organization: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Ronald B.
  surname: Postuma
  fullname: Postuma, Ronald B.
  email: ron.postuma@mcgill.ca
  organization: Department of Neurology, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Charles H.
  surname: Adler
  fullname: Adler, Charles H.
  organization: The Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Arizona, Scottsdale, USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Bastiaan R.
  surname: Bloem
  fullname: Bloem, Bastiaan R.
  organization: Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Piu
  surname: Chan
  fullname: Chan, Piu
  organization: Xuanwu Hospital of Capitol of Medical University, Beijing, China
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Bruno
  surname: Dubois
  fullname: Dubois, Bruno
  organization: Hopital De La Salpetriere, Paris, France
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Thomas
  surname: Gasser
  fullname: Gasser, Thomas
  organization: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Christopher G.
  surname: Goetz
  fullname: Goetz, Christopher G.
  organization: Rush University Medical Center, Illinois, Chicago, USA
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Glenda
  surname: Halliday
  fullname: Halliday, Glenda
  organization: Neuroscience Research Australia & University of NSW, Randwick, Australia
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Lawrence
  surname: Joseph
  fullname: Joseph, Lawrence
  organization: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Anthony E.
  surname: Lang
  fullname: Lang, Anthony E.
  organization: Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Inga
  surname: Liepelt-Scarfone
  fullname: Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga
  organization: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
– sequence: 13
  givenname: Irene
  surname: Litvan
  fullname: Litvan, Irene
  organization: Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, California, La Jolla, USA
– sequence: 14
  givenname: Kenneth
  surname: Marek
  fullname: Marek, Kenneth
  organization: Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Connecticut, New Haven, USA
– sequence: 15
  givenname: José
  surname: Obeso
  fullname: Obeso, José
  organization: University of Navarra-FIMA, Pamplona, Spain
– sequence: 16
  givenname: Wolfgang
  surname: Oertel
  fullname: Oertel, Wolfgang
  organization: Department of Neurology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
– sequence: 17
  givenname: C. Warren
  surname: Olanow
  fullname: Olanow, C. Warren
  organization: Department of Neurology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
– sequence: 18
  givenname: Werner
  surname: Poewe
  fullname: Poewe, Werner
  organization: Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
– sequence: 19
  givenname: Matthew
  surname: Stern
  fullname: Stern, Matthew
  organization: Penn Neurological Institute, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
– sequence: 20
  givenname: Günther
  surname: Deuschl
  fullname: Deuschl, Günther
  organization: Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474317$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves TD. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 2014;29:1583-1590.
Lin CH, Lin JW, Liu YC, Chang CH, Wu RM. Risk of Parkinson's disease following severe constipation: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014;20:1371-1375.
Elbaz A, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, et al. Risk tables for parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55:25-31.
Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. A prospective study of bowel movement frequency and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol 2011;174:546-551.
Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR, et al. Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2001;57:456-462.
Bower JH, Grossardt BR, Maraganore DM, et al. Anxious personality predicts an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010;25:2105-2113.
Chen H, Huang X, Guo X, Peddada S. Individual and joint prevalence of three nonmotor symptoms of PD in the US general population. Mov Disord 2014;29:1316-1319.
Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Montplaisir JY. Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder in the transition to degenerative disease. Mov Disord 2009;24:2225-2232.
Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, et al. MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015.
Iranzo A, Tolosa E, Gelpi E, et al. Neurodegenerative disease status and post-mortem pathology in idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:443-453.
Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Hogl B, et al. Risk factors for neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter study. Ann Neurol 2015;77:830-839.
Haehner A, Hummel T, Hummel C, Sommer U, Junghanns S, Reichmann H. Olfactory loss may be a first sign of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2007;22:839-842.
Mahlknecht P, Iranzo A, Hogl B, et al. Olfactory dysfunction predicts early transition to a Lewy body disease in idiopathic RBD. Neurology 2015;84:654-658.
Hernan MA, Takkouche B, Caamano-Isorna F, Gestal-Otero JJ. A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2002;52:276-284.
Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Abbott RD, et al. Association of olfactory dysfunction with risk for future Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2008;63:167-173.
Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Desjardins C, Montplaisir J. Olfaction and color vision identify impending neurodegeneration in REM behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 2011;69:811-818.
Savica R, Carlin JM, Grossardt BR, et al. Medical records documentation of constipation preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology 2009;73:1752-1758.
Alonso A, Rodriguez LA, Logroscino G, Hernan MA. Use of antidepressants and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a prospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:671-674.
Kang SH, Yoon IY, Lee SD, Han JW, Kim TH, Kim KW. REM sleep behavior disorder in the Korean elderly population: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Sleep 2013;36:1147-1152.
Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Fantini ML, Massicotte-Marquez J, Montplaisir J. Quantifying the risk of neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 2009;72:1296-1300.
Frauscher B, Iranzo A, Gaig C, et al. Normative EMG values during REM sleep for the diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2012;35:835-847.
Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurology 1996;46:388-393.
Iranzo A, Stockner H, Serradell M, et al. Five-year follow-up of substantia nigra echogenicity in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 2014;29:1774-1780.
Schrag A, Horsfall L, Walters K, Noyce A, Petersen I. Prediagnostic presentations of Parkinson's disease in primary care: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:57-64.
Leentjens AF, Van den Akker M, Metsemakers JF, Lousberg R, Verhey FR. Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: a register study. Mov Disord 2003;18:414-418.
Iranzo A, Lomena F, Stockner H, et al. Decreased striatal dopamine transporters uptake and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as risk markers of synucleinopathy in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:1070-1077.
Ferman TJ, Smith GE, Kantarci K, et al. Nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment progresses to dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2013;81:2032-2038.
Iranzo A, Valldeoriola F, Lomena F, et al. Serial dopamine transporter imaging of nigrostriatal function in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:797-805.
Postuma RB, Lang AE, Gagnon JF, Pelletier A, Montplaisir JY. How does parkinsonism start? Prodromal parkinsonism motor changes in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder. Brain 2012;135(Pt 6):1860-1870.
Rocca WA, McDonnell SK, Strain KJ, et al. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease: the Mayo Clinic family study. Ann Neurol 2004;56:495-502.
Berg D, Marek K, Ross GW, Poewe W. Defining at-risk populations for Parkinson's disease: lessons from ongoing studies. Mov Disord 2012;27:656-665.
Abbott RD, Ross GW, White LR, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness and subsequent development of Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005;65:1442-1446.
Fahn S, Elton R; Members of the UPDRS Development Committee. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, Calne D, Goldstein M, eds. Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease. Florham Park, NJ: MacMillan HealthCare Information; 1987:153-163.
Fang F, Xu Q, Park Y, et al. Depression and the subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Mov Disord 2010;25:1157-1162.
Liu R, Guo X, Park Y, et al. Caffeine intake, smoking, and risk of Parkinson disease in men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175:1200-1207.
Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, et al. Erectile function and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:1446-1450.
Iranzo A, Fernandez-Arcos A, Tolosa E, et al. Neurodegenerative disorder risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: study in 174 patients. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e89741.
Selvin E, Burnett AL, Platz EA. Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in the US. Am J Med 2007;120:151-157.
Elbaz A, Grigoletto F, Baldereschi M, et al. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease: a population-based case-control study in Europe. EUROPARKINSON Study Group. Neurology 1999;52:1876-1882.
Pezzoli G, Cereda E. Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 2013;80:2035-2041.
Weisskopf MG, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Kawachi I, Ascherio A. Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003;18:646-651.
Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, et al. Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2012;72:893-901.
Fuente-Fernandez R, Schulzer M, Kuramoto L, et al. Age-specific progression of nigrostriatal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2011;69:803-810.
Boot BP, Boeve BF, Roberts RO, et al. Probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder increases risk for mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Ann Neurol 2012;71:49-56.
Gustafsson H, Nordström A, Nordström P. Depression and subsequent risk of Parkinson disease: a nationwide cohort study. Neurology 2015;84:2422-2429.
Gao J, Huang X, Park Y, et al. Daytime napping, nighttime sleeping, and Parkinson disease. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:1032-1038.
Velseboer DC, de Haan RJ, Wieling W, Goldstein DS, de Bie RM. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011;17:724-729.
Wing YK, Li SX, Mok V, et al. Prospective outcome of rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: psychiatric disorders as a potential early marker of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:470-472.
Berg D, Behnke S, Seppi K, et al. Enlarged hyperechogenic substantia nigra as a risk marker for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013;28:216-219.
Goetz CG, Stebbins GT, Tilley BC. Calibration of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores to Movement Disorder Society-unified Parkinson's disease rating scale scores. Mov Disord 2012;27:1239-1242.
Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Bertrand JA, Génier Marchand D, Montplaisir J. Parkinson risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: preparing for neuroprotective trials. Neurology 2015;84:1104-1113.
Berg D, Godau J, Walter U. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:1044-1055.
de Lau LM, Breteler MM. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:525-535.
Stern MB, Lang A, Poewe W. Toward a redefinition of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012;27:54-60.
Berg D, Postuma RB, Bloem B, et al. Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS Task Force on the definition of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014;29:454-462.
Schenck CH, Boeve BF, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonia
2013; 28
2002; 52
2009; 80
2015; 77
2002; 55
2008; 7
2005; 65
2011; 10
2003; 18
2014; 29
2011; 17
2003; 54
2014; 20
2012; 72
2012; 71
2012; 175
2013; 14
2010; 25
2012; 135
2015; 84
2013; 12
1987
1999; 52
2012; 27
2008; 63
2011; 69
2014; 9
2007; 22
2001; 57
2010; 9
2012; 83
2009; 24
2015; 14
2007; 166
2007; 120
2006; 5
2011; 174
2012; 35
2011; 173
2014; 82
2013; 36
2009; 73
2009; 72
2004; 56
2013; 80
2013; 81
2015
1996; 46
2014; 31
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26714657 - Nat Rev Neurol. 2016 Jan;12(1):10-1
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Snippet ABSTRACT This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein...
This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early...
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SubjectTerms diagnosis
Humans
Movement disorders
Parkinson Disease - diagnosis
Parkinson's disease
prodromal
Prodromal Symptoms
Severity of Illness Index
Societies, Scientific - standards
Title MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fmds.26431
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474317
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1722433038
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1722928670
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1727696012
Volume 30
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