A high-efficiency, low-bias method for extracting particulate matter from filter and impactor substrates

Atmospheric particles are frequently collected onto filter and impactor substrates for studies related to the composition, health effects and climate impact of ambient particulate matter (PM). Many of these studies require extraction of that PM from the substrates but available methods have low extr...

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Vydáno v:	Atmospheric environment (1994) Ročník 90; s. 87 - 95
Hlavní autoři:	Bein, K.J., Wexler, A.S.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.06.2014 Elsevier
Témata:	aerosols Air atmospheric chemistry Biological and medical sciences California Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases climate Environmental pollutants toxicology Filter extractions Filter sampling filtration Inorganic dusts (pneumoconiosises) and organic dusts (byssinosis etc.) liquid-liquid extraction Medical sciences methodology Particulate matter toxicity particulates Polyurethane foam substrates solvents Source-oriented sampling toxicity Toxicity bias Toxicology California Particulate matter toxicity Source-oriented sampling Toxicity bias Filter sampling Polyurethane foam substrates Filter extractions Air content Toxicity Samplings Cellular plastic Concentration measurement Suspended particle Efficiency Particulate matter Polyurethane Air pollution Methodological bias Extraction Plastics Sampling Particle filter
ISSN:	1352-2310, 1873-2844
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Popis
Shrnutí:	Atmospheric particles are frequently collected onto filter and impactor substrates for studies related to the composition, health effects and climate impact of ambient particulate matter (PM). Many of these studies require extraction of that PM from the substrates but available methods have low extraction efficiencies that may lead to compositional and thus toxicity bias. Here, novel PM extraction methods are presented that (a) maximize extraction efficiency, (b) minimize compositional biases in extracted PM, relative to sampled PM and (c) minimize extraction artifacts. Method development was based upon strengths and weaknesses of existing SOPs and current requirements in the field of aerosol health effects research. Extraction objectives were accomplished using a combination of sonication in solvents of varying polarity, selective filtration, liquid–liquid extraction of water-based extracts, solvent removal and final reconstitution of the total extracted PM. Relying largely on intensive gravimetric analyses and comparison to existing SOPs, the new technique has been fully validated on nearly 40 different size-segregated, source-oriented samples collected during two separate seasons in Fresno, CA. Compared to existing methods, and depending on the source, compositionally-specific increases in extraction efficiencies of 10–40% and 20–50% were obtained for the ultrafine and submicron fine PM fractions, respectively, indicating significant increases in total extraction efficiency and significant decreases in compositional bias. [Display omitted] •Novel PM extraction methods are presented that:•Maximize extraction efficiency and minimize artifacts and compositional biases.•Achieve 10–40% efficiency increase for ultrafine PM extracted from afterfilters.•Achieve 20–50% efficiency increase for submicron fine PM extracted from PUF.•Demonstrate that extraction efficiencies are compositionally, or source, specific.
Bibliografie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1352-2310 1873-2844
DOI:	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.042