High resistance of fish pathogenic viruses to UV irradiation and ozonated seawater
Important fish pathogenic viruses, including infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or ozonated seawater in a laboratory model system. Inactivation curves were obtained, a...
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| Published in: | Aquacultural engineering Vol. 34; no. 2; pp. 72 - 82 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Amsterdam
Elsevier B.V
01.03.2006
Elsevier Science |
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| ISSN: | 0144-8609, 1873-5614 |
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| Abstract | Important fish pathogenic viruses, including infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or ozonated seawater in a laboratory model system. Inactivation curves were obtained, and the occurrence of oxidants and ozonation by-products (OBP), including their removal by granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, was studied. In ISAV, 99.9% inactivation was obtained by an UV dose of 7.7mJ/cm2. The corresponding figures for AHNV and IPNV were 105 and 246mJ/cm2, respectively. In ozonated seawater, total residual oxidants (TRO) were assayed by the DPD colorimetric method. The CT value (the product of TRO concentration and contact time) was calculated from the average TRO concentration (as mg Cl2/l) during the respective contact time (s). 90% reductions in virus titers were obtained by CT values of 1.4(mgs)/l for ISAV, 1000(mgs)/l for AHNV and 1944(mgs)/l for IPNV. The results of this study demonstrate a wide span in UV and TRO resistance among the viruses tested. ISAV was sensitive to both methods, while high resistance in AHNV and IPNV was experienced. The TRO resistance in IPNV and AHNV contradict earlier published results and suggests reconsideration of existing ozonation practise to inactivate these viruses in seawater. Considerably higher CT values than previously reported seem to be required. These discrepancies in results between studies clearly demonstrate the need for development of a standard procedure to conduct inactivation experiments and to develop improved analytical techniques to determine individual oxidants in seawater. Of the detected carcinogenic OBPs, bromate was found in concentrations of 50 and 70μg/l after a contact time of 20 and 80min, respectively, at a TRO concentration of 0.9mg/l. Bromoform was the only trihalomethane (THM) found in significant amount. The bromoform concentration of 16.4μg/l measured after 80min contact time was reduced to 1.6μg/l by GAC filtration with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 4.2min. TRO and bromate was reduced below the detection limit after GAC filtration. However, long-term filtration experiments were not conducted. Such experiments should be conducted to determine the adsorptive capacity of GAC for bromate- and THM-removal in ozonated seawater. |
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| AbstractList | Important fish pathogenic viruses, including infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or ozonated seawater in a laboratory model system. Inactivation curves were obtained, and the occurrence of oxidants and ozonation by-products (OBP), including their removal by granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, was studied. In ISAV, 99.9% inactivation was obtained by an UV dose of 7.7mJ/cm2. The corresponding figures for AHNV and IPNV were 105 and 246mJ/cm2, respectively. In ozonated seawater, total residual oxidants (TRO) were assayed by the DPD colorimetric method. The CT value (the product of TRO concentration and contact time) was calculated from the average TRO concentration (as mg Cl2/l) during the respective contact time (s). 90% reductions in virus titers were obtained by CT values of 1.4(mgs)/l for ISAV, 1000(mgs)/l for AHNV and 1944(mgs)/l for IPNV. The results of this study demonstrate a wide span in UV and TRO resistance among the viruses tested. ISAV was sensitive to both methods, while high resistance in AHNV and IPNV was experienced. The TRO resistance in IPNV and AHNV contradict earlier published results and suggests reconsideration of existing ozonation practise to inactivate these viruses in seawater. Considerably higher CT values than previously reported seem to be required. These discrepancies in results between studies clearly demonstrate the need for development of a standard procedure to conduct inactivation experiments and to develop improved analytical techniques to determine individual oxidants in seawater. Of the detected carcinogenic OBPs, bromate was found in concentrations of 50 and 70μg/l after a contact time of 20 and 80min, respectively, at a TRO concentration of 0.9mg/l. Bromoform was the only trihalomethane (THM) found in significant amount. The bromoform concentration of 16.4μg/l measured after 80min contact time was reduced to 1.6μg/l by GAC filtration with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 4.2min. TRO and bromate was reduced below the detection limit after GAC filtration. However, long-term filtration experiments were not conducted. Such experiments should be conducted to determine the adsorptive capacity of GAC for bromate- and THM-removal in ozonated seawater. Important fish pathogenic viruses, including infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV), and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or ozonated seawater in a laboratory model system were studied. The formation of ozonation byproducts (OBP) and their removal by the activated carbon filtration was also studied. Seawater was preozonated by a laboratory model electrical discharge ozone generator to predetermined concentrations for the viral dose/response studies. The total residual oxidant (TRO) concentration was measured immediately before and after the virus suspension was added and immediately after each sample withdrawal. In seawater, no reduction in oxidant concentration was detected within 50 min, neither with nor without aeration. Of the detected carcinogenic OBP, bromate was found in concentrations of 50 and 70 mu g/l after a contact time of 20 and 80 min, respectively, at a TRO concentration of 0.9 mg/l. Important fish pathogenic viruses, including pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or ozonated seawater in a laboratory model system. Inactivation curves were obtained, and the occurrence of oxidants and ozonation by-products (OBP), including their removal by granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, was studied. In ISAV, 99.9% inactivation was obtained by an UV dose of 7.7 mJ/cm super(2). The corresponding figures for AHNV and IPNV were 105 and 246 mJ/cm super(2), respectively. In ozonated seawater, total residual oxidants (TRO) were assayed by the DPD colorimetric method. The C T value (the product of TRO concentration and contact time) was calculated from the average TRO concentration (as mg Cl sub(2)/l) during the respective contact time (s). 90% reductions in virus titers were obtained by C T values of 1.4 (mg s)/l for ISAV, 1000 (mg s)/l for AHNV and 1944 (mg s)/l for IPNV. The results of this study demonstrate a wide span in UV and TRO resistance among the viruses tested. ISAV was sensitive to both methods, while high resistance in AHNV and IPNV was experienced. The TRO resistance in IPNV and AHNV contradict earlier published results and suggests reconsideration of existing ozonation practise to inactivate these viruses in seawater. Considerably higher C T values than previously reported seem to be required. These discrepancies in results between studies clearly demonstrate the need for development of a standard procedure to conduct inactivation experiments and to develop improved analytical techniques to determine individual oxidants in seawater. Of the detected carcinogenic OBPs, bromate was found in concentrations of 50 and 70 mu g/l after a contact time of 20 and 80 min, respectively, at a TRO concentration of 0.9 mg/l. Bromoform was the only trihalomethane (THM) found in significant amount. The bromoform concentration of 16.4 mu g/l measured after 80 min contact time was reduced to 1.6 mu g/l by GAC filtration with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 4.2 min. TRO and bromate was reduced below the detection limit after GAC filtration. However, long-term filtration experiments were not conducted. Such experiments should be conducted to determine the adsorptive capacity of GAC for bromate- and THM-removal in ozonated seawater. Important fish pathogenic viruses, including infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or ozonated seawater in a laboratory model system. Inactivation curves were obtained, and the occurrence of oxidants and ozonation by-products (OBP), including their removal by granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, was studied. In ISAV, 99.9% inactivation was obtained by an UV dose of 7.7 mJ/cm2. The corresponding figures for AHNV and IPNV were 105 and 246 mJ/cm2, respectively. In ozonated seawater, total residual oxidants (TRO) were assayed by the DPD colorimetric method. The C T value (the product of TRO concentration and contact time) was calculated from the average TRO concentration (as mg Cl(2)/l) during the respective contact time (s). 90% reductions in virus titers were obtained by C T values of 1.4 (mg s)/l for ISAV, 1000 (mg s)/l for AHNV and 1944 (mg s)/l for IPNV. The results of this study demonstrate a wide span in UV and TRO resistance among the viruses tested. ISAV was sensitive to both methods, while high resistance in AHNV and IPNV was experienced. The TRO resistance in IPNV and AHNV contradict earlier published results and suggests reconsideration of existing ozonation practise to inactivate these viruses in seawater. Considerably higher C T values than previously reported seem to be required. These discrepancies in results between studies clearly demonstrate the need for development of a standard procedure to conduct inactivation experiments and to develop improved analytical techniques to determine individual oxidants in seawater. Of the detected carcinogenic OBPs, bromate was found in concentrations of 50 and 70 micrograms/l after a contact time of 20 and 80 min, respectively, at a TRO concentration of 0.9 mg/l. Bromoform was the only trihalomethane (THM) found in significant amount. The bromoform concentration of 16.4 micrograms/l measured after 80 min contact time was reduced to 1.6 micrograms/l by GAC filtration with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 4.2 min. TRO and bromate was reduced below the detection limit after GAC filtration. However, long-term filtration experiments were not conducted. Such experiments should be conducted to determine the adsorptive capacity of GAC for bromate- and THM-removal in ozonated seawater. Important fish pathogenic viruses, including infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or ozonated seawater in a laboratory model system. Inactivation curves were obtained, and the occurrence of oxidants and ozonation by-products (OBP), including their removal by granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, was studied. In ISAV, 99.9% inactivation was obtained by an UV dose of 7.7 mJ/cm super(2). The corresponding figures for AHNV and IPNV were 105 and 246 mJ/cm super(2), respectively. In ozonated seawater, total residual oxidants (TRO) were assayed by the DPD colorimetric method. The C T value (the product of TRO concentration and contact time) was calculated from the average TRO concentration (as mg Cl sub(2)/l) during the respective contact time (s). 90% reductions in virus titers were obtained by C T values of 1.4 (mg s)/l for ISAV, 1000 (mg s)/l for AHNV and 1944 (mg s)/l for IPNV. The results of this study demonstrate a wide span in UV and TRO resistance among the viruses tested. ISAV was sensitive to both methods, while high resistance in AHNV and IPNV was experienced. The TRO resistance in IPNV and AHNV contradict earlier published results and suggests reconsideration of existing ozonation practise to inactivate these viruses in seawater. Considerably higher C T values than previously reported seem to be required. These discrepancies in results between studies clearly demonstrate the need for development of a standard procedure to conduct inactivation experiments and to develop improved analytical techniques to determine individual oxidants in seawater. Of the detected carcinogenic OBPs, bromate was found in concentrations of 50 and 70 mu g/l after a contact time of 20 and 80 min, respectively, at a TRO concentration of 0.9 mg/l. Bromoform was the only trihalomethane (THM) found in significant amount. The bromoform concentration of 16.4 mu g/l measured after 80 min contact time was reduced to 1.6 mu g/l by GAC filtration with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 4.2 min. TRO and bromate was reduced below the detection limit after GAC filtration. However, long-term filtration experiments were not conducted. Such experiments should be conducted to determine the adsorptive capacity of GAC for bromate- and THM-removal in ozonated seawater. |
| Author | Liltved, H. Dannevig, B.H. Vogelsang, C. Modahl, I. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: H. surname: Liltved fullname: Liltved, H. email: helge.liltved@niva.no organization: Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Southern Branch, Televn. 3, 4879 Grimstad, Norway – sequence: 2 givenname: C. surname: Vogelsang fullname: Vogelsang, C. organization: Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Southern Branch, Televn. 3, 4879 Grimstad, Norway – sequence: 3 givenname: I. surname: Modahl fullname: Modahl, I. organization: National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway – sequence: 4 givenname: B.H. surname: Dannevig fullname: Dannevig, B.H. organization: National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway |
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| Keywords | UV Viruses Disinfection Ozone By-products Seawater Environmental engineering Vertebrata Ultraviolet radiation Sensitivity resistance Pathogenic Pisces Irradiation By product Aquaculture |
| Language | English |
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| SubjectTerms | Agnatha. Pisces Animal aquaculture Animal productions Biological and medical sciences By-products Disinfection fish culture fish diseases Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Hippoglossus hippoglossus Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus Infectious salmon anemia virus irradiation Marine Nodavirus ozonation Ozone Salmonidae Seawater ultraviolet radiation Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution Viruses |
| Title | High resistance of fish pathogenic viruses to UV irradiation and ozonated seawater |
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