Trends and risk factors for non-communicable diseases mortality in Nairobi slums (2008–2017)
AbstractIntroductionTracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected population based longitudinal data. However, most African countries lack such data because of weak or non-existent civil registration...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Global Epidemiology Vol. 3; p. 100049 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
United States
Elsevier Inc
01.11.2021
Elsevier |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 2590-1133, 2590-1133 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | AbstractIntroductionTracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected population based longitudinal data. However, most African countries lack such data because of weak or non-existent civil registration systems. We used data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUDSS) to estimate NCD mortality trends over time and to explore the determinants of NCD mortality. MethodsDeaths identified in the NUHDSS were followed up with a verbal autopsy to determine the signs and symptoms preceding the death. Causes of death were then assigned using InSilicoVA algorithm. We calculated the rates of NCD mortality in the whole NUHDSS population between 2008 and 2017, looking at how these changed over time. We then merged NCD survey data collected in 2008, which contains information on potential determinants of NCD mortality in a sub-sample of the NUHDSS population, with follow up information from the full NUHDSS including whether any of the participants died of an NCD or non-NCD cause. Poisson regression models were used to identify independent risk factors (broadly categorized as socio-demographic, behavioural and physiological) for NCD mortality, as well as non-NCD mortality. ResultsIn the total NUHDSS population of adults age 18 and over, 23% were assigned an NCD as the most likely cause of death. There was evidence that NCD mortality decreased over the study period, with rates of NCD mortality dropping from 1.32 per 1000 person years in 2008–10 (95% CI: 1.13–1.54) to 0.93 per 1000 person years in 2014–17 (95% CI: 0.80–1.08). Of 5115 individuals who participated in the NCD survey in 2008, 421 died during the follow-up period of which 43% were attributed to NCDs. Increasing age, lower education levels, ever smoking and having high blood pressure were identified as independent determinants of NCD mortality in multivariate analyses. ConclusionWe found that NCDs account for one-quarter of mortality in Nairobi slums, although we document a reduction in the rate of NCD mortality over time. This may be attributed to increased surveillance and introduction of population-wide NCD interventions and health system improvements from research activities in the slums. To achieve further decline there is a need to strengthen health systems to respond to NCD care and prevention along with addressing social factors such as education. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Introduction: Tracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected population based longitudinal data. However, most African countries lack such data because of weak or non-existent civil registration systems. We used data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUDSS) to estimate NCD mortality trends over time and to explore the determinants of NCD mortality. Methods: Deaths identified in the NUHDSS were followed up with a verbal autopsy to determine the signs and symptoms preceding the death. Causes of death were then assigned using InSilicoVA algorithm. We calculated the rates of NCD mortality in the whole NUHDSS population between 2008 and 2017, looking at how these changed over time. We then merged NCD survey data collected in 2008, which contains information on potential determinants of NCD mortality in a sub-sample of the NUHDSS population, with follow up information from the full NUHDSS including whether any of the participants died of an NCD or non-NCD cause. Poisson regression models were used to identify independent risk factors (broadly categorized as socio-demographic, behavioural and physiological) for NCD mortality, as well as non-NCD mortality. Results: In the total NUHDSS population of adults age 18 and over, 23% were assigned an NCD as the most likely cause of death. There was evidence that NCD mortality decreased over the study period, with rates of NCD mortality dropping from 1.32 per 1000 person years in 2008–10 (95% CI: 1.13–1.54) to 0.93 per 1000 person years in 2014–17 (95% CI: 0.80–1.08). Of 5115 individuals who participated in the NCD survey in 2008, 421 died during the follow-up period of which 43% were attributed to NCDs. Increasing age, lower education levels, ever smoking and having high blood pressure were identified as independent determinants of NCD mortality in multivariate analyses. Conclusion: We found that NCDs account for one-quarter of mortality in Nairobi slums, although we document a reduction in the rate of NCD mortality over time. This may be attributed to increased surveillance and introduction of population-wide NCD interventions and health system improvements from research activities in the slums. To achieve further decline there is a need to strengthen health systems to respond to NCD care and prevention along with addressing social factors such as education. Tracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected population based longitudinal data. However, most African countries lack such data because of weak or non-existent civil registration systems. We used data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUDSS) to estimate NCD mortality trends over time and to explore the determinants of NCD mortality. Deaths identified in the NUHDSS were followed up with a verbal autopsy to determine the signs and symptoms preceding the death. Causes of death were then assigned using InSilicoVA algorithm. We calculated the rates of NCD mortality in the whole NUHDSS population between 2008 and 2017, looking at how these changed over time. We then merged NCD survey data collected in 2008, which contains information on potential determinants of NCD mortality in a sub-sample of the NUHDSS population, with follow up information from the full NUHDSS including whether any of the participants died of an NCD or non-NCD cause. Poisson regression models were used to identify independent risk factors (broadly categorized as socio-demographic, behavioural and physiological) for NCD mortality, as well as non-NCD mortality. In the total NUHDSS population of adults age 18 and over, 23% were assigned an NCD as the most likely cause of death. There was evidence that NCD mortality decreased over the study period, with rates of NCD mortality dropping from 1.32 per 1000 person years in 2008–10 (95% CI: 1.13–1.54) to 0.93 per 1000 person years in 2014–17 (95% CI: 0.80–1.08). Of 5115 individuals who participated in the NCD survey in 2008, 421 died during the follow-up period of which 43% were attributed to NCDs. Increasing age, lower education levels, ever smoking and having high blood pressure were identified as independent determinants of NCD mortality in multivariate analyses. We found that NCDs account for one-quarter of mortality in Nairobi slums, although we document a reduction in the rate of NCD mortality over time. This may be attributed to increased surveillance and introduction of population-wide NCD interventions and health system improvements from research activities in the slums. To achieve further decline there is a need to strengthen health systems to respond to NCD care and prevention along with addressing social factors such as education. AbstractIntroductionTracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected population based longitudinal data. However, most African countries lack such data because of weak or non-existent civil registration systems. We used data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUDSS) to estimate NCD mortality trends over time and to explore the determinants of NCD mortality. MethodsDeaths identified in the NUHDSS were followed up with a verbal autopsy to determine the signs and symptoms preceding the death. Causes of death were then assigned using InSilicoVA algorithm. We calculated the rates of NCD mortality in the whole NUHDSS population between 2008 and 2017, looking at how these changed over time. We then merged NCD survey data collected in 2008, which contains information on potential determinants of NCD mortality in a sub-sample of the NUHDSS population, with follow up information from the full NUHDSS including whether any of the participants died of an NCD or non-NCD cause. Poisson regression models were used to identify independent risk factors (broadly categorized as socio-demographic, behavioural and physiological) for NCD mortality, as well as non-NCD mortality. ResultsIn the total NUHDSS population of adults age 18 and over, 23% were assigned an NCD as the most likely cause of death. There was evidence that NCD mortality decreased over the study period, with rates of NCD mortality dropping from 1.32 per 1000 person years in 2008–10 (95% CI: 1.13–1.54) to 0.93 per 1000 person years in 2014–17 (95% CI: 0.80–1.08). Of 5115 individuals who participated in the NCD survey in 2008, 421 died during the follow-up period of which 43% were attributed to NCDs. Increasing age, lower education levels, ever smoking and having high blood pressure were identified as independent determinants of NCD mortality in multivariate analyses. ConclusionWe found that NCDs account for one-quarter of mortality in Nairobi slums, although we document a reduction in the rate of NCD mortality over time. This may be attributed to increased surveillance and introduction of population-wide NCD interventions and health system improvements from research activities in the slums. To achieve further decline there is a need to strengthen health systems to respond to NCD care and prevention along with addressing social factors such as education. Tracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected population based longitudinal data. However, most African countries lack such data because of weak or non-existent civil registration systems. We used data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUDSS) to estimate NCD mortality trends over time and to explore the determinants of NCD mortality.INTRODUCTIONTracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected population based longitudinal data. However, most African countries lack such data because of weak or non-existent civil registration systems. We used data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUDSS) to estimate NCD mortality trends over time and to explore the determinants of NCD mortality.Deaths identified in the NUHDSS were followed up with a verbal autopsy to determine the signs and symptoms preceding the death. Causes of death were then assigned using InSilicoVA algorithm. We calculated the rates of NCD mortality in the whole NUHDSS population between 2008 and 2017, looking at how these changed over time. We then merged NCD survey data collected in 2008, which contains information on potential determinants of NCD mortality in a sub-sample of the NUHDSS population, with follow up information from the full NUHDSS including whether any of the participants died of an NCD or non-NCD cause. Poisson regression models were used to identify independent risk factors (broadly categorized as socio-demographic, behavioural and physiological) for NCD mortality, as well as non-NCD mortality.METHODSDeaths identified in the NUHDSS were followed up with a verbal autopsy to determine the signs and symptoms preceding the death. Causes of death were then assigned using InSilicoVA algorithm. We calculated the rates of NCD mortality in the whole NUHDSS population between 2008 and 2017, looking at how these changed over time. We then merged NCD survey data collected in 2008, which contains information on potential determinants of NCD mortality in a sub-sample of the NUHDSS population, with follow up information from the full NUHDSS including whether any of the participants died of an NCD or non-NCD cause. Poisson regression models were used to identify independent risk factors (broadly categorized as socio-demographic, behavioural and physiological) for NCD mortality, as well as non-NCD mortality.In the total NUHDSS population of adults age 18 and over, 23% were assigned an NCD as the most likely cause of death. There was evidence that NCD mortality decreased over the study period, with rates of NCD mortality dropping from 1.32 per 1000 person years in 2008-10 (95% CI: 1.13-1.54) to 0.93 per 1000 person years in 2014-17 (95% CI: 0.80-1.08). Of 5115 individuals who participated in the NCD survey in 2008, 421 died during the follow-up period of which 43% were attributed to NCDs. Increasing age, lower education levels, ever smoking and having high blood pressure were identified as independent determinants of NCD mortality in multivariate analyses.RESULTSIn the total NUHDSS population of adults age 18 and over, 23% were assigned an NCD as the most likely cause of death. There was evidence that NCD mortality decreased over the study period, with rates of NCD mortality dropping from 1.32 per 1000 person years in 2008-10 (95% CI: 1.13-1.54) to 0.93 per 1000 person years in 2014-17 (95% CI: 0.80-1.08). Of 5115 individuals who participated in the NCD survey in 2008, 421 died during the follow-up period of which 43% were attributed to NCDs. Increasing age, lower education levels, ever smoking and having high blood pressure were identified as independent determinants of NCD mortality in multivariate analyses.We found that NCDs account for one-quarter of mortality in Nairobi slums, although we document a reduction in the rate of NCD mortality over time. This may be attributed to increased surveillance and introduction of population-wide NCD interventions and health system improvements from research activities in the slums. To achieve further decline there is a need to strengthen health systems to respond to NCD care and prevention along with addressing social factors such as education.CONCLUSIONWe found that NCDs account for one-quarter of mortality in Nairobi slums, although we document a reduction in the rate of NCD mortality over time. This may be attributed to increased surveillance and introduction of population-wide NCD interventions and health system improvements from research activities in the slums. To achieve further decline there is a need to strengthen health systems to respond to NCD care and prevention along with addressing social factors such as education. |
| ArticleNumber | 100049 |
| Author | Kyobutungi, Catherine Wamukoya, Marylene Kadengye, Damazo Ziraba, Abdhalah Calvert, Clara Chikozho, Claudious Asiki, Gershim Iddi, Samuel Wekesah, Frederick Crampin, Mia Price, Alison Mohamed, Shukri F Bangha, Martin |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Asiki, Gershim – sequence: 2 fullname: Kadengye, Damazo – sequence: 3 fullname: Calvert, Clara – sequence: 4 fullname: Wamukoya, Marylene – sequence: 5 fullname: Mohamed, Shukri F – sequence: 6 fullname: Ziraba, Abdhalah – sequence: 7 fullname: Iddi, Samuel – sequence: 8 fullname: Bangha, Martin – sequence: 9 fullname: Wekesah, Frederick – sequence: 10 fullname: Chikozho, Claudious – sequence: 11 fullname: Price, Alison – sequence: 12 fullname: Crampin, Mia – sequence: 13 fullname: Kyobutungi, Catherine |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34977550$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqVks1u1DAUhSNUREvpGyDkZVlk8E8SxxskVBWoVMGCIrHCcuzrwVPHHuyk0ux4B96QJ8FhSmmXrGzZ537Hvvc8rQ5CDFBVzwleEUy6V5vV2kfYuhXFlJQjjBvxqDqircA1IYwd3NsfVic5b4qEtoSQjjypDlkjOG9bfFR9vUoQTEYqGJRcvkZW6SmmjGxMqJjWOo7jHJxWgwdkXAaVIaMxpkl5N-2QC-iDcikODmU_jxmdUoz7Xz9-Ukz4y2fVY6t8hpPb9bj6_Pb86ux9ffnx3cXZm8taN30nakuMHhi0BvoGDwPlmoLqKOsbaBqmlLKE047pXhlhuGIDN4pRwxsLQrRWsOPqYs81UW3kNrlRpZ2Mysk_BzGtpUqT0x6koKaUDdjiwra9Ko626ynYTmFhB1pYr_es7TyMYDSEKSn_APrwJrhvch1vZN_1jDesAE5vASl-nyFPcnRZg_cqQJyzpB3pKBe8Xd794r7XncnfARVBsxfoFHNOYO8kBMslCnIj91GQSxTkPgr__gCl6TcOkszaQdBgXAI9la64_wVo75YY-GvYQd7EOYUyUElkphLLT0valrDRpR7TL-w30FzTdA |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009 10.1080/16549716.2018.1507133 10.1093/eurheartj/13.suppl_G.34 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02489.x 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000535 10.1186/1471-2458-9-465 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002486 10.1371/journal.pone.0188968 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61307-5 10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100024 10.1186/1471-2458-13-371 10.2471/BLT.05.028910 10.1136/jech-2015-206173 10.5334/gh.787 10.1093/eurpub/ckn052 10.3402/gha.v7.25533 10.1093/ije/26.1.224 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.02.001 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835e3a56 10.1111/tmi.12200 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00505.x 10.1093/heapol/czl029 10.1186/s12913-015-0999-5 10.3402/gha.v7.25365 10.3402/gha.v8.28697 10.1097/01.ede.0000181312.35964.22 10.2337/dc15-0145 10.1007/s11892-019-1161-2 10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.30 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410090025004 10.3402/gha.v9.30922 10.1186/1478-7954-8-21 10.1136/bmj.311.7003.471 10.1186/s12889-020-09106-5 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61347-7 10.1371/journal.pone.0113780 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Authors 2021 The Authors 2021 The Authors. 2021 The Authors 2021 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Authors – notice: 2021 The Authors – notice: 2021 The Authors. – notice: 2021 The Authors 2021 |
| DBID | 6I. AAFTH AAYXX CITATION NPM 7X8 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049 |
| DatabaseName | ScienceDirect Open Access Titles Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access CrossRef PubMed MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Public Health |
| EISSN | 2590-1133 |
| EndPage | 100049 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_92d4feb0f0e44f8a840f682ef6a09fb2 PMC8683743 34977550 10_1016_j_gloepi_2021_100049 S259011332100002X 1_s2_0_S259011332100002X |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Medical Research Council grantid: MR/P023851/1 |
| GroupedDBID | 0R~ 53G AAEDW AALRI AAXUO AAYWO ACVFH ADCNI ADVLN AEUPX AEXQZ AFJKZ AFPUW AIGII AITUG AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ APXCP EBS EJD FDB GROUPED_DOAJ M41 M~E OK1 PGMZT ROL RPM 0SF 6I. AAFTH NCXOZ .1- .FO AAYXX AFRHN AJUYK CITATION Z5R NPM 7X8 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c4869-f1dcb3e5de840bb27c2ea62384e443aaaf17263c8ad9d7a3b7da32d74fe995f93 |
| IEDL.DBID | DOA |
| ISSN | 2590-1133 |
| IngestDate | Tue Oct 14 18:53:34 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 04 01:32:57 EST 2025 Thu Jul 10 17:07:18 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 05:45:38 EDT 2025 Thu Nov 20 00:53:34 EST 2025 Fri Feb 23 02:40:07 EST 2024 Sat Oct 04 15:01:44 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Kenya Informal settlements NCD mortality trends Risk factors |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. 2021 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4869-f1dcb3e5de840bb27c2ea62384e443aaaf17263c8ad9d7a3b7da32d74fe995f93 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doaj.org/article/92d4feb0f0e44f8a840f682ef6a09fb2 |
| PMID | 34977550 |
| PQID | 2616279759 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| PageCount | 1 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_92d4feb0f0e44f8a840f682ef6a09fb2 pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8683743 proquest_miscellaneous_2616279759 pubmed_primary_34977550 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gloepi_2021_100049 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_gloepi_2021_100049 elsevier_clinicalkeyesjournals_1_s2_0_S259011332100002X |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2021-11-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2021-11-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 11 year: 2021 text: 2021-11-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | United States |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States |
| PublicationTitle | Global Epidemiology |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Glob Epidemiol |
| PublicationYear | 2021 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Inc Elsevier |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Inc – name: Elsevier |
| References | Ito, Takachi, Inoue, Kurahashi, Iwasaki, Sasazuki (bb0200) 2008; 18 Jagannathan, Patel, Ali, Narayan (bb0240) 2019; 19 Ahmad, Boschi-Pinto, Lopez, Murray, Lozano (bb0175) 2001; 9 Arcavi, Benowitz (bb0260) 2004; 164 Vyas, Kumaranayake (bb0145) 2006; 21 Gowda, Bhojani, Devadasan, Beerenahally (bb0030) 2015; 15 Wamukoya, Kadengye, Iddi, Chikozho, System (bb0095) 2020 Rossier, Soura, Duthé, Findley (bb0195) 2014; 9 Ziraba, Fotso, Ochako (bb0015) 2009; 9 Ali, Soo, Agongo, Alberts, Amenga-Etego, Boua (bb0105) 2018; 11 Haregu, Oti, Egondi, Kyobutungi (bb0020) 2015; 8 Ayah, Joshi, Wanjiru, Njau, Otieno, Njeru (bb0025) 2013; 13 Otieno, Wambiya, Mohamed, Mutua, Kibe, Mwangi (bb0085) 2020; 20 Oti, Kyobutungi (bb0110) 2010; 8 Noel, Smith, Ettinger (bb0275) 1991; 39 Kannel (bb0245) 1992; 13 Arudo, Gimnig, Ter Kuile, Kachur, Slutsker, Kolczak (bb0060) 2003; 68 Yadav, Krishnan (bb0035) 2008; 9 World Health Organization (bb0160) 2006 van de Vijver, Oti, Agyemang, Gomez, Kyobutungi (bb0100) 2013; 31 Detection NCEPEPo (bb0165) 2002 Demakakos, Biddulph, Bobak, Marmot (bb0265) 2016; 70 Oti, van de Vijver, Agyemang, Kyobutungi (bb0190) 2013; 18 Parish, Collins, Peto, Youngman, Barton, Jayne (bb0220) 1995; 311 Mathers, Stevens, Mascarenhas (bb0230) 2009 Oti, van de Vijver, Kyobutungi (bb0080) 2014; 7 World Health Organization (bb0150) 2010 Prince, Wu, Guo, Robledo, O’Donnell, Sullivan (bb0185) 2015; 385 Lim, Vos, Flaxman, Danaei, Shibuya, Adair-Rohani (bb0235) 2012; 380 Allen, Pullar, Wickramasinghe, Williams, Roberts, Mikkelsen (bb0225) 2018; 3 Kim Streatfield, Khan, Bhuiya, Hanifi, Alam, Bagagnan (bb0075) 2014; 7 Chisumpa, Odimegwu, De Wet (bb0205) 2017; 3 STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) (bb0125) 2021 Da Cruz (bb0045) 2006 Clark, Mc Cormick, Li, Wakefield (bb0120) 2015 Nichols, Byass, Chandramohan, Clark, Flaxman, Jakob (bb0115) 2018; 15 Wong, Black, Gardin (bb0130) 2005 Victora, Huttly, Fuchs, Olinto (bb0140) 1997; 26 Rawshani, Svensson, Rosengren, Eliasson, Gudbjörnsdottir (bb0210) 2015; 38 Abera, Gebru, Biesalski, Ejeta, Wienke, Scherbaum (bb0180) 2017; 12 Nieman, Wentz (bb0255) 2019; 8 United Nations (bb0040) 2015 StataCorp LLC (bb0170) 2017 Wekesah, Klipstein-Grobusch, Grobbee, Kadengye, Asiki, Kyobutungi (bb0135) 2020; 15 Trolle-Lagerros, Mucci, Kumle, Braaten, Weiderpass, Hsieh (bb0250) 2005 Setel, Macfarlane, Szreter, Mikkelsen, Jha, Stout (bb0055) 2007; 370 Whiting, Setel, Chandramohan, Wolfson, Hemed, Lopez (bb0070) 2006; 84 van de Vijver, Oti, Gomez, Agyemang, Egondi, van Charante (bb0090) 2016; 9 United Nations Statistics Division (bb0065) 2017 World Health Organization (bb0050) 2012 Peto, Boreham, Lopez (bb0215) 1996 Kronmal, Cain, Ye, Omenn (bb0270) 1993; 153 World Health Organization (bb0155) 2011 World Health Organization (bb0005) 2014 Anand, Shah, Yadav, Singh, Mathur, Paul (bb0010) 2007; 20 Oti (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0190) 2013; 18 Peto (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0215) 1996 Rossier (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0195) 2014; 9 Ayah (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0025) 2013; 13 Ito (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0200) 2008; 18 STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0125) Prince (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0185) 2015; 385 Demakakos (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0265) 2016; 70 Nichols (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0115) 2018; 15 Detection NCEPEPo (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0165) 2002 Noel (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0275) 1991; 39 Jagannathan (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0240) 2019; 19 Haregu (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0020) 2015; 8 Kannel (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0245) 1992; 13 Ziraba (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0015) 2009; 9 Parish (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0220) 1995; 311 World Health Organization (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0150) 2010 Kronmal (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0270) 1993; 153 Ali (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0105) 2018; 11 Trolle-Lagerros (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0250) 2005 Victora (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0140) 1997; 26 United Nations Statistics Division (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0065) Otieno (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0085) 2020; 20 Rawshani (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0210) 2015; 38 Vyas (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0145) 2006; 21 Arcavi (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0260) 2004; 164 Setel (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0055) 2007; 370 Lim (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0235) 2012; 380 Arudo (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0060) 2003; 68 Nieman (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0255) 2019; 8 Da Cruz (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0045) 2006 Oti (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0080) 2014; 7 Whiting (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0070) 2006; 84 Gowda (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0030) 2015; 15 Wekesah (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0135) 2020; 15 Wamukoya (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0095) 2020 World Health Organization (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0160) 2006 StataCorp LLC (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0170) 2017 Kim Streatfield (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0075) 2014; 7 Abera (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0180) 2017; 12 United Nations (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0040) 2015 Wong (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0130) 2005 Yadav (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0035) 2008; 9 Oti (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0110) 2010; 8 Allen (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0225) 2018; 3 Ahmad (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0175) 2001; 9 Chisumpa (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0205) 2017; 3 van de Vijver (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0090) 2016; 9 Mathers (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0230) 2009 World Health Organization (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0050) 2012 Anand (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0010) 2007; 20 World Health Organization (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0005) 2014 World Health Organization (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0155) 2011 van de Vijver (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0100) 2013; 31 Clark (10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0120) 2015 |
| References_xml | – volume: 70 start-page: 346 year: 2016 end-page: 353 ident: bb0265 article-title: Wealth and mortality at older ages: a prospective cohort study publication-title: J Epidemiol Community Health – volume: 15 start-page: 330 year: 2015 ident: bb0030 article-title: The rising burden of chronic conditions among urban poor: a three-year follow-up survey in Bengaluru, India publication-title: BMC Health Serv Res – volume: 385 start-page: 549 year: 2015 end-page: 562 ident: bb0185 article-title: The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice publication-title: Lancet – year: 2015 ident: bb0040 article-title: World urbanization prospects: The 2014 revision – volume: 26 start-page: 224 year: 1997 end-page: 227 ident: bb0140 article-title: The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach publication-title: Int J Epidemiol – volume: 19 start-page: 44 year: 2019 ident: bb0240 article-title: Global updates on cardiovascular disease mortality trends and attribution of traditional risk factors publication-title: Curr Diab Rep – year: 2010 ident: bb0150 article-title: Global recommendations on physical activity for health – volume: 18 start-page: 1520 year: 2013 end-page: 1530 ident: bb0190 article-title: The magnitude of diabetes and its association with obesity in the slums of Naairobi, Kenya: results from a cross-sectional survey publication-title: Trop Med Int Health – volume: 20 start-page: 115 year: 2007 ident: bb0010 article-title: Are the urban poor vulnerable to non-communicable diseases? A survey of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in urban slums of Faridabad National publication-title: Med J India – volume: 11 start-page: 1507133 year: 2018 ident: bb0105 article-title: Genomic and environmental risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in Africa: methods used for Phase 1 of the AWI-Gen population cross-sectional study publication-title: Glob Health Action – volume: 38 start-page: 1518 year: 2015 end-page: 1527 ident: bb0210 article-title: Impact of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular disease and mortality in 24,947 individuals with type 1 diabetes publication-title: Diabetes Care – volume: 84 start-page: 940 year: 2006 end-page: 948 ident: bb0070 article-title: Estimating cause-specific mortality from community-and facility-based data sources in the United Republic of Tanzania: options and implications for mortality burden estimates publication-title: Bull World Health Organ – volume: 164 start-page: 2206 year: 2004 end-page: 2216 ident: bb0260 article-title: Cigarette smoking and infection publication-title: Arch Intern Med – volume: 8 start-page: 201 year: 2019 end-page: 217 ident: bb0255 article-title: The compelling link between physical activity and the body’s defense system publication-title: J Sport Health Sci – year: 2002 ident: bb0165 article-title: Adults ToHBCi: Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III): National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood – volume: 380 start-page: 2224 year: 2012 end-page: 2260 ident: bb0235 article-title: A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010 publication-title: Lancet – volume: 9 start-page: 12 year: 2014 ident: bb0195 article-title: Non-communicable disease mortality and risk factors in formal and informal neighborhoods, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: evidence from a health and demographic surveillance system publication-title: PLoS One – year: 2017 ident: bb0065 article-title: Demographic and social statistics – volume: 8 start-page: 21 year: 2010 ident: bb0110 article-title: Verbal autopsy interpretation: a comparative analysis of the InterVA model versus physician review in determining causes of death in the Nairobi DSS publication-title: Popul Health Metr – volume: 21 start-page: 459 year: 2006 end-page: 468 ident: bb0145 article-title: Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis publication-title: Health Policy Plan – volume: 9 start-page: 400 year: 2008 end-page: 408 ident: bb0035 article-title: Changing patterns of diet, physical activity and obesity among urban, rural and slum populations in North India publication-title: Obes Rev – volume: 15 start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: bb0135 article-title: Determinants of mortality from cardiovascular disease in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya publication-title: Glob Heart – start-page: 780 year: 2005 end-page: 785 ident: bb0250 article-title: Physical activity as a determinant of mortality in women publication-title: Epidemiology – volume: 370 start-page: 1569 year: 2007 end-page: 1577 ident: bb0055 article-title: Group MoVEw: a scandal of invisibility: making everyone count by counting everyone publication-title: Lancet – volume: 9 start-page: 30922 year: 2016 ident: bb0090 article-title: Impact evaluation of a community-based intervention for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the slums of Nairobi: the SCALE-UP study publication-title: Glob Health Action – volume: 31 start-page: 1018 year: 2013 end-page: 1024 ident: bb0100 article-title: Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya publication-title: J Hypertens – year: 2017 ident: bb0170 article-title: Stata data analysis and statistical software: Release 15. [internet] – year: 2012 ident: bb0050 article-title: Sixty-fifth World Health assembly, second report of Committee A. A65/54 – volume: 9 start-page: 465 year: 2009 ident: bb0015 article-title: Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: a problem of the rich or the poor? publication-title: BMC Public Health – volume: 20 start-page: 981 year: 2020 ident: bb0085 article-title: Access to primary healthcare services and associated factors in urban slums in Nairobi-Kenya publication-title: BMC Public Health – volume: 8 start-page: 28697 year: 2015 ident: bb0020 article-title: Co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors of common non-communicable diseases among urban slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya publication-title: Glob Health Action – volume: 12 year: 2017 ident: bb0180 article-title: Social determinants of adult mortality from non-communicable diseases in northern Ethiopia, 2009-2015: evidence from health and demographic surveillance site publication-title: PLoS One – year: 2009 ident: bb0230 article-title: Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks – volume: 39 start-page: 455 year: 1991 end-page: 461 ident: bb0275 article-title: Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized older patients who develop hypocholesterolemia publication-title: J Am Geriatr Soc – year: 2021 ident: bb0125 – volume: 311 start-page: 471 year: 1995 end-page: 477 ident: bb0220 article-title: Cigarette smoking, tar yields, and non-fatal myocardial infarction: 14000 cases and 32000 controls in the United Kingdom publication-title: BMJ – year: 2011 ident: bb0155 article-title: Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation – year: 2006 ident: bb0045 article-title: Nairobi urban sector profile: UN-HABITAT – volume: 153 start-page: 1065 year: 1993 end-page: 1073 ident: bb0270 article-title: Total serum cholesterol levels and mortality risk as a function of age: a report based on the Framingham data publication-title: Arch Intern Med – volume: 3 start-page: 227 year: 2017 end-page: 235 ident: bb0205 article-title: Adult mortality in sub-saharan Africa, Zambia: where do adults die? publication-title: SSM-Popul Health – year: 1996 ident: bb0215 article-title: Mortality from smoking in developed countries – volume: 13 start-page: 34 year: 1992 end-page: 42 ident: bb0245 article-title: Potency of vascular risk factors as the basis for antihypertensive therapy publication-title: Eur Heart J – start-page: 100024 year: 2020 ident: bb0095 article-title: The Nairobi Urban health and demographic surveillance of slum dwellers, 2002–2019: value, processes, and challenges publication-title: Glob Epidemiol – volume: 7 start-page: 25365 year: 2014 ident: bb0075 article-title: Adult non-communicable disease mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites publication-title: Glob Health Action – year: 2005 ident: bb0130 article-title: Preventive cardiology: A practical approach – volume: 13 start-page: 371 year: 2013 ident: bb0025 article-title: A population-based survey of prevalence of diabetes and correlates in an urban slum community in Nairobi, Kenya publication-title: BMC Public Health – volume: 68 start-page: 30 year: 2003 end-page: 37 ident: bb0060 article-title: Comparison of government statistics and demographic surveillance to monitor mortality in children less than five years old in rural western Kenya publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg – volume: 9 start-page: 10 year: 2001 ident: bb0175 article-title: Inoue M. Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard – year: 2015 ident: bb0120 article-title: InSilicoVA: a method to automate cause of death assignment for verbal autopsy – volume: 7 start-page: 25533 year: 2014 ident: bb0080 article-title: Trends in non-communicable disease mortality among adult residents in Nairobi’s slums, 2003–2011: applying InterVA-4 to verbal autopsy data publication-title: Glob Health Action – volume: 15 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: bb0115 article-title: The WHO 2016 Verbal autopsy instrument: an international standard suitable for automated analysis by InterVA, InSilicoVA, and tariff 2.0 publication-title: PLoS Med – volume: 18 start-page: 466 year: 2008 end-page: 472 ident: bb0200 article-title: Education in relation to incidence of and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease in Japan publication-title: Eur J Public Health – year: 2014 ident: bb0005 article-title: Global status report on noncommunicable diseases – volume: 3 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: bb0225 article-title: Evaluation of research on interventions aligned to WHO ‘Best Buys’ for NCDs in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review from 1990 to 2015 publication-title: BMJ Glob Health – year: 2006 ident: bb0160 article-title: Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation – volume: 8 start-page: 201 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0255 article-title: The compelling link between physical activity and the body’s defense system publication-title: J Sport Health Sci doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009 – volume: 11 start-page: 1507133 issue: sup2 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0105 article-title: Genomic and environmental risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in Africa: methods used for Phase 1 of the AWI-Gen population cross-sectional study publication-title: Glob Health Action doi: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1507133 – volume: 13 start-page: 34 issue: suppl_G year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0245 article-title: Potency of vascular risk factors as the basis for antihypertensive therapy publication-title: Eur Heart J doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/13.suppl_G.34 – volume: 39 start-page: 455 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0275 article-title: Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized older patients who develop hypocholesterolemia publication-title: J Am Geriatr Soc doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02489.x – volume: 3 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0225 article-title: Evaluation of research on interventions aligned to WHO ‘Best Buys’ for NCDs in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review from 1990 to 2015 publication-title: BMJ Glob Health doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000535 – volume: 9 start-page: 465 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0015 article-title: Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: a problem of the rich or the poor? publication-title: BMC Public Health doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-465 – volume: 15 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0115 article-title: The WHO 2016 Verbal autopsy instrument: an international standard suitable for automated analysis by InterVA, InSilicoVA, and tariff 2.0 publication-title: PLoS Med doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002486 – volume: 12 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0180 article-title: Social determinants of adult mortality from non-communicable diseases in northern Ethiopia, 2009-2015: evidence from health and demographic surveillance site publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188968 – year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0120 – year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0040 – year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0160 – volume: 9 start-page: 10 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0175 – volume: 370 start-page: 1569 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0055 article-title: Group MoVEw: a scandal of invisibility: making everyone count by counting everyone publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61307-5 – start-page: 100024 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0095 article-title: The Nairobi Urban health and demographic surveillance of slum dwellers, 2002–2019: value, processes, and challenges publication-title: Glob Epidemiol doi: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100024 – ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0065 – year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0050 – year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0170 – volume: 13 start-page: 371 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0025 article-title: A population-based survey of prevalence of diabetes and correlates in an urban slum community in Nairobi, Kenya publication-title: BMC Public Health doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-371 – volume: 84 start-page: 940 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0070 article-title: Estimating cause-specific mortality from community-and facility-based data sources in the United Republic of Tanzania: options and implications for mortality burden estimates publication-title: Bull World Health Organ doi: 10.2471/BLT.05.028910 – year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0215 – volume: 70 start-page: 346 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0265 article-title: Wealth and mortality at older ages: a prospective cohort study publication-title: J Epidemiol Community Health doi: 10.1136/jech-2015-206173 – volume: 15 start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0135 article-title: Determinants of mortality from cardiovascular disease in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya publication-title: Glob Heart doi: 10.5334/gh.787 – volume: 18 start-page: 466 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0200 article-title: Education in relation to incidence of and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease in Japan publication-title: Eur J Public Health doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckn052 – volume: 7 start-page: 25533 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0080 article-title: Trends in non-communicable disease mortality among adult residents in Nairobi’s slums, 2003–2011: applying InterVA-4 to verbal autopsy data publication-title: Glob Health Action doi: 10.3402/gha.v7.25533 – volume: 26 start-page: 224 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0140 article-title: The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach publication-title: Int J Epidemiol doi: 10.1093/ije/26.1.224 – volume: 3 start-page: 227 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0205 article-title: Adult mortality in sub-saharan Africa, Zambia: where do adults die? publication-title: SSM-Popul Health doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.02.001 – volume: 31 start-page: 1018 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0100 article-title: Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya publication-title: J Hypertens doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835e3a56 – year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0165 – volume: 18 start-page: 1520 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0190 article-title: The magnitude of diabetes and its association with obesity in the slums of Naairobi, Kenya: results from a cross-sectional survey publication-title: Trop Med Int Health doi: 10.1111/tmi.12200 – volume: 380 start-page: 2224 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0235 article-title: A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010 publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 – volume: 9 start-page: 400 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0035 article-title: Changing patterns of diet, physical activity and obesity among urban, rural and slum populations in North India publication-title: Obes Rev doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00505.x – volume: 21 start-page: 459 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0145 article-title: Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis publication-title: Health Policy Plan doi: 10.1093/heapol/czl029 – volume: 20 start-page: 115 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0010 article-title: Are the urban poor vulnerable to non-communicable diseases? A survey of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in urban slums of Faridabad National publication-title: Med J India – volume: 15 start-page: 330 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0030 article-title: The rising burden of chronic conditions among urban poor: a three-year follow-up survey in Bengaluru, India publication-title: BMC Health Serv Res doi: 10.1186/s12913-015-0999-5 – year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0130 – volume: 7 start-page: 25365 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0075 article-title: Adult non-communicable disease mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites publication-title: Glob Health Action doi: 10.3402/gha.v7.25365 – year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0230 – volume: 8 start-page: 28697 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0020 article-title: Co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors of common non-communicable diseases among urban slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya publication-title: Glob Health Action doi: 10.3402/gha.v8.28697 – start-page: 780 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0250 article-title: Physical activity as a determinant of mortality in women publication-title: Epidemiology doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000181312.35964.22 – year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0150 – volume: 38 start-page: 1518 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0210 article-title: Impact of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular disease and mortality in 24,947 individuals with type 1 diabetes publication-title: Diabetes Care doi: 10.2337/dc15-0145 – volume: 19 start-page: 44 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0240 article-title: Global updates on cardiovascular disease mortality trends and attribution of traditional risk factors publication-title: Curr Diab Rep doi: 10.1007/s11892-019-1161-2 – ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0125 – volume: 164 start-page: 2206 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0260 article-title: Cigarette smoking and infection publication-title: Arch Intern Med doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206 – volume: 68 start-page: 30 issue: 4_suppl year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0060 article-title: Comparison of government statistics and demographic surveillance to monitor mortality in children less than five years old in rural western Kenya publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.30 – volume: 153 start-page: 1065 year: 1993 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0270 article-title: Total serum cholesterol levels and mortality risk as a function of age: a report based on the Framingham data publication-title: Arch Intern Med doi: 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410090025004 – year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0045 – volume: 9 start-page: 30922 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0090 article-title: Impact evaluation of a community-based intervention for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the slums of Nairobi: the SCALE-UP study publication-title: Glob Health Action doi: 10.3402/gha.v9.30922 – volume: 8 start-page: 21 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0110 article-title: Verbal autopsy interpretation: a comparative analysis of the InterVA model versus physician review in determining causes of death in the Nairobi DSS publication-title: Popul Health Metr doi: 10.1186/1478-7954-8-21 – volume: 311 start-page: 471 year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0220 article-title: Cigarette smoking, tar yields, and non-fatal myocardial infarction: 14000 cases and 32000 controls in the United Kingdom publication-title: BMJ doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.7003.471 – year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0005 – year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0155 – volume: 20 start-page: 981 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0085 article-title: Access to primary healthcare services and associated factors in urban slums in Nairobi-Kenya publication-title: BMC Public Health doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09106-5 – volume: 385 start-page: 549 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0185 article-title: The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61347-7 – volume: 9 start-page: 12 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049_bb0195 article-title: Non-communicable disease mortality and risk factors in formal and informal neighborhoods, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: evidence from a health and demographic surveillance system publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113780 |
| SSID | ssj0002511161 |
| Score | 2.1974287 |
| Snippet | AbstractIntroductionTracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately... Tracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected population... Introduction: Tracking progress in reaching global targets for reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires accurately collected... |
| SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 100049 |
| SubjectTerms | Epidemiology/Medical Statistics Informal settlements Kenya NCD mortality trends Research Paper Risk factors |
| Title | Trends and risk factors for non-communicable diseases mortality in Nairobi slums (2008–2017) |
| URI | https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S259011332100002X https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100049 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34977550 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2616279759 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8683743 https://doaj.org/article/92d4feb0f0e44f8a840f682ef6a09fb2 |
| Volume | 3 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2590-1133 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0002511161 issn: 2590-1133 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20190101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2590-1133 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0002511161 issn: 2590-1133 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20190101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3LbtUwELWgYoGEEG8uj8pILGBh4dhObC8BtWIBV0iAdFdYfkKqklZNyxLxD_whX8LYTqpcWHTDJos87Znx-Ew8c4zQ04764KwSJCbBiRCcE6s6R9rUeutU5MIXyvy3cr1Wm41-v9jqK-eEVXrgKrgXmgWRoqOJRiGSgtfS1CkWU2epTq54X0A9i2Aq--AMnJtClgrwnpIGIrG5bq4kd305PIrHPYSHrMl5AjRTaS7mpULfvzU9_Qs__86iXExL-zfQ9QlP4pe1HzfRpTjcQtfqzzhca4xuo8818xXbIeCcS46nXXYwIFYM8T_xc5mIO4x4WrMZ8bcCzQGm437Aa9tnyiY8gjcb8bOc0PD75y-Y2OXzO-jT_t7H12_ItLEC8UJ1mqQmeMdjGyJI0zkmPYsWcJASIGNurU0AazrulQ06SMudDJazIEERWrdJ87toBxoX7yMMEQ1gIJG9pBQhWiuZUw31joGWhWYrRGaxmuPKn2HmxLIDU9VgshpMVcMKvcqyP783s1-XE2ATZrIJc5FNrJCcNWfmAlNwiXGcxudoGjMyQ80HVkpveS5kylazWT45QZAKLaAR_QUNfzKbiIERmpdd7BCPzkYDMWrHpJYt3HOvmsx597gA_A1BInx3y5i2-r99Zei_FhZw1SkO8O_B_xDYQ3Q1d6XWWD5CO6cnZ_ExuuK_n_bjyS66LDdqtwwwOL77sfcHCi0reQ |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trends+and+risk+factors+for+non-communicable+diseases+mortality+in+Nairobi+slums+%282008-2017%29&rft.jtitle=Global+Epidemiology&rft.au=Asiki%2C+Gershim&rft.au=Kadengye%2C+Damazo&rft.au=Calvert%2C+Clara&rft.au=Wamukoya%2C+Marylene&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.eissn=2590-1133&rft.volume=3&rft.spage=100049&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.gloepi.2021.100049&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34977550&rft.externalDocID=34977550 |
| thumbnail_m | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/custom?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.clinicalkey.com%2Fck-thumbnails%2F25901133%2FS2590113320X00034%2Fcov150h.gif |