Global biodiversity monitoring: From data sources to Essential Biodiversity Variables

Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) consolidate information from varied biodiversity observation sources. Here we demonstrate the links between data sources, EBVs and indicators and discuss how different sources of biodiversity observations can be harnessed to inform EBVs. We classify sources of...

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Vydané v:	Biological conservation Ročník 213; číslo 6; s. 256 - 263
Hlavní autori:	Proença, Vânia, Martin, Laura Jane, Pereira, Henrique Miguel, Fernandez, Miguel, McRae, Louise, Belnap, Jayne, Böhm, Monika, Brummitt, Neil, García-Moreno, Jaime, Gregory, Richard D., Honrado, João Pradinho, Jürgens, Norbert, Opige, Michael, Schmeller, Dirk S., Tiago, Patrícia, van Swaay, Chris A.M.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2017 Elsevier
Predmet:	biodiversity Biodiversity monitoring schemes data collection ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essential Biodiversity Variables Europe field experimentation GEO BON Global biodiversity monitoring Living Planet Index monitoring natural resources conservation North America Primary biodiversity observations remote sensing satellites North America Europe Essential Biodiversity Variables GEO BON Global biodiversity monitoring Primary biodiversity observations Biodiversity monitoring schemes Living Planet Index
ISSN:	0006-3207, 1873-2917
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Abstract	Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) consolidate information from varied biodiversity observation sources. Here we demonstrate the links between data sources, EBVs and indicators and discuss how different sources of biodiversity observations can be harnessed to inform EBVs. We classify sources of primary observations into four types: extensive and intensive monitoring schemes, ecological field studies and satellite remote sensing. We characterize their geographic, taxonomic and temporal coverage. Ecological field studies and intensive monitoring schemes inform a wide range of EBVs, but the former tend to deliver short-term data, while the geographic coverage of the latter is limited. In contrast, extensive monitoring schemes mostly inform the population abundance EBV, but deliver long-term data across an extensive network of sites. Satellite remote sensing is particularly suited to providing information on ecosystem function and structure EBVs. Biases behind data sources may affect the representativeness of global biodiversity datasets. To improve them, researchers must assess data sources and then develop strategies to compensate for identified gaps. We draw on the population abundance dataset informing the Living Planet Index (LPI) to illustrate the effects of data sources on EBV representativeness. We find that long-term monitoring schemes informing the LPI are still scarce outside of Europe and North America and that ecological field studies play a key role in covering that gap. Achieving representative EBV datasets will depend both on the ability to integrate available data, through data harmonization and modeling efforts, and on the establishment of new monitoring programs to address critical data gaps. •Terrestrial biodiversity observations can be organized into four types.•These types differ in taxonomic, geographic, and temporal coverage.•The representativeness of EBV datasets is affected by the underlying types of data.•Global datasets of population abundance are affected by the lack of long-term data.•New monitoring programs must address critical data gaps.
AbstractList	Understanding transmission is a critical prerequisite for predicting disease dynamics and impacts on host populations. It is well established that Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ), the amphibian fungal pathogen responsible for chytridiomycosis, can be transmitted directly, through physical contact with an infected host. However, indirect pathways of transmission remain poorly investigated. We conducted a five‐week long field infection experiment at a high altitude mountain lake in the French Pyrenees to investigate Bd transmission pathways in larval midwife toads Alytes obstetricans . Uninfected naïve tadpoles were co‐housed either with infected tadpoles (direct and indirect transmission) or with uninfected ones (indirect transmission only). We found that physical contact with an infected host is not necessary for initial infection with Bd and that all tadpoles became infected after only four weeks. However, physical contact with infected tadpoles led to a faster spread within a tadpole group and resulted in higher Bd loads and subsequently higher mortality. Our findings clearly demonstrate that in A. obstetricans, Bd can quickly spread in a population even without physical contact. Our experiment therefore stresses the importance of indirect transmission of Bd zoospores in infected lakes for disease dynamics, especially when a reservoir species such as A. obstetricans is present. Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) consolidate information from varied biodiversity observation sources. Here we demonstrate the links between data sources, EBVs and indicators and discuss how different sources of biodiversity observations can be harnessed to inform EBVs. We classify sources of primary observations into four types: extensive and intensive monitoring schemes, ecological field studies and satellite remote sensing. We characterize their geographic, taxonomic and temporal coverage. Ecological field studies and intensive monitoring schemes inform a wide range of EBVs, but the former tend to deliver short-term data, while the geographic coverage of the latter is limited. In contrast, extensive monitoring schemes mostly inform the population abundance EBV, but deliver long-term data across an extensive network of sites. Satellite remote sensing is particularly suited to providing information on ecosystem function and structure EBVs. Biases behind data sources may affect the representativeness of global biodiversity datasets. To improve them, researchers must assess data sources and then develop strategies to compensate for identified gaps. We draw on the population abundance dataset informing the Living Planet Index (LPI) to illustrate the effects of data sources on EBV representativeness. We find that long-term monitoring schemes informing the LPI are still scarce outside of Europe and North America and that ecological field studies play a key role in covering that gap. Achieving representative EBV datasets will depend both on the ability to integrate available data, through data harmonization and modeling efforts, and on the establishment of new monitoring programs to address critical data gaps. •Terrestrial biodiversity observations can be organized into four types.•These types differ in taxonomic, geographic, and temporal coverage.•The representativeness of EBV datasets is affected by the underlying types of data.•Global datasets of population abundance are affected by the lack of long-term data.•New monitoring programs must address critical data gaps. Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) consolidate information from varied biodiversity observation sources. Here we demonstrate the links between data sources, EBVs and indicators and discuss how different sources of biodiversity observations can be harnessed to inform EBVs. We classify sources of primary observations into four types: extensive and intensive monitoring schemes, ecological field studies and satellite remote sensing. We characterize their geographic, taxonomic and temporal coverage. Ecological field studies and intensive monitoring schemes inform a wide range of EBVs, but the former tend to deliver short-term data, while the geographic coverage of the latter is limited. In contrast, extensive monitoring schemes mostly inform the population abundance EBV, but deliver long-term data across an extensive network of sites. Satellite remote sensing is particularly suited to providing information on ecosystem function and structure EBVs. Biases behind data sources may affect the representativeness of global biodiversity datasets. To improve them, researchers must assess data sources and then develop strategies to compensate for identified gaps. We draw on the population abundance dataset informing the Living Planet Index (LPI) to illustrate the effects of data sources on EBV representativeness. We find that long-term monitoring schemes informing the LPI are still scarce outside of Europe and North America and that ecological field studies play a key role in covering that gap. Achieving representative EBV datasets will depend both on the ability to integrate available data, through data harmonization and modeling efforts, and on the establishment of new monitoring programs to address critical data gaps.
Author	Schmeller, Dirk S. García-Moreno, Jaime Tiago, Patrícia Proença, Vânia McRae, Louise Martin, Laura Jane Brummitt, Neil Pereira, Henrique Miguel Fernandez, Miguel Belnap, Jayne Honrado, João Pradinho Jürgens, Norbert Böhm, Monika Opige, Michael van Swaay, Chris A.M. Gregory, Richard D.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Vânia surname: Proença fullname: Proença, Vânia email: vania.proenca@tecnico.ulisboa.pt organization: MARETEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal – sequence: 2 givenname: Laura Jane surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Laura Jane email: laura.jane.martin@gmail.com organization: Harvard University, Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Henrique Miguel surname: Pereira fullname: Pereira, Henrique Miguel email: hpereira@idiv.de organization: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Miguel surname: Fernandez fullname: Fernandez, Miguel email: miguel.fernandez.trigoso@gmail.com organization: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Louise surname: McRae fullname: McRae, Louise email: louise.mcrae@ioz.ac.uk organization: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: Jayne surname: Belnap fullname: Belnap, Jayne email: jayne_belnap@usgs.gov organization: U. S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT 84532, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Monika surname: Böhm fullname: Böhm, Monika email: monika.bohm@ioz.ac.uk organization: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK – sequence: 8 givenname: Neil surname: Brummitt fullname: Brummitt, Neil email: n.brummitt@nhm.ac.uk organization: Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK – sequence: 9 givenname: Jaime surname: García-Moreno fullname: García-Moreno, Jaime email: jgarciamoreno@esili.net organization: ESiLi Consulting. Het Haam 16, 6846 KW, Arnhem, The Netherlands – sequence: 10 givenname: Richard D. surname: Gregory fullname: Gregory, Richard D. email: richard.gregory@rspb.org.uk organization: RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, UK – sequence: 11 givenname: João Pradinho surname: Honrado fullname: Honrado, João Pradinho email: jhonrado@fc.up.pt organization: CIBIO/InBIO - Rede de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-601 Vairão, Portugal – sequence: 12 givenname: Norbert surname: Jürgens fullname: Jürgens, Norbert email: norbert.juergens@uni-hamburg.de organization: Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology (BEE), Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany – sequence: 13 givenname: Michael surname: Opige fullname: Opige, Michael email: michael.opige@natureuganda.org organization: Nature Uganda, The East Africa Natural History Society, P. O. Box 27034, Katalima Crescent, Naguru, Kampala, Uganda – sequence: 14 givenname: Dirk S. surname: Schmeller fullname: Schmeller, Dirk S. email: ds@die-schmellers.de organization: Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, UFZ, Department of Conservation Biology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany – sequence: 15 givenname: Patrícia surname: Tiago fullname: Tiago, Patrícia email: pmtiago@fc.ul.pt organization: CIBIO/InBIO - Rede de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-601 Vairão, Portugal – sequence: 16 givenname: Chris A.M. surname: van Swaay fullname: van Swaay, Chris A.M. email: chris.vanswaay@vlinderstichting.nl organization: Dutch Butterfly Conservation, P.O. Box 506, 6700 AM Wageningen, Netherlands
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Snippet	Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) consolidate information from varied biodiversity observation sources. Here we demonstrate the links between data... Understanding transmission is a critical prerequisite for predicting disease dynamics and impacts on host populations. It is well established that...
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SubjectTerms	biodiversity Biodiversity monitoring schemes data collection ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essential Biodiversity Variables Europe field experimentation GEO BON Global biodiversity monitoring Living Planet Index monitoring natural resources conservation North America Primary biodiversity observations remote sensing satellites
Title	Global biodiversity monitoring: From data sources to Essential Biodiversity Variables
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