Understanding of strain-induced crystallization developments scenarios for polyesters: Comparison of poly(ethylene furanoate), PEF, and poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET

Specific conditions of strain, stretching, strain rate and temperature are known to be necessary for the strain induced crystallization phenomenon (SIC) to occur. It leads to the formation of a crystal in different amorphous polymers, stretched above their glassy transition. This phenomenon was inte...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Polymer (Guilford) Jg. 203; S. 122755
Hauptverfasser:	Forestier, Emilie, Combeaud, Christelle, Guigo, Nathanael, Sbirrazzuoli, Nicolas, Billon, Noelle
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 26.08.2020 Elsevier BV Elsevier
Schlagworte:	Architecture Biobased polymer Chemical Physics Chemical Sciences Cristallography Crystal defects Crystal structure Crystallinity Crystallization Crystallization kinetics Engineering Sciences Ethylene Kinetics Loading and unloading mechanical behaviour Material chemistry Materials Mechanical properties Mechanics Mechanics of materials Melt temperature Microstructure Modulus of elasticity Phases Physics poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polyester resins Polyesters Polyethylene terephthalate Polymers Strain hardening Strain induced crystallization Strain rate Stretching Tensile tests Thermomechanical treatment Unloading Viscoelasticity Viscoelasticity Loading and unloading mechanical behaviour Crystallization kinetics Biobased polymer Strain induced crystallization poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) poly(ethylene terephthalate)
ISSN:	0032-3861, 1873-2291
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Abstract	Specific conditions of strain, stretching, strain rate and temperature are known to be necessary for the strain induced crystallization phenomenon (SIC) to occur. It leads to the formation of a crystal in different amorphous polymers, stretched above their glassy transition. This phenomenon was intensively documented in case of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. More recently, some studies focused on SIC development in biobased poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate), PEF. Comparison of these crystallization abilities and crystallization kinetics upon stretching in the two materials allows to describe main differences between them, and to enlighten the role of chain architecture on SIC. To achieve that point, different mechanical tensile tests were conducted using well controlled loading paths to explore the different steps of the microstructural changes induced by the stretching and their correlation with mechanical behaviour. Several macroscopic equivalence in the effects of SIC were found, such as increase in modulus, appearance of organized phase, increase I n α−relaxation temperature despite some differences in chain architecture. Combining both loading-unloading tests and quenching protocols, it was found that inducing more or less strong interactions between constitutive units, and more or less stable crystalline phases, leads to differences in apparent strain induced crystallization kinetics: • PET stretching can induce, prior to main strain hardening step, the formation of re-enforcing intermediate phases (or imperfect crystal) being stable upon unloading and able to be improved upon relaxation or thermal treatments; • PEF stretching exhibits a more “simple” two-steps path with no intermediate phases stable upon unloading. This can be related with the weaker stability of PEF crystal compared to PET (PEF quiescent crystallization temperature and melting temperature are very close to each other), and to the more complex crystalline lattice in PEF (two units are needed instead of one due to furanic cycle). In addition, for PET, Young modulus increases more gradually during strain hardening than for PEF. The final microstructure after stretching is therefore more dependent on thermomechanical treatments (annealing or relaxation steps) in PET in comparison to PEF. [Display omitted] •Stretch ability of PEF.•Stretch ability of PET.•Strain induced crystallization of PEF.•Strain induced crystallization of PET.
AbstractList	Specific conditions of strain, stretching, strain rate and temperature are known to be necessary for the strain induced crystallization phenomenon (SIC) to occur. It leads to the formation of a crystal in different amorphous polymers, stretched above their glassy transition. This phenomenon was intensively documented in case of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. More recently, some studies focused on SIC development in biobased poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate), PEF. Comparison of these crystallization abilities and crystallization kinetics upon stretching in the two materials allows to describe main differences between them, and to enlighten the role of chain architecture on SIC. To achieve that point, different mechanical tensile tests were conducted using well controlled loading paths to explore the different steps of the microstructural changes induced by the stretching and their correlation with mechanical behaviour. Several macroscopic equivalence in the effects of SIC were found, such as increase in modulus, appearance of organized phase, increase I n α−relaxation temperature despite some differences in chain architecture. Combining both loading-unloading tests and quenching protocols, it was found that inducing more or less strong interactions between constitutive units, and more or less stable crystalline phases, leads to differences in apparent strain induced crystallization kinetics: • PET stretching can induce, prior to main strain hardening step, the formation of re-enforcing intermediate phases (or imperfect crystal) being stable upon unloading and able to be improved upon relaxation or thermal treatments; • PEF stretching exhibits a more “simple” two-steps path with no intermediate phases stable upon unloading. This can be related with the weaker stability of PEF crystal compared to PET (PEF quiescent crystallization temperature and melting temperature are very close to each other), and to the more complex crystalline lattice in PEF (two units are needed instead of one due to furanic cycle). In addition, for PET, Young modulus increases more gradually during strain hardening than for PEF. The final microstructure after stretching is therefore more dependent on thermomechanical treatments (annealing or relaxation steps) in PET in comparison to PEF. [Display omitted] •Stretch ability of PEF.•Stretch ability of PET.•Strain induced crystallization of PEF.•Strain induced crystallization of PET. Specific conditions of strain, stretching, strain rate and temperature are known to be necessary for the strain induced crystallization phenomenon (SIC) to occur. It leads to the formation of a crystal in different amorphous polymers, stretched above their glassy transition. This phenomenon was intensively documented in case of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. More recently, some studies focused on SIC development in biobased poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate), PEF. Comparison of these crystallization abilities and crystallization kinetics upon stretching in the two materials allows to describe main differences between them, and to enlighten the role of chain architecture on SIC. To achieve that point, different mechanical tensile tests were conducted using well controlled loading paths to explore the different steps of the microstructural changes induced by the stretching and their correlation with mechanical behaviour. Several macroscopic equivalence in the effects of SIC were found, such as increase in modulus, appearance of organized phase, increase I n α−relaxation temperature despite some differences in chain architecture. Combining both loading-unloading tests and quenching protocols, it was found that inducing more or less strong interactions between constitutive units, and more or less stable crystalline phases, leads to differences in apparent strain induced crystallization kinetics: • PET stretching can induce, prior to main strain hardening step, the formation of re-enforcing intermediate phases (or imperfect crystal) being stable upon unloading and able to be improved upon relaxation or thermal treatments; • PEF stretching exhibits a more "simple" two-steps path with no intermediate phases stable upon unloading. This can be related with the weaker stability of PEF crystal compared to PET (PEF quiescent crystallization temperature and melting temperature are very close to each other), and to the more complex crystalline lattice in PEF (two units are needed instead of one due to furanic cycle). In addition, for PET, Young modulus increases more gradually during strain hardening than for PEF. The final microstructure after stretching is therefore more dependent on thermomechanical treatments (annealing or relaxation steps) in PET in comparison to PEF.
ArticleNumber	122755
Author	Forestier, Emilie Sbirrazzuoli, Nicolas Billon, Noelle Guigo, Nathanael Combeaud, Christelle
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Emilie surname: Forestier fullname: Forestier, Emilie organization: MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF), UMR 7635, 06904, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France – sequence: 2 givenname: Christelle surname: Combeaud fullname: Combeaud, Christelle organization: MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF), UMR 7635, 06904, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France – sequence: 3 givenname: Nathanael surname: Guigo fullname: Guigo, Nathanael organization: Université Côte D’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), UMR 7272, 06108, Nice, Cedex 2, France – sequence: 4 givenname: Nicolas surname: Sbirrazzuoli fullname: Sbirrazzuoli, Nicolas organization: Université Côte D’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), UMR 7272, 06108, Nice, Cedex 2, France – sequence: 5 givenname: Noelle surname: Billon fullname: Billon, Noelle email: noelle.billon@mines-paristech.fr organization: MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF), UMR 7635, 06904, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Keywords	Viscoelasticity Loading and unloading mechanical behaviour Crystallization kinetics Biobased polymer Strain induced crystallization poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) poly(ethylene terephthalate)
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Snippet	Specific conditions of strain, stretching, strain rate and temperature are known to be necessary for the strain induced crystallization phenomenon (SIC) to...
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SubjectTerms	Architecture Biobased polymer Chemical Physics Chemical Sciences Cristallography Crystal defects Crystal structure Crystallinity Crystallization Crystallization kinetics Engineering Sciences Ethylene Kinetics Loading and unloading mechanical behaviour Material chemistry Materials Mechanical properties Mechanics Mechanics of materials Melt temperature Microstructure Modulus of elasticity Phases Physics poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polyester resins Polyesters Polyethylene terephthalate Polymers Strain hardening Strain induced crystallization Strain rate Stretching Tensile tests Thermomechanical treatment Unloading Viscoelasticity
Title	Understanding of strain-induced crystallization developments scenarios for polyesters: Comparison of poly(ethylene furanoate), PEF, and poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET
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