Microbial Contamination and Hygiene of Fresh Cow’s Milk Produced by Smallholders in Western Zambia

A field study was performed to assess safety of smallholder fresh cow’s milk around Mongu, Western Province, Zambia. This involved observation and sampling of milk along the value chain from milking to point-of-sale and storage. Samples were collected from 86 cows, from 9 farmers, selling through tw...

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Vydané v:	International journal of environmental research and public health Ročník 13; číslo 7; s. 737
Hlavní autori:	Knight-Jones, Theodore, Hang’ombe, M., Songe, Mwansa, Sinkala, Yona, Grace, Delia
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Switzerland MDPI AG 21.07.2016 MDPI
Predmet:	Agricultural cooperatives Agriculture Animals Bacteria Cattle Colony Count, Microbial Dairying Environmental Monitoring Escherichia coli - isolation & purification Farms Female Food Contamination - analysis Food Microbiology Food safety Hot Temperature Hygiene Milk - microbiology Milk production Nutrition Staphylococcus aureus - isolation & purification Value chain Zambia United States > US Zambia milk Zambia smallholder dairy safety
ISSN:	1660-4601, 1661-7827, 1660-4601
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Abstract	A field study was performed to assess safety of smallholder fresh cow’s milk around Mongu, Western Province, Zambia. This involved observation and sampling of milk along the value chain from milking to point-of-sale and storage. Samples were collected from 86 cows, from 9 farmers, selling through two dairy cooperatives, with additional samples from informal markets. Production was very low; around one litre/day/cow and 10 L/day/herd. The milk was typically transported by bicycle in high ambient temperatures without refrigeration until reaching the point-of-sale (journey times of 30–120 min), where it was sold without pasteurisation despite milk-borne zoonoses being endemic (bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and Brucellosis). Although microbiological contamination was initially low, with geometric mean total bacterial count (TBC) of 425 cfu/mL (cfu = colony forming units) upon arrival at point-of-sale, poor hygiene led to high bacterial loads later on (geometric mean TBC > 600,000 cfu/mL after two days refrigeration), with almost all samples culture positive for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. After milking, milk was kept for 100–223 min at temperatures favouring microbial growth (median 34 °C) and sold without a microbial kill step. In this situation limited variation in observed standards of milk hygiene had no significant effect on milk end-product bacterial counts. Options for refrigerated transport are limited. Pasteurisation at the cooperative should be investigated, as this would largely remove pathogenic microbes present in the milk whether resulting from cattle infection or poor hygiene during milking and transportation. As milk is also purchased directly from producers, on-farm milk heating options should also be assessed. Smallholders may benefit from access to national markets by providing milk to large dairies, which have systems for ensuring safety. However, this requires significant investment and an increased and more consistent supply of milk; and many consumers, unable to afford milk sold through formal sectors, would not benefit.
AbstractList	A field study was performed to assess safety of smallholder fresh cow's milk around Mongu, Western Province, Zambia. This involved observation and sampling of milk along the value chain from milking to point-of-sale and storage. Samples were collected from 86 cows, from 9 farmers, selling through two dairy cooperatives, with additional samples from informal markets. Production was very low; around one litre/day/cow and 10 L/day/herd. The milk was typically transported by bicycle in high ambient temperatures without refrigeration until reaching the point-of-sale (journey times of 30-120 min), where it was sold without pasteurisation despite milk-borne zoonoses being endemic (bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and Brucellosis). Although microbiological contamination was initially low, with geometric mean total bacterial count (TBC) of 425 cfu/mL (cfu = colony forming units) upon arrival at point-of-sale, poor hygiene led to high bacterial loads later on (geometric mean TBC > 600,000 cfu/mL after two days refrigeration), with almost all samples culture positive for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. After milking, milk was kept for 100-223 min at temperatures favouring microbial growth (median 34 °C) and sold without a microbial kill step. In this situation limited variation in observed standards of milk hygiene had no significant effect on milk end-product bacterial counts. Options for refrigerated transport are limited. Pasteurisation at the cooperative should be investigated, as this would largely remove pathogenic microbes present in the milk whether resulting from cattle infection or poor hygiene during milking and transportation. As milk is also purchased directly from producers, on-farm milk heating options should also be assessed. Smallholders may benefit from access to national markets by providing milk to large dairies, which have systems for ensuring safety. However, this requires significant investment and an increased and more consistent supply of milk; and many consumers, unable to afford milk sold through formal sectors, would not benefit.
Author	Sinkala, Yona Songe, Mwansa Knight-Jones, Theodore Grace, Delia Hang’ombe, M.
AuthorAffiliation	1 Food Safety & Zoonoses Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Lusaka 10101, Zambia; m.songe@cgiar.org 3 Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; ysinkala@gmail.com 2 Department, School of Veterinary Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; bhangombe@unza.zm 4 Food Safety & Zoonoses Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya; d.grace@cgiar.org
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; ysinkala@gmail.com – name: 1 Food Safety & Zoonoses Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Lusaka 10101, Zambia; m.songe@cgiar.org – name: 2 Department, School of Veterinary Science, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; bhangombe@unza.zm – name: 4 Food Safety & Zoonoses Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya; d.grace@cgiar.org
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Theodore surname: Knight-Jones fullname: Knight-Jones, Theodore – sequence: 2 givenname: M. surname: Hang’ombe fullname: Hang’ombe, M. – sequence: 3 givenname: Mwansa surname: Songe fullname: Songe, Mwansa – sequence: 4 givenname: Yona surname: Sinkala fullname: Sinkala, Yona – sequence: 5 givenname: Delia orcidid: 0000-0002-0195-9489 surname: Grace fullname: Grace, Delia
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Snippet	A field study was performed to assess safety of smallholder fresh cow’s milk around Mongu, Western Province, Zambia. This involved observation and sampling of... A field study was performed to assess safety of smallholder fresh cow's milk around Mongu, Western Province, Zambia. This involved observation and sampling of...
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SubjectTerms	Agricultural cooperatives Agriculture Animals Bacteria Cattle Colony Count, Microbial Dairying Environmental Monitoring Escherichia coli - isolation & purification Farms Female Food Contamination - analysis Food Microbiology Food safety Hot Temperature Hygiene Milk - microbiology Milk production Nutrition Staphylococcus aureus - isolation & purification Value chain Zambia
Title	Microbial Contamination and Hygiene of Fresh Cow’s Milk Produced by Smallholders in Western Zambia
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