Prevalence of Missing Values and Protest Zeros in Contingent Valuation in Dental Medicine

Background: The number of contingent valuation (CV) studies in dental medicine using willingness-to-pay (WTP) methodology has substantially increased in recent years. Missing values due to absent information (i.e., missingness) or false information (i.e., protest zeros) are a common problem in WTP s...

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Vydáno v:International journal of environmental research and public health Ročník 18; číslo 14; s. 7219
Hlavní autoři: Sendi, Pedram, Ramadani, Arta, Bornstein, Michael M.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Switzerland MDPI AG 06.07.2021
MDPI
Témata:
Age groups
Commodities
Confidence intervals
Conjoint analysis
Cost benefit analysis
Dental Care
Dentistry
Estimates
False information
Humans
Medical Subject Headings-MeSH
Methods
Prevalence
Valuation
Willingness to pay
protest zeros
contingent valuation
health services research
oral public health
health state utility
willingness-to-pay
dental medicine
economic evaluation
missing values
ISSN:1660-4601, 1661-7827, 1660-4601
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Shrnutí:Background: The number of contingent valuation (CV) studies in dental medicine using willingness-to-pay (WTP) methodology has substantially increased in recent years. Missing values due to absent information (i.e., missingness) or false information (i.e., protest zeros) are a common problem in WTP studies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of missing values in CV studies in dental medicine, to assess how these have been dealt with, and to suggest recommendations for future research. Methods: We systematically searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PROSPERO) on 8 June 2021, and hand-searched references of selected reviews. CV studies in clinical dentistry using WTP for valuing a good or service were included. Results: We included 49 WTP studies in our review. Out of these, 19 (38.8%) reported missing values due to absent information, and 28 (57.1%) reported zero values (i.e., WTP valued at zero). Zero values were further classified into true zeros (i.e., representing the underlying preference of the respondent) or protest zeros (i.e., false information as a protest behavior) in only 9 studies. Most studies used a complete case analysis to address missingness while only one study used multiple imputation. Conclusions: There is uncertainty in the dental literature on how to address missing values and zero values in CV studies. Zero values need to be classified as true zeros versus protest zeros with follow-up questions after the WTP elicitation procedure, and then need to be handled differently. Advanced statistical methods are available to address both missing values due to missingness and due to protest zeros but these are currently underused in dental medicine. Failing to appropriately address missing values in CV studies may lead to biased WTP estimates of dental interventions.
Bibliografie:ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
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P.S. and A.R. contributed equally to this study.
ISSN:1660-4601
1661-7827
1660-4601
DOI:10.3390/ijerph18147219