The circular economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0? — Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options

•Distinction of historic phases (CE 1.0-CE 3.0) show the evolutionary nature of CE and relations to predecessors.•Various schools of thought exist in CE 3.0 of rendering CE either ‘refurbished’ or transformational.•CE 3.0 stagnates on low value resource retention options (ROs) and few databases to s...

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Vydané v:	Resources, conservation and recycling Ročník 135; s. 246 - 264
Hlavní autori:	Reike, Denise, Vermeulen, Walter J.V., Witjes, Sjors
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Elsevier B.V 01.08.2018
Predmet:	Circular economy Circularity Closed-loop economy Literature review Value preservation Closed-loop economy Literature review Circular economy Value preservation Circularity
ISSN:	0921-3449, 1879-0658
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Abstract	•Distinction of historic phases (CE 1.0-CE 3.0) show the evolutionary nature of CE and relations to predecessors.•Various schools of thought exist in CE 3.0 of rendering CE either ‘refurbished’ or transformational.•CE 3.0 stagnates on low value resource retention options (ROs) and few databases to support analysis of progress on circularity.•An analysis of 69 academic articles on ROs shows confusing variations in use of this key CE operationalization principle.•A synthesis provides a 10RO framework. Implications for policymaking, business and academia are provided based on the analyses. Over the last decade, the concept of the circular economy has regained attention, especially related to efforts to achieve a more sustainable society. The ‘revival’ of the circular economy has been accompanied by controversies and confusions across different actors in science and practice. With this article we attempt at contributing to advanced clarity in the field and providing a heuristic that is useful in practice. Initially, we take a focus on the historical development of the concept of circular economy and value retention options (ROs) for products and materials aiming for increased circularity. We propose to distinguish three phases in the evolution of the circular economy and argue that the concept – in its dominant framing – is not as new as frequently claimed. Having established this background knowledge, we give insights into ‘how far we are’ globally, with respect to the implementation of circularity, arguing that high levels of circularity have already been reached in different parts of the globe with regard to longer loop value retention options, such as energy recovery and recycling. Subsequently, we show that the confusion surrounding the circular economy is more far reaching. We summarize the divergent perspectives on retention options and unite the most common views a 10R typology. From our analyses, we conclude that policymakers and businesses should focus their efforts on realization of the more desirable, shorter loop retention options, like remanufacturing, refurbishing and repurposing – yet with a view on feasibility and overall system effects. Scholars, on the other hand, should assist the parties contributing to an increased circular economy in practice by taking up a more active role in attaining consensus in conceptualizing the circular economy.
AbstractList	•Distinction of historic phases (CE 1.0-CE 3.0) show the evolutionary nature of CE and relations to predecessors.•Various schools of thought exist in CE 3.0 of rendering CE either ‘refurbished’ or transformational.•CE 3.0 stagnates on low value resource retention options (ROs) and few databases to support analysis of progress on circularity.•An analysis of 69 academic articles on ROs shows confusing variations in use of this key CE operationalization principle.•A synthesis provides a 10RO framework. Implications for policymaking, business and academia are provided based on the analyses. Over the last decade, the concept of the circular economy has regained attention, especially related to efforts to achieve a more sustainable society. The ‘revival’ of the circular economy has been accompanied by controversies and confusions across different actors in science and practice. With this article we attempt at contributing to advanced clarity in the field and providing a heuristic that is useful in practice. Initially, we take a focus on the historical development of the concept of circular economy and value retention options (ROs) for products and materials aiming for increased circularity. We propose to distinguish three phases in the evolution of the circular economy and argue that the concept – in its dominant framing – is not as new as frequently claimed. Having established this background knowledge, we give insights into ‘how far we are’ globally, with respect to the implementation of circularity, arguing that high levels of circularity have already been reached in different parts of the globe with regard to longer loop value retention options, such as energy recovery and recycling. Subsequently, we show that the confusion surrounding the circular economy is more far reaching. We summarize the divergent perspectives on retention options and unite the most common views a 10R typology. From our analyses, we conclude that policymakers and businesses should focus their efforts on realization of the more desirable, shorter loop retention options, like remanufacturing, refurbishing and repurposing – yet with a view on feasibility and overall system effects. Scholars, on the other hand, should assist the parties contributing to an increased circular economy in practice by taking up a more active role in attaining consensus in conceptualizing the circular economy.
Author	Vermeulen, Walter J.V. Witjes, Sjors Reike, Denise
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Denise surname: Reike fullname: Reike, Denise email: d.reike@uu.nl organization: Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: Walter J.V. surname: Vermeulen fullname: Vermeulen, Walter J.V. organization: Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: Sjors surname: Witjes fullname: Witjes, Sjors organization: Radboud University, Institute for Management Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Snippet	•Distinction of historic phases (CE 1.0-CE 3.0) show the evolutionary nature of CE and relations to predecessors.•Various schools of thought exist in CE 3.0 of...
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SubjectTerms	Circular economy Circularity Closed-loop economy Literature review Value preservation
Title	The circular economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0? — Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options
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