Towards a taxonomy of errors in PLC programming

Based on previous studies on programming errors and their causes, the presented paper investigates errors that application engineers in the area of machine and plant automation make while creating either function block diagrams, plcML [an adaption of the unified modelling language (UML)] or modAT4rM...

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Published in:	Cognition, technology & work Vol. 17; no. 3; pp. 417 - 430
Main Authors:	Duschl, Kerstin C., Gramß, Denise, Obermeier, Martin, Vogel-Heuser, Birgit
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Springer London 01.08.2015 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Aerospace Technology and Astronautics Apprentices Automation Automotive Engineering Classification Cognitive Psychology Computer Science Decision making Diagrams Educational programs Errors Industrial and Organizational Psychology Languages Medicine/Public Health Original Article Rules Software engineering Syntax Technicians User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction Variants Errors Automation Human factors Object-oriented methods Software engineering
ISSN:	1435-5558, 1435-5566
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Abstract	Based on previous studies on programming errors and their causes, the presented paper investigates errors that application engineers in the area of machine and plant automation make while creating either function block diagrams, plcML [an adaption of the unified modelling language (UML)] or modAT4rMS code (a newly developed modelling language that adapts and combines aspects of UML and SysML). A laboratory-based study with 52 mechatronics apprentices and electrical engineering technicians with knowhow in manufacturing system design but comparably undeveloped programming skills has been conducted, in which the subjects’ errors and think-aloud statements during code creation were recorded. In a subsequent step, these data have been analysed by the cognitive causes of the coding errors applying the skill-rules-knowledge framework. As a result, a taxonomy of errors is presented. Results indicate that most of the errors in the subjects’ code are due to insufficient understanding of the notation’s syntax, problems with the rules of encapsulation, the creation of modules and finally with the creation of variants and aggregations, which are all located at the rule-based level. Errors at the skill-based level mainly occurred during behavioural modelling with modAT4rMS. It is argued that the provided insights can be used for improving education on programmable logic controller (PLC) languages and for the design of tools that support PLC programmers at detecting and fixing errors within their code.
AbstractList	Issue Title: Special Issue on Naturalistic Decision Making Based on previous studies on programming errors and their causes, the presented paper investigates errors that application engineers in the area of machine and plant automation make while creating either function block diagrams, plcML [an adaption of the unified modelling language (UML)] or modAT4rMS code (a newly developed modelling language that adapts and combines aspects of UML and SysML). A laboratory-based study with 52 mechatronics apprentices and electrical engineering technicians with knowhow in manufacturing system design but comparably undeveloped programming skills has been conducted, in which the subjects' errors and think-aloud statements during code creation were recorded. In a subsequent step, these data have been analysed by the cognitive causes of the coding errors applying the skill-rules-knowledge framework. As a result, a taxonomy of errors is presented. Results indicate that most of the errors in the subjects' code are due to insufficient understanding of the notation's syntax, problems with the rules of encapsulation, the creation of modules and finally with the creation of variants and aggregations, which are all located at the rule-based level. Errors at the skill-based level mainly occurred during behavioural modelling with modAT4rMS. It is argued that the provided insights can be used for improving education on programmable logic controller (PLC) languages and for the design of tools that support PLC programmers at detecting and fixing errors within their code. Based on previous studies on programming errors and their causes, the presented paper investigates errors that application engineers in the area of machine and plant automation make while creating either function block diagrams, plcML [an adaption of the unified modelling language (UML)] or modAT4rMS code (a newly developed modelling language that adapts and combines aspects of UML and SysML). A laboratory-based study with 52 mechatronics apprentices and electrical engineering technicians with knowhow in manufacturing system design but comparably undeveloped programming skills has been conducted, in which the subjects’ errors and think-aloud statements during code creation were recorded. In a subsequent step, these data have been analysed by the cognitive causes of the coding errors applying the skill-rules-knowledge framework. As a result, a taxonomy of errors is presented. Results indicate that most of the errors in the subjects’ code are due to insufficient understanding of the notation’s syntax, problems with the rules of encapsulation, the creation of modules and finally with the creation of variants and aggregations, which are all located at the rule-based level. Errors at the skill-based level mainly occurred during behavioural modelling with modAT4rMS. It is argued that the provided insights can be used for improving education on programmable logic controller (PLC) languages and for the design of tools that support PLC programmers at detecting and fixing errors within their code.
Author	Vogel-Heuser, Birgit Gramß, Denise Obermeier, Martin Duschl, Kerstin C.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Kerstin C. surname: Duschl fullname: Duschl, Kerstin C. organization: Chair of Automation and Information Systems, Technische Universität München – sequence: 2 givenname: Denise surname: Gramß fullname: Gramß, Denise organization: Chair of Automation and Information Systems, Technische Universität München – sequence: 3 givenname: Martin surname: Obermeier fullname: Obermeier, Martin organization: Chair of Automation and Information Systems, Technische Universität München – sequence: 4 givenname: Birgit surname: Vogel-Heuser fullname: Vogel-Heuser, Birgit email: vogel-heuser@ais.mw.tum.de organization: Chair of Automation and Information Systems, Technische Universität München
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Cites_doi	10.4018/joeuc.1998040102 10.1109/ACC.2012.6315074 10.1016/j.jvlc.2004.08.003 10.1109/TE.2012.2226035 10.1207/s15327051hci0102_2 10.1076/csed.13.2.137.14200 10.4236/jsea.2011.44024 10.1016/S0167-9236(97)00038-9 10.1109/TASE.2007.917135 10.1016/S1471-7727(02)00006-4 10.1016/S0020-7373(74)80027-1 10.1109/TSMC.1983.6313160 10.1006/imms.1993.1045 10.1109/MIE.2009.934789 10.1201/1078.10580530/46108.23.3.20060601/93706.5 10.1006/ijhc.1994.1032 10.1109/TII.2013.2258165 10.1109/47.867942 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046334 10.3182/20110828-6-IT-1002.02207 10.1145/2493394.2493405 10.1017/CBO9781139062367
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Title	Towards a taxonomy of errors in PLC programming
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Volume	17
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