Intrinsic toughening and stable crack propagation in hexagonal boron nitride

If a bulk material can withstand a high load without any irreversible damage (such as plastic deformation), it is usually brittle and can fail catastrophically 1 , 2 . This trade-off between strength and fracture toughness also extends into two-dimensional materials space 3 – 5 . For example, graphe...

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Published in:	Nature (London) Vol. 594; no. 7861; pp. 57 - 61
Main Authors:	Yang, Yingchao, Song, Zhigong, Lu, Guangyuan, Zhang, Qinghua, Zhang, Boyu, Ni, Bo, Wang, Chao, Li, Xiaoyan, Gu, Lin, Xie, Xiaoming, Gao, Huajian, Lou, Jun
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 03.06.2021 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects:	121/143 639/166/988 639/301/1023 639/301/357/1018 639/925/357/537 Boron Boron nitride Crack initiation Crack propagation Crack tips Dielectric strength Elastic properties Energy Energy release rate Fracture toughness Graphene Humanities and Social Sciences Mechanical properties Modulus of elasticity Monolayers Morphology multidisciplinary Nanoparticles Nanowires Plastic deformation Propagation Science Science & Technology - Other Topics Science (multidisciplinary) Single crystals Stress concentration Theoretical analysis Two dimensional materials
ISSN:	0028-0836, 1476-4687, 1476-4687
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Abstract	If a bulk material can withstand a high load without any irreversible damage (such as plastic deformation), it is usually brittle and can fail catastrophically 1 , 2 . This trade-off between strength and fracture toughness also extends into two-dimensional materials space 3 – 5 . For example, graphene has ultrahigh intrinsic strength (about 130 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 1.0 terapascal) but is brittle, with low fracture toughness (about 4 megapascals per square-root metre) 3 , 6 . Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a dielectric two-dimensional material 7 with high strength (about 100 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 0.8 terapascals), which are similar to those of graphene 8 . Its fracture behaviour has long been assumed to be similarly brittle, subject to Griffith’s law 9 – 14 . Contrary to expectation, here we report high fracture toughness of single-crystal monolayer h-BN, with an effective energy release rate up to one order of magnitude higher than both its Griffith energy release rate and that reported for graphene. We observe stable crack propagation in monolayer h-BN, and obtain the corresponding crack resistance curve. Crack deflection and branching occur repeatedly owing to asymmetric edge elastic properties at the crack tip and edge swapping during crack propagation, which intrinsically toughens the material and enables stable crack propagation. Our in situ experimental observations, supported by theoretical analysis, suggest added practical benefits and potential new technological opportunities for monolayer h-BN, such as adding mechanical protection to two-dimensional devices. Single-crystal monolayer hexagonal boron nitride is unexpectedly tough owing to its asymmetric lattice structure, which facilitates repeated crack deflection, crack branching and edge swapping, enhancing energy dissipation.
AbstractList	If a bulk material can withstand a high load without any irreversible damage (such as plastic deformation), it is usually brittle and can fail catastrophically 1 , 2 . This trade-off between strength and fracture toughness also extends into two-dimensional materials space 3 – 5 . For example, graphene has ultrahigh intrinsic strength (about 130 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 1.0 terapascal) but is brittle, with low fracture toughness (about 4 megapascals per square-root metre) 3 , 6 . Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a dielectric two-dimensional material 7 with high strength (about 100 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 0.8 terapascals), which are similar to those of graphene 8 . Its fracture behaviour has long been assumed to be similarly brittle, subject to Griffith’s law 9 – 14 . Contrary to expectation, here we report high fracture toughness of single-crystal monolayer h-BN, with an effective energy release rate up to one order of magnitude higher than both its Griffith energy release rate and that reported for graphene. We observe stable crack propagation in monolayer h-BN, and obtain the corresponding crack resistance curve. Crack deflection and branching occur repeatedly owing to asymmetric edge elastic properties at the crack tip and edge swapping during crack propagation, which intrinsically toughens the material and enables stable crack propagation. Our in situ experimental observations, supported by theoretical analysis, suggest added practical benefits and potential new technological opportunities for monolayer h-BN, such as adding mechanical protection to two-dimensional devices. Single-crystal monolayer hexagonal boron nitride is unexpectedly tough owing to its asymmetric lattice structure, which facilitates repeated crack deflection, crack branching and edge swapping, enhancing energy dissipation. Not provided. If a bulk material can withstand a high load without any irreversible damage (such as plastic deformation), it is usually brittle and can fail catastrophically1,2. This trade-off between strength and fracture toughness also extends into two-dimensional materials space3-5. For example, graphene has ultrahigh intrinsic strength (about 130 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 1.0 terapascal) but is brittle, with low fracture toughness (about 4 megapascals per square-root metre)3,6. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a dielectric two-dimensional material7 with high strength (about 100 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 0.8 terapascals), which are similar to those of graphene8. Its fracture behaviour has long been assumed to be similarly brittle, subject to Griffith's law9-14. Contrary to expectation, here we report high fracture toughness of single-crystal monolayer h-BN, with an effective energy release rate up to one order of magnitude higher than both its Griffith energy release rate and that reported for graphene. We observe stable crack propagation in monolayer h-BN, and obtain the corresponding crack resistance curve. Crack deflection and branching occur repeatedly owing to asymmetric edge elastic properties at the crack tip and edge swapping during crack propagation, which intrinsically toughens the material and enables stable crack propagation. Our in situ experimental observations, supported by theoretical analysis, suggest added practical benefits and potential new technological opportunities for monolayer h-BN, such as adding mechanical protection to two-dimensional devices.If a bulk material can withstand a high load without any irreversible damage (such as plastic deformation), it is usually brittle and can fail catastrophically1,2. This trade-off between strength and fracture toughness also extends into two-dimensional materials space3-5. For example, graphene has ultrahigh intrinsic strength (about 130 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 1.0 terapascal) but is brittle, with low fracture toughness (about 4 megapascals per square-root metre)3,6. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a dielectric two-dimensional material7 with high strength (about 100 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 0.8 terapascals), which are similar to those of graphene8. Its fracture behaviour has long been assumed to be similarly brittle, subject to Griffith's law9-14. Contrary to expectation, here we report high fracture toughness of single-crystal monolayer h-BN, with an effective energy release rate up to one order of magnitude higher than both its Griffith energy release rate and that reported for graphene. We observe stable crack propagation in monolayer h-BN, and obtain the corresponding crack resistance curve. Crack deflection and branching occur repeatedly owing to asymmetric edge elastic properties at the crack tip and edge swapping during crack propagation, which intrinsically toughens the material and enables stable crack propagation. Our in situ experimental observations, supported by theoretical analysis, suggest added practical benefits and potential new technological opportunities for monolayer h-BN, such as adding mechanical protection to two-dimensional devices. If a bulk material can withstand a high load without any irreversible damage (such as plastic deformation), it is usually brittle and can fail catastrophically1,2. This trade-off between strength and fracture toughness also extends into two-dimensional materials space3-5. For example, graphene has ultrahigh intrinsic strength (about 130 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 1.0 terapascal) but is brittle, with low fracture toughness (about 4 megapascals per square-root metre)3,6. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a dielectric two-dimensional material7 with high strength (about 100 gigapascals) and elastic modulus (approximately 0.8 terapascals), which are similar to those ofgraphene8. Its fracture behaviour has long been assumed to be similarly brittle, subject to Griffith's law9-14. Contrary to expectation, here we report high fracture toughness of single-crystal monolayer h-BN, with an effective energy release rate up to one order of magnitude higher than both its Griffith energy release rate and that reported for graphene. We observe stable crack propagation in monolayer h-BN, and obtain the corresponding crack resistance curve. Crack deflection and branching occur repeatedly owing to asymmetric edge elastic properties at the crack tip and edge swapping during crack propagation, which intrinsically toughens the material and enables stable crack propagation. Our in situ experimental observations, supported by theoretical analysis, suggest added practical benefits and potential new technological opportunities for monolayer h-BN, such as adding mechanical protection to two-dimensional devices.
Author	Zhang, Qinghua Gu, Lin Lou, Jun Wang, Chao Lu, Guangyuan Xie, Xiaoming Ni, Bo Gao, Huajian Zhang, Boyu Yang, Yingchao Song, Zhigong Li, Xiaoyan
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Yingchao surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Yingchao organization: Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine – sequence: 2 givenname: Zhigong surname: Song fullname: Song, Zhigong organization: Institute of High Performance Computing, ASTAR, School of Engineering, Brown University, Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University – sequence: 3 givenname: Guangyuan surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Guangyuan organization: State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 4 givenname: Qinghua surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Qinghua organization: Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 5 givenname: Boyu surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Boyu organization: Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University – sequence: 6 givenname: Bo surname: Ni fullname: Ni, Bo organization: School of Engineering, Brown University – sequence: 7 givenname: Chao surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Chao organization: Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology – sequence: 8 givenname: Xiaoyan orcidid: 0000-0002-2953-9267 surname: Li fullname: Li, Xiaoyan organization: Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University – sequence: 9 givenname: Lin orcidid: 0000-0002-7504-031X surname: Gu fullname: Gu, Lin organization: Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 10 givenname: Xiaoming surname: Xie fullname: Xie, Xiaoming organization: State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 11 givenname: Huajian orcidid: 0000-0002-8656-846X surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Huajian email: huajian.gao@ntu.edu.sg organization: Institute of High Performance Computing, ASTAR, School of Engineering, Brown University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University – sequence: 12 givenname: Jun orcidid: 0000-0002-4351-9561 surname: Lou fullname: Lou, Jun email: jlou@rice.edu organization: Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021 Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jun 3, 2021
Copyright_xml	– notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021 – notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jun 3, 2021
CorporateAuthor	Rice Univ., Houston, TX (United States)
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Snippet	If a bulk material can withstand a high load without any irreversible damage (such as plastic deformation), it is usually brittle and can fail catastrophically... If a bulk material can withstand a high load without any irreversible damage (such as plastic deformation), it is usually brittle and can fail... Not provided.
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SubjectTerms	121/143 639/166/988 639/301/1023 639/301/357/1018 639/925/357/537 Boron Boron nitride Crack initiation Crack propagation Crack tips Dielectric strength Elastic properties Energy Energy release rate Fracture toughness Graphene Humanities and Social Sciences Mechanical properties Modulus of elasticity Monolayers Morphology multidisciplinary Nanoparticles Nanowires Plastic deformation Propagation Science Science & Technology - Other Topics Science (multidisciplinary) Single crystals Stress concentration Theoretical analysis Two dimensional materials
Title	Intrinsic toughening and stable crack propagation in hexagonal boron nitride
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