The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation
Establishing and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation. However, this approach is insufficient for many species, particularly those that are wide-ranging and sparse. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus exemplifies such a species and faces extreme challenges to its su...
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| Published in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 114; no. 3; pp. 528 - 533 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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United States
17.01.2017
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| ISSN: | 1091-6490 |
| Online Access: | Get more information |
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| Abstract | Establishing and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation. However, this approach is insufficient for many species, particularly those that are wide-ranging and sparse. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus exemplifies such a species and faces extreme challenges to its survival. Here, we show that the global population is estimated at ∼7,100 individuals and confined to 9% of its historical distributional range. However, the majority of current range (77%) occurs outside of PAs, where the species faces multiple threats. Scenario modeling shows that, where growth rates are suppressed outside PAs, extinction rates increase rapidly as the proportion of population protected declines. Sensitivity analysis shows that growth rates within PAs have to be high if they are to compensate for declines outside. Susceptibility of cheetah to rapid decline is evidenced by recent rapid contraction in range, supporting an uplisting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List threat assessment to endangered. Our results are applicable to other protection-reliant species, which may be subject to systematic underestimation of threat when there is insufficient information outside PAs. Ultimately, conserving many of these species necessitates a paradigm shift in conservation toward a holistic approach that incentivizes protection and promotes sustainable human-wildlife coexistence across large multiple-use landscapes. |
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| AbstractList | Establishing and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation. However, this approach is insufficient for many species, particularly those that are wide-ranging and sparse. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus exemplifies such a species and faces extreme challenges to its survival. Here, we show that the global population is estimated at ∼7,100 individuals and confined to 9% of its historical distributional range. However, the majority of current range (77%) occurs outside of PAs, where the species faces multiple threats. Scenario modeling shows that, where growth rates are suppressed outside PAs, extinction rates increase rapidly as the proportion of population protected declines. Sensitivity analysis shows that growth rates within PAs have to be high if they are to compensate for declines outside. Susceptibility of cheetah to rapid decline is evidenced by recent rapid contraction in range, supporting an uplisting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List threat assessment to endangered. Our results are applicable to other protection-reliant species, which may be subject to systematic underestimation of threat when there is insufficient information outside PAs. Ultimately, conserving many of these species necessitates a paradigm shift in conservation toward a holistic approach that incentivizes protection and promotes sustainable human-wildlife coexistence across large multiple-use landscapes. |
| Author | Chege, Monica Selebatso, Eda Ezekiel, Fabiano Berbash, Ali Saidu, Yohanna Aschenborn, Ortwin de Iongh, Hans H Schmidt-Küntzel, Anne Groom, Rosemary Marnewick, Kelly Sahailou, Samaila Bashir, Sultana Jacobson, Andrew P Young-Overton, Kim Breitenmoser, Christine Ipavec, Audrey Msuha, Maurus Samna, Abdoulkarim Klein, Rebecca Funston, Paul Broekhuis, Femke van Vuuren, Rudie Andresen, Leah Böhm, Monika Farhadinia, Mohammad S Parker, Megan Wykstra, Mary Merkle, Johnathan Purchase, Gianetta Jowkar, Houman M'soka, Jassiel Melzheimer, Joerg Davies-Mostert, Harriet Dickman, Amy J Cilliers, Deon Durant, Sarah M Horgan, Jane Soultan, Alaaeldin Belbachir, Farid Beddiaf, Mohammed Marker, Laurie Mitchell, Nicholas Pettorelli, Nathalie Becker, Matthew S Lindsey, Peter Andrew Belbachir-Bazi, Amel Hunter, Luke T B Woodroffe, Rosie Sogbohossou, Etotépé A van der Meer, Esther O'Neill, Helen Henschel, Philipp Stone, Emma Brandao de Matos Machado, Iracelma |
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Belbachir-Bazi, Amel organization: Laboratoire d'Écologie et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Béjaïa, Algeria – sequence: 18 givenname: Ali surname: Berbash fullname: Berbash, Ali organization: Nature Conservation Department, Environment General Authority (EGA), Tripoli, Libya – sequence: 19 givenname: Iracelma surname: Brandao de Matos Machado fullname: Brandao de Matos Machado, Iracelma organization: Institute of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Luanda, Angola – sequence: 20 givenname: Christine surname: Breitenmoser fullname: Breitenmoser, Christine organization: International Union for the Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission Cat Specialist Group, 3074 Muri, Switzerland – sequence: 21 givenname: Monica surname: Chege fullname: Chege, Monica organization: Kenya Wildlife Service, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya – sequence: 22 givenname: Deon surname: Cilliers fullname: Cilliers, Deon organization: Cheetah Outreach Trust, Paardevlei, South Africa – sequence: 23 givenname: Harriet surname: Davies-Mostert fullname: Davies-Mostert, Harriet organization: Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 24 givenname: Amy J surname: Dickman fullname: Dickman, Amy J organization: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom – sequence: 25 givenname: Fabiano surname: Ezekiel fullname: Ezekiel, Fabiano organization: Department of Wildlife Management and Ecotourism, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia – sequence: 26 givenname: Mohammad S surname: Farhadinia fullname: Farhadinia, Mohammad S organization: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom – sequence: 27 givenname: Paul surname: Funston fullname: Funston, Paul organization: Panthera, New York, NY 10018 – sequence: 28 givenname: Philipp surname: Henschel fullname: Henschel, Philipp organization: Panthera, New York, NY 10018 – sequence: 29 givenname: Jane surname: Horgan fullname: Horgan, Jane organization: Cheetah Conservation Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana – sequence: 30 givenname: Hans H surname: de Iongh fullname: de Iongh, Hans H organization: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands – sequence: 31 givenname: Houman surname: Jowkar fullname: Jowkar, Houman organization: Conservation of Asiatic Cheetah Program, Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 32 givenname: Rebecca surname: Klein fullname: Klein, Rebecca organization: Cheetah Conservation Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana – sequence: 33 givenname: Peter Andrew surname: Lindsey fullname: Lindsey, Peter Andrew organization: Panthera, New York, NY 10018 – sequence: 34 givenname: Laurie surname: Marker fullname: Marker, Laurie organization: Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia – sequence: 35 givenname: Kelly surname: Marnewick fullname: Marnewick, Kelly organization: Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 36 givenname: Joerg surname: Melzheimer fullname: Melzheimer, Joerg organization: Department Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany – sequence: 37 givenname: Johnathan surname: Merkle fullname: Merkle, Johnathan organization: Zambian Carnivore Programme, Mfuwe, Zambia – sequence: 38 givenname: Jassiel surname: M'soka fullname: M'soka, Jassiel organization: Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Chilanga, Zambia – sequence: 39 givenname: Maurus surname: Msuha fullname: Msuha, Maurus organization: Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania – sequence: 40 givenname: Helen surname: O'Neill fullname: O'Neill, Helen organization: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom – sequence: 41 givenname: Megan surname: Parker fullname: Parker, Megan organization: Working Dogs for Conservation, Bozeman, MT 59771 – sequence: 42 givenname: Gianetta surname: Purchase fullname: Purchase, Gianetta organization: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom – sequence: 43 givenname: Samaila surname: Sahailou fullname: Sahailou, Samaila organization: Direction de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Niamey, Niger – sequence: 44 givenname: Yohanna surname: Saidu fullname: Saidu, Yohanna organization: Nigeria National Park Service, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria – sequence: 45 givenname: Abdoulkarim surname: Samna fullname: Samna, Abdoulkarim organization: Direction de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Niamey, Niger – sequence: 46 givenname: Anne surname: Schmidt-Küntzel fullname: Schmidt-Küntzel, Anne organization: Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia – sequence: 47 givenname: Eda surname: Selebatso fullname: Selebatso, Eda organization: Consultant, Gaborone, Botswana – sequence: 48 givenname: Etotépé A surname: Sogbohossou fullname: Sogbohossou, Etotépé A organization: Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin – sequence: 49 givenname: Alaaeldin orcidid: 0000-0003-3753-7015 surname: Soultan fullname: Soultan, Alaaeldin organization: Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Cairo, Egypt – sequence: 50 givenname: Emma surname: Stone fullname: Stone, Emma organization: Carnivore Research Malawi, Conservation Research Africa, Lilongwe, Malawi – sequence: 51 givenname: Esther surname: van der Meer fullname: van der Meer, Esther organization: Cheetah Conservation Project Zimbabwe, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe – sequence: 52 givenname: Rudie surname: van Vuuren fullname: van Vuuren, Rudie organization: Naankuse Foundation, Windhoek, Namibia – sequence: 53 givenname: Mary surname: Wykstra fullname: Wykstra, Mary organization: Action for Cheetahs in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya – sequence: 54 givenname: Kim surname: Young-Overton fullname: Young-Overton, Kim organization: Panthera, New York, NY 10018 |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28028225$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | Acinonyx Africa Animals Asia Biodiversity Computer Simulation Conservation of Natural Resources Extinction, Biological Models, Biological Population Dynamics - trends Risk Factors |
| Title | The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation |
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