Microscale optoelectronic infrared-to-visible upconversion devices and their use as injectable light sources

Optical upconversion that converts infrared light into visible light is of significant interest for broad applications in biomedicine, imaging, and displays. Conventional upconversion materials rely on nonlinear light-matter interactions, exhibit incidence-dependent efficiencies, and require high-po...

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Published in:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 115; no. 26; p. 6632
Main Authors:	Ding, He, Lu, Lihui, Shi, Zhao, Wang, Dan, Li, Lizhu, Li, Xichen, Ren, Yuqi, Liu, Changbo, Cheng, Dali, Kim, Hoyeon, Giebink, Noel C, Wang, Xiaohui, Yin, Lan, Zhao, Lingyun, Luo, Minmin, Sheng, Xing
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States 26.06.2018
Subjects:	Animals Arsenicals Behavior, Animal Biocompatible Materials Brain Mapping - instrumentation Equipment Design Gallium Infrared Rays Mice Mice, Nude Miniaturization Optogenetics - instrumentation Optogenetics - methods Photons Prostheses and Implants Rats Semiconductors Somatosensory Cortex - physiology Subcutaneous Tissue upconversion optoelectronics optogenetics
ISSN:	1091-6490, 1091-6490
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Abstract	Optical upconversion that converts infrared light into visible light is of significant interest for broad applications in biomedicine, imaging, and displays. Conventional upconversion materials rely on nonlinear light-matter interactions, exhibit incidence-dependent efficiencies, and require high-power excitation. We report an infrared-to-visible upconversion strategy based on fully integrated microscale optoelectronic devices. These thin-film, ultraminiaturized devices realize near-infrared (∼810 nm) to visible [630 nm (red) or 590 nm (yellow)] upconversion that is linearly dependent on incoherent, low-power excitation, with a quantum yield of ∼1.5%. Additional features of this upconversion design include broadband absorption, wide-emission spectral tunability, and fast dynamics. Encapsulated, freestanding devices are transferred onto heterogeneous substrates and show desirable biocompatibilities within biological fluids and tissues. These microscale devices are implanted in behaving animals, with in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrating their utility for optogenetic neuromodulation. This approach provides a versatile route to achieve upconversion throughout the entire visible spectral range at lower power and higher efficiency than has previously been possible.
AbstractList	Optical upconversion that converts infrared light into visible light is of significant interest for broad applications in biomedicine, imaging, and displays. Conventional upconversion materials rely on nonlinear light-matter interactions, exhibit incidence-dependent efficiencies, and require high-power excitation. We report an infrared-to-visible upconversion strategy based on fully integrated microscale optoelectronic devices. These thin-film, ultraminiaturized devices realize near-infrared (∼810 nm) to visible [630 nm (red) or 590 nm (yellow)] upconversion that is linearly dependent on incoherent, low-power excitation, with a quantum yield of ∼1.5%. Additional features of this upconversion design include broadband absorption, wide-emission spectral tunability, and fast dynamics. Encapsulated, freestanding devices are transferred onto heterogeneous substrates and show desirable biocompatibilities within biological fluids and tissues. These microscale devices are implanted in behaving animals, with in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrating their utility for optogenetic neuromodulation. This approach provides a versatile route to achieve upconversion throughout the entire visible spectral range at lower power and higher efficiency than has previously been possible. Optical upconversion that converts infrared light into visible light is of significant interest for broad applications in biomedicine, imaging, and displays. Conventional upconversion materials rely on nonlinear light-matter interactions, exhibit incidence-dependent efficiencies, and require high-power excitation. We report an infrared-to-visible upconversion strategy based on fully integrated microscale optoelectronic devices. These thin-film, ultraminiaturized devices realize near-infrared (∼810 nm) to visible [630 nm (red) or 590 nm (yellow)] upconversion that is linearly dependent on incoherent, low-power excitation, with a quantum yield of ∼1.5%. Additional features of this upconversion design include broadband absorption, wide-emission spectral tunability, and fast dynamics. Encapsulated, freestanding devices are transferred onto heterogeneous substrates and show desirable biocompatibilities within biological fluids and tissues. These microscale devices are implanted in behaving animals, with in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrating their utility for optogenetic neuromodulation. This approach provides a versatile route to achieve upconversion throughout the entire visible spectral range at lower power and higher efficiency than has previously been possible.Optical upconversion that converts infrared light into visible light is of significant interest for broad applications in biomedicine, imaging, and displays. Conventional upconversion materials rely on nonlinear light-matter interactions, exhibit incidence-dependent efficiencies, and require high-power excitation. We report an infrared-to-visible upconversion strategy based on fully integrated microscale optoelectronic devices. These thin-film, ultraminiaturized devices realize near-infrared (∼810 nm) to visible [630 nm (red) or 590 nm (yellow)] upconversion that is linearly dependent on incoherent, low-power excitation, with a quantum yield of ∼1.5%. Additional features of this upconversion design include broadband absorption, wide-emission spectral tunability, and fast dynamics. Encapsulated, freestanding devices are transferred onto heterogeneous substrates and show desirable biocompatibilities within biological fluids and tissues. These microscale devices are implanted in behaving animals, with in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrating their utility for optogenetic neuromodulation. This approach provides a versatile route to achieve upconversion throughout the entire visible spectral range at lower power and higher efficiency than has previously been possible.
Author	Yin, Lan Li, Lizhu Wang, Dan Zhao, Lingyun Luo, Minmin Sheng, Xing Lu, Lihui Li, Xichen Cheng, Dali Wang, Xiaohui Ren, Yuqi Liu, Changbo Kim, Hoyeon Giebink, Noel C Ding, He Shi, Zhao
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: He surname: Ding fullname: Ding, He organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Lihui surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Lihui organization: School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Zhao surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Zhao organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Dan surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Dan organization: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Lizhu surname: Li fullname: Li, Lizhu organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Xichen surname: Li fullname: Li, Xichen organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 – sequence: 7 givenname: Yuqi surname: Ren fullname: Ren, Yuqi organization: National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206 Beijing, China – sequence: 8 givenname: Changbo surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Changbo organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 9 givenname: Dali surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, Dali organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 10 givenname: Hoyeon surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Hoyeon organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 – sequence: 11 givenname: Noel C surname: Giebink fullname: Giebink, Noel C organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 – sequence: 12 givenname: Xiaohui surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Xiaohui organization: Tianjin Zhonghuan Neolight Technology Co., Ltd., 120111 Tianjin, China – sequence: 13 givenname: Lan surname: Yin fullname: Yin, Lan organization: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 14 givenname: Lingyun surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Lingyun organization: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 15 givenname: Minmin surname: Luo fullname: Luo, Minmin organization: School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China – sequence: 16 givenname: Xing orcidid: 0000-0002-8744-1700 surname: Sheng fullname: Sheng, Xing email: xingsheng@tsinghua.edu.cn organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China; xingsheng@tsinghua.edu.cn
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SubjectTerms	Animals Arsenicals Behavior, Animal Biocompatible Materials Brain Mapping - instrumentation Equipment Design Gallium Infrared Rays Mice Mice, Nude Miniaturization Optogenetics - instrumentation Optogenetics - methods Photons Prostheses and Implants Rats Semiconductors Somatosensory Cortex - physiology Subcutaneous Tissue
Title	Microscale optoelectronic infrared-to-visible upconversion devices and their use as injectable light sources
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