Spatial scaling of wildland fuels for six forest and rangeland ecosystems of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA

Wildland fuels are important to fire managers because they can be manipulated to achieve management goals, such as restoring ecosystems, decreasing fire intensity, minimizing plant mortality, and reducing erosion. However, it is difficult to accurately measure, describe, and map wildland fuels becau...

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Vydané v:	Landscape ecology Ročník 27; číslo 8; s. 1213 - 1234
Hlavní autori:	Keane, Robert E., Gray, Kathy, Bacciu, Valentina, Leirfallom, Signe
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.10.2012 Springer Springer Nature B.V
Predmet:	Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Biological and medical sciences Biomass Biomedical and Life Sciences Bulk density Burning Canopies Diameters Ecological effects Ecology Ecosystem restoration Ecosystems Environmental Management fire intensity fire spread Fires Forest & brush fires forest canopy Forestry Forests fuel loading Fuels fuels (fire ecology) Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects General forest ecology Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology Landscape Landscape Ecology Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning Life Sciences Litter Mortality Mountain forests Mountains Nature Conservation Particle size Particulates Rangelands Regression analysis Research Article Rocky Mountain region Sampling Sampling designs Scaling Scaling factors Shrubs space and time Sustainable Development Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems United States United States North America America Rocky Mountains United States > US North America, Rocky Mts USA Rocky Mountain region Spatial variability Wildland fire Fuel loading Scale Biomass Woody debris Canopy fuel Forests Wood waste Northern Rocky Mountains Loading Dead wood Ecosystem Fires Fuel Rangeland Canopy(vegetation)
ISSN:	0921-2973, 1572-9761
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Abstract	Wildland fuels are important to fire managers because they can be manipulated to achieve management goals, such as restoring ecosystems, decreasing fire intensity, minimizing plant mortality, and reducing erosion. However, it is difficult to accurately measure, describe, and map wildland fuels because of the great variability of wildland fuelbed properties over space and time. Few have quantified the scale of this variability across space to understand its effect on fire spread, burning intensity, and ecological effects. This study investigated the spatial variability of loading (biomass) across major surface and canopy fuel components in low elevation northern Rocky Mountain forest and rangeland ecosystems to determine the inherent scale of surface fuel and canopy fuel distributions. Biomass loadings (kg m −2 ) were measured for seven surface fuel components—four downed dead woody fuel size classes (0–6 mm, 6–25 mm, 25–75 mm, and 75 + mm), duff plus litter, shrub, and herb—using a spatially nested plot sampling design within a 1 km 2 square sampling grid installed at six sites in the northern US Rocky Mountains. Bulk density, biomass, and cover of the forest canopy were also measured for each plot in the grid. Surface fuel loadings were estimated using a combination of photoload and destructive collection methods at many distances within the grid. We quantified spatial variability of fuel component loading using spatial variograms, and found that each fuel component had its own inherent scale with fine fuels varying at scales of 1–5 m, coarse fuels at 10–150 m, and canopy fuels from 100 to 500 m. Using regression analyses, we computed a scaling factor of 4.6 m for fuel particle diameter (4.6 m increase in scale with each cm increase in particle diameter). Findings from this study can be used to design fuel sampling projects, classify fuelbeds, and map fuel characteristics, such as loading, to account for the inherent scale of fuel distributions to get more accurate fuel loading estimations.
AbstractList	Wildland fuels are important to fire managers because they can be manipulated to achieve management goals, such as restoring ecosystems, decreasing fire intensity, minimizing plant mortality, and reducing erosion. However, it is difficult to accurately measure, describe, and map wildland fuels because of the great variability of wildland fuelbed properties over space and time. Few have quantified the scale of this variability across space to understand its effect on fire spread, burning intensity, and ecological effects. This study investigated the spatial variability of loading (biomass) across major surface and canopy fuel components in low elevation northern Rocky Mountain forest and rangeland ecosystems to determine the inherent scale of surface fuel and canopy fuel distributions. Biomass loadings (kg m −2 ) were measured for seven surface fuel components—four downed dead woody fuel size classes (0–6 mm, 6–25 mm, 25–75 mm, and 75 + mm), duff plus litter, shrub, and herb—using a spatially nested plot sampling design within a 1 km 2 square sampling grid installed at six sites in the northern US Rocky Mountains. Bulk density, biomass, and cover of the forest canopy were also measured for each plot in the grid. Surface fuel loadings were estimated using a combination of photoload and destructive collection methods at many distances within the grid. We quantified spatial variability of fuel component loading using spatial variograms, and found that each fuel component had its own inherent scale with fine fuels varying at scales of 1–5 m, coarse fuels at 10–150 m, and canopy fuels from 100 to 500 m. Using regression analyses, we computed a scaling factor of 4.6 m for fuel particle diameter (4.6 m increase in scale with each cm increase in particle diameter). Findings from this study can be used to design fuel sampling projects, classify fuelbeds, and map fuel characteristics, such as loading, to account for the inherent scale of fuel distributions to get more accurate fuel loading estimations. Wildland fuels are important to fire managers because they can be manipulated to achieve management goals, such as restoring ecosystems, decreasing fire intensity, minimizing plant mortality, and reducing erosion. However, it is difficult to accurately measure, describe, and map wildland fuels because of the great variability of wildland fuelbed properties over space and time. Few have quantified the scale of this variability across space to understand its effect on fire spread, burning intensity, and ecological effects. This study investigated the spatial variability of loading (biomass) across major surface and canopy fuel components in low elevation northern Rocky Mountain forest and rangeland ecosystems to determine the inherent scale of surface fuel and canopy fuel distributions. Biomass loadings (kg m super(-2)) were measured for seven surface fuel components-four downed dead woody fuel size classes (0-6 mm, 6-25 mm, 25-75 mm, and 75 + mm), duff plus litter, shrub, and herb-using a spatially nested plot sampling design within a 1 km super(2) square sampling grid installed at six sites in the northern US Rocky Mountains. Bulk density, biomass, and cover of the forest canopy were also measured for each plot in the grid. Surface fuel loadings were estimated using a combination of photoload and destructive collection methods at many distances within the grid. We quantified spatial variability of fuel component loading using spatial variograms, and found that each fuel component had its own inherent scale with fine fuels varying at scales of 1-5 m, coarse fuels at 10-150 m, and canopy fuels from 100 to 500 m. Using regression analyses, we computed a scaling factor of 4.6 m for fuel particle diameter (4.6 m increase in scale with each cm increase in particle diameter). Findings from this study can be used to design fuel sampling projects, classify fuelbeds, and map fuel characteristics, such as loading, to account for the inherent scale of fuel distributions to get more accurate fuel loading estimations. Wildland fuels are important to fire managers because they can be manipulated to achieve management goals, such as restoring ecosystems, decreasing fire intensity, minimizing plant mortality, and reducing erosion. However, it is difficult to accurately measure, describe, and map wildland fuels because of the great variability of wildland fuelbed properties over space and time. Few have quantified the scale of this variability across space to understand its effect on fire spread, burning intensity, and ecological effects. This study investigated the spatial variability of loading (biomass) across major surface and canopy fuel components in low elevation northern Rocky Mountain forest and rangeland ecosystems to determine the inherent scale of surface fuel and canopy fuel distributions. Biomass loadings (kg m-2) were measured for seven surface fuel components four downed dead woody fuel size classes (0-6 mm, 6-25 mm, 25-75 mm, and 75 + mm), duff plus litter, shrub, and herb using a spatially nested plot sampling design within a 1 km2 square sampling grid installed at six sites in the northern US Rocky Mountains. Bulk density, biomass, and cover of the forest canopy were also measured for each plot in the grid. Surface fuel loadings were estimated using a combination of photoload and destructive collection methods at many distances within the grid. We quantified spatial variability of fuel component loading using spatial variograms, and found that each fuel component had its own inherent scale with fine fuels varying at scales of 1-5 m, coarse fuels at 10-150 m, and canopy fuels from 100 to 500 m. Using regression analyses, we computed a scaling factor of 4.6 m for fuel particle diameter (4.6 m increase in scale with each cm increase in particle diameter). Findings from this study can be used to design fuel sampling projects, classify fuelbeds, and map fuel characteristics, such as loading, to account for the inherent scale of fuel distributions to get more accurate fuel loading estimations. Wildland fuels are important to fire managers because they can be manipulated to achieve management goals, such as restoring ecosystems, decreasing fire intensity, minimizing plant mortality, and reducing erosion. However, it is difficult to accurately measure, describe, and map wildland fuels because of the great variability of wildland fuelbed properties over space and time. Few have quantified the scale of this variability across space to understand its effect on fire spread, burning intensity, and ecological effects. This study investigated the spatial variability of loading (biomass) across major surface and canopy fuel components in low elevation northern Rocky Mountain forest and rangeland ecosystems to determine the inherent scale of surface fuel and canopy fuel distributions. Biomass loadings (kg m−2) were measured for seven surface fuel components—four downed dead woody fuel size classes (0–6 mm, 6–25 mm, 25–75 mm, and 75 + mm), duff plus litter, shrub, and herb—using a spatially nested plot sampling design within a 1 km2 square sampling grid installed at six sites in the northern US Rocky Mountains. Bulk density, biomass, and cover of the forest canopy were also measured for each plot in the grid. Surface fuel loadings were estimated using a combination of photoload and destructive collection methods at many distances within the grid. We quantified spatial variability of fuel component loading using spatial variograms, and found that each fuel component had its own inherent scale with fine fuels varying at scales of 1–5 m, coarse fuels at 10–150 m, and canopy fuels from 100 to 500 m. Using regression analyses, we computed a scaling factor of 4.6 m for fuel particle diameter (4.6 m increase in scale with each cm increase in particle diameter). Findings from this study can be used to design fuel sampling projects, classify fuelbeds, and map fuel characteristics, such as loading, to account for the inherent scale of fuel distributions to get more accurate fuel loading estimations.
Author	Keane, Robert E. Gray, Kathy Bacciu, Valentina Leirfallom, Signe
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Robert E. surname: Keane fullname: Keane, Robert E. email: rkeane@fs.fed.us organization: US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory – sequence: 2 givenname: Kathy surname: Gray fullname: Gray, Kathy organization: Department of Math and Statistics, California State University at Chico – sequence: 3 givenname: Valentina surname: Bacciu fullname: Bacciu, Valentina organization: Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change, IAFENT Division, C/o Department of Economic and Woody Plant Ecosystems, University of Sassari – sequence: 4 givenname: Signe surname: Leirfallom fullname: Leirfallom, Signe organization: US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory
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Keywords	Spatial variability Wildland fire Fuel loading Scale Biomass Woody debris Canopy fuel Forests Wood waste Northern Rocky Mountains Loading Dead wood Ecosystem Fires Fuel Rangeland Canopy(vegetation)
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Publisher	Springer Netherlands Springer Springer Nature B.V
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SubjectTerms	Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Biological and medical sciences Biomass Biomedical and Life Sciences Bulk density Burning Canopies Diameters Ecological effects Ecology Ecosystem restoration Ecosystems Environmental Management fire intensity fire spread Fires Forest & brush fires forest canopy Forestry Forests fuel loading Fuels fuels (fire ecology) Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects General forest ecology Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology Landscape Landscape Ecology Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning Life Sciences Litter Mortality Mountain forests Mountains Nature Conservation Particle size Particulates Rangelands Regression analysis Research Article Rocky Mountain region Sampling Sampling designs Scaling Scaling factors Shrubs space and time Sustainable Development Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems United States
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Title	Spatial scaling of wildland fuels for six forest and rangeland ecosystems of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
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