Superoxide Anion Chemistry—Its Role at the Core of the Innate Immunity

Classically, superoxide anion O2•− and reactive oxygen species ROS play a dual role. At the physiological balance level, they are a by-product of O2 reduction, necessary for cell signalling, and at the pathological level they are considered harmful, as they can induce disease and apoptosis, necrosis...

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Vydáno v:International journal of molecular sciences Ročník 24; číslo 3; s. 1841
Hlavní autoři: Andrés, Celia María Curieses, Pérez de la Lastra, José Manuel, Andrés Juan, Celia, Plou, Francisco J., Pérez-Lebeña, Eduardo
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Switzerland MDPI AG 17.01.2023
MDPI
Témata:
Alzheimer's disease
Antioxidants
Apoptosis
Cytochrome
Decomposition
Endangered & extinct species
Enzymes
Free radicals
Immunity, Innate
Metabolism
Metabolites
Oxidation
Oxidative stress
Physiology
Polyphenols
Reactive oxygen species
Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism
Review
Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism
Superoxides - metabolism
reactive species
innate immunity
superoxide anion
reactive stress
ROS
ISSN:1422-0067, 1661-6596, 1422-0067
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Popis
Shrnutí:Classically, superoxide anion O2•− and reactive oxygen species ROS play a dual role. At the physiological balance level, they are a by-product of O2 reduction, necessary for cell signalling, and at the pathological level they are considered harmful, as they can induce disease and apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death. This revision focuses on understanding the main characteristics of the superoxide O2•−, its generation pathways, the biomolecules it oxidizes and how it may contribute to their modification and toxicity. The role of superoxide dismutase, the enzyme responsible for the removal of most of the superoxide produced in living organisms, is studied. At the same time, the toxicity induced by superoxide and derived radicals is beneficial in the oxidative death of microbial pathogens, which are subsequently engulfed by specialized immune cells, such as neutrophils or macrophages, during the activation of innate immunity. Ultimately, this review describes in some depth the chemistry related to O2•− and how it is harnessed by the innate immune system to produce lysis of microbial agents.
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ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms24031841