CD40/CD40L and Related Signaling Pathways in Cardiovascular Health and Disease—The Pros and Cons for Cardioprotection

The CD40–CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad represents a scientific and clinical field that has raised many controversies in the past and cannot be clearly defined as being an either beneficial or harmful pathway. Being crucially involved in physiological immunological processes as well as pathological inflam...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 21; no. 22; p. 8533
Main Authors: Daub, Steffen, Lutgens, Esther, Münzel, Thomas, Daiber, Andreas
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 12.11.2020
MDPI
Subjects:
ISSN:1422-0067, 1661-6596, 1422-0067
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Abstract The CD40–CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad represents a scientific and clinical field that has raised many controversies in the past and cannot be clearly defined as being an either beneficial or harmful pathway. Being crucially involved in physiological immunological processes as well as pathological inflammatory reactions, the signaling pathway has been recognized as a key player in the development of both autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. Even though the possibilities of a therapeutic approach to the dyad were recognized decades ago, due to unfortunate events, detailed in this review, pharmacological treatment targeting the dyad, especially in patients suffering from atherosclerosis, is not available. Despite the recent advances in the treatment of classical cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the treatment of the associated low-grade inflammation that accounts for the progression of atherosclerosis is still challenging. Low-grade inflammation can be detected in a significant portion of patients that suffer from cardiovascular disease and it is therefore imperative to develop new therapeutic strategies in order to combat this driver of atherosclerosis. Of note, established cardiovascular drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or statins have proven beneficial cardiovascular effects that are also related to their pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we will discuss the setbacks encountered as well as new avenues discovered on the path to a different, inflammation-centered approach for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with the CD40–CD40L axis as a central therapeutic target.
AbstractList The CD40–CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad represents a scientific and clinical field that has raised many controversies in the past and cannot be clearly defined as being an either beneficial or harmful pathway. Being crucially involved in physiological immunological processes as well as pathological inflammatory reactions, the signaling pathway has been recognized as a key player in the development of both autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. Even though the possibilities of a therapeutic approach to the dyad were recognized decades ago, due to unfortunate events, detailed in this review, pharmacological treatment targeting the dyad, especially in patients suffering from atherosclerosis, is not available. Despite the recent advances in the treatment of classical cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the treatment of the associated low-grade inflammation that accounts for the progression of atherosclerosis is still challenging. Low-grade inflammation can be detected in a significant portion of patients that suffer from cardiovascular disease and it is therefore imperative to develop new therapeutic strategies in order to combat this driver of atherosclerosis. Of note, established cardiovascular drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or statins have proven beneficial cardiovascular effects that are also related to their pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we will discuss the setbacks encountered as well as new avenues discovered on the path to a different, inflammation-centered approach for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with the CD40–CD40L axis as a central therapeutic target.
The CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad represents a scientific and clinical field that has raised many controversies in the past and cannot be clearly defined as being an either beneficial or harmful pathway. Being crucially involved in physiological immunological processes as well as pathological inflammatory reactions, the signaling pathway has been recognized as a key player in the development of both autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. Even though the possibilities of a therapeutic approach to the dyad were recognized decades ago, due to unfortunate events, detailed in this review, pharmacological treatment targeting the dyad, especially in patients suffering from atherosclerosis, is not available. Despite the recent advances in the treatment of classical cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the treatment of the associated low-grade inflammation that accounts for the progression of atherosclerosis is still challenging. Low-grade inflammation can be detected in a significant portion of patients that suffer from cardiovascular disease and it is therefore imperative to develop new therapeutic strategies in order to combat this driver of atherosclerosis. Of note, established cardiovascular drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or statins have proven beneficial cardiovascular effects that are also related to their pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we will discuss the setbacks encountered as well as new avenues discovered on the path to a different, inflammation-centered approach for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with the CD40-CD40L axis as a central therapeutic target.The CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad represents a scientific and clinical field that has raised many controversies in the past and cannot be clearly defined as being an either beneficial or harmful pathway. Being crucially involved in physiological immunological processes as well as pathological inflammatory reactions, the signaling pathway has been recognized as a key player in the development of both autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. Even though the possibilities of a therapeutic approach to the dyad were recognized decades ago, due to unfortunate events, detailed in this review, pharmacological treatment targeting the dyad, especially in patients suffering from atherosclerosis, is not available. Despite the recent advances in the treatment of classical cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the treatment of the associated low-grade inflammation that accounts for the progression of atherosclerosis is still challenging. Low-grade inflammation can be detected in a significant portion of patients that suffer from cardiovascular disease and it is therefore imperative to develop new therapeutic strategies in order to combat this driver of atherosclerosis. Of note, established cardiovascular drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or statins have proven beneficial cardiovascular effects that are also related to their pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we will discuss the setbacks encountered as well as new avenues discovered on the path to a different, inflammation-centered approach for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with the CD40-CD40L axis as a central therapeutic target.
Author Daub, Steffen
Münzel, Thomas
Lutgens, Esther
Daiber, Andreas
AuthorAffiliation 2 Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; e.lutgens@amsterdamumc.nl
3 Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
4 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany and Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
1 Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; steffen.daub@unimedizin-mainz.de (S.D.); tmuenzel@uni-mainz.de (T.M.)
5 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 5 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany
– name: 4 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany and Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
– name: 1 Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; steffen.daub@unimedizin-mainz.de (S.D.); tmuenzel@uni-mainz.de (T.M.)
– name: 2 Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; e.lutgens@amsterdamumc.nl
– name: 3 Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Steffen
  surname: Daub
  fullname: Daub, Steffen
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Esther
  surname: Lutgens
  fullname: Lutgens, Esther
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Thomas
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5503-4150
  surname: Münzel
  fullname: Münzel, Thomas
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Andreas
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2769-0094
  surname: Daiber
  fullname: Daiber, Andreas
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33198327$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNptkc1uEzEUhS3Uiv7AjjUaiQ0L0npsz9izQaqmQJEiUUFZW9ceT-JoYgfb06o7HqJP2CfBadIqrdjY1vV3j8695wjtOe8MQu9KfEJpg0_tYhlJSYioKH2FDktGyATjmu_tvA_QUYwLjAklVfMaHVBaNoISfohu2nOGT9fHtADXFT_NAMl0xS87czBYNysuIc1v4DYW1hUthM76a4h6HCAUFwaGNH_oO7fRQDT3f--u5qa4DD4-lFvvYtH7sO1cBZ-MTta7N2i_hyGat9v7GP3--uWqvZhMf3z73p5NJ5pxkSZUM9Ip1fSV6HiDDdOVMJRgpYArhkVVGwDaMA6V4kSJvhYsl7mitWq4qOkx-rzRXY1qaTptXAowyFWwSwi30oOVz3-cncuZv5a8bnjV8CzwcSsQ_J_RxCSXNmozDOCMH6MkrC6zgZqwjH54gS78GPIaN1QOSdC14PtdR09WHjPJwKcNoPMWYzD9E1JiuY5c7kaecfIC1zbBesd5Hjv8v-kfu1mvuA
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fct_2025_115369
crossref_primary_10_3390_cells11030402
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics15051504
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41423_024_01232_z
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_99410_0
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2022_833310
crossref_primary_10_1007_s43440_024_00678_2
crossref_primary_10_1055_a_1347_6551
crossref_primary_10_1093_cvr_cvab285
crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2022_998525
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12979_022_00316_6
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2021_640185
crossref_primary_10_1097_MD_0000000000042134
crossref_primary_10_1159_000530808
crossref_primary_10_1097_MD_0000000000043801
crossref_primary_10_53941_ijddp_2024_100022
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bcp_2022_115298
crossref_primary_10_1002_ctd2_206
crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines11051499
crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2023_1124431
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0257060
crossref_primary_10_3390_jcdd8100127
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2021_650465
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_intimp_2024_112654
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms23147728
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_phymed_2024_156134
crossref_primary_10_31146_16828658_ecg_199_3_107_114
crossref_primary_10_1097_MD_0000000000037718
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms23116022
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_023_08978_1
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2022_995061
crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_19540
crossref_primary_10_1111_jre_13182
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms232113638
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_93522_3
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms241512111
Cites_doi 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00061.x
10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.11.008
10.1038/s41551-018-0221-2
10.1007/BF00919970
10.1160/TH09-01-0029
10.1038/mtna.2015.40
10.1038/nri3345
10.1016/j.smim.2009.06.004
10.1093/eurheartj/ehi132
10.1093/rheumatology/kes113
10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00309-2
10.1182/blood-2007-05-088906
10.1074/jbc.M508476200
10.1038/381434a0
10.1016/j.autrev.2011.01.004
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.013
10.1126/science.7689748
10.1056/NEJMoa042378
10.1186/s13075-015-0757-4
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003199
10.1084/jem.20020774
10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.076
10.1136/gut.2003.029587
10.1093/eurheartj/ehl445
10.1038/jid.2009.59
10.1038/ng.3874
10.1056/NEJMoa1109017
10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306300
10.1093/eurheartj/eht367
10.1007/s00395-013-0386-5
10.1007/s12265-020-09994-3
10.1016/j.imbio.2019.151899
10.2217/17520363.1.2.229
10.3389/fcvm.2017.00040
10.3390/ijms19020485
10.1172/JCI60229
10.3892/ol.2020.12037
10.1177/0961203315574558
10.1159/000374105
10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.005
10.3389/fcvm.2019.00016
10.4049/jimmunol.0903888
10.1007/s00392-019-01511-0
10.1073/pnas.2032886100
10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32814-3
10.1093/cvr/cvx197
10.1155/2010/943254
10.1007/s10741-018-9716-x
10.1371/journal.pone.0127550
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.002
10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00149-3
10.1021/ci500631e
10.1016/j.exphem.2006.11.011
10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.055
10.1161/01.CIR.100.21.2124
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683201
10.1056/NEJMoa022600
10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211388
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050560
10.1038/72162
10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.037
10.1038/s41467-018-02896-8
10.1073/pnas.1801366115
10.1038/nm0302-247
10.1016/1074-7613(94)90095-7
10.1073/pnas.1400419111
10.1002/art.10856
10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.076
10.1056/NEJMoa0807646
10.1007/BF00205482
10.1186/s12950-019-0228-9
10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.013
10.1038/ng.3914
10.1056/NEJMoa1707914
10.1084/jem.20091293
10.1093/cvr/cvz206
10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00242-4
10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.247684
10.1056/NEJMoa1405760
10.1161/01.ATV.0000204635.75748.0f
10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61717-7
10.1016/j.clim.2018.11.007
10.2174/13816128113196660748
10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01308.x
10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.048
10.1161/01.CIR.0000028962.04520.01
10.1515/JPM.2008.082
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.122556
10.1007/s13277-014-2407-x
10.1056/NEJMoa1109997
10.1186/s12950-015-0073-4
10.1038/35393
10.1159/000087340
10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.307074
10.1002/art.10681
10.1056/NEJMoa1709118
10.1007/s00228-017-2362-8
10.1056/NEJMoa2021372
10.1016/j.molmed.2015.02.003
10.1007/s10585-009-9282-7
10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00290-X
10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02526.x
10.1002/bdd.2130
10.1002/art.24537
10.1161/hc4601.099404
10.1056/NEJMcibr1901397
10.1097/MCA.0000000000000142
10.1056/NEJMoa1912388
10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214729
10.1016/j.dib.2016.11.045
10.4049/jimmunol.1900043
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2020 by the authors. 2020
Copyright_xml – notice: 2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2020 by the authors. 2020
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
3V.
7X7
7XB
88E
8FI
8FJ
8FK
8G5
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
GUQSH
K9.
M0S
M1P
M2O
MBDVC
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.3390/ijms21228533
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
Hospital Premium Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
Research Library (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials - QC
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One
ProQuest Central Korea
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
Medical Database
ProQuest research library
Research Library (Corporate)
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic (retired)
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central Basic
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
Publicly Available Content Database
Research Library Prep
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
Research Library (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Health Research Premium Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList CrossRef
MEDLINE

MEDLINE - Academic
Publicly Available Content Database
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: PIMPY
  name: Publicly Available Content Database
  url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Biology
EISSN 1422-0067
ExternalDocumentID PMC7697597
33198327
10_3390_ijms21228533
Genre Journal Article
Review
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  grantid: CRC1123, project A5 to Esther Lutgens
– fundername: Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung
  grantid: 2019_A110 to Steffen Daub
– fundername: Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
  grantid: shared expertise grants to Andreas Daiber and Esther Lutgens
GroupedDBID ---
29J
2WC
53G
5GY
5VS
7X7
88E
8FE
8FG
8FH
8FI
8FJ
8G5
A8Z
AADQD
AAFWJ
AAHBH
AAYXX
ABDBF
ABUWG
ACGFO
ACIHN
ACIWK
ACPRK
ACUHS
ADBBV
AEAQA
AENEX
AFFHD
AFKRA
AFZYC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
AZQEC
BAWUL
BCNDV
BENPR
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CCPQU
CITATION
CS3
D1I
DIK
DU5
DWQXO
E3Z
EBD
EBS
EJD
ESX
F5P
FRP
FYUFA
GNUQQ
GUQSH
GX1
HH5
HMCUK
HYE
IAO
IHR
ITC
KQ8
LK8
M1P
M2O
M48
MODMG
O5R
O5S
OK1
OVT
P2P
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PJZUB
PPXIY
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
RNS
RPM
TR2
TUS
UKHRP
~8M
ALIPV
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
3V.
7XB
8FK
ESTFP
K9.
MBDVC
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
7X8
PUEGO
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c478t-3c42dbb9f58d790e4c58e320bba7b40856eaa3947a5b72b8f6844087b36b97863
IEDL.DBID 7X7
ISICitedReferencesCount 39
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000594241800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 1422-0067
1661-6596
IngestDate Tue Nov 04 01:58:31 EST 2025
Sat Sep 27 16:41:25 EDT 2025
Tue Oct 07 07:12:53 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 03 06:57:31 EDT 2025
Sat Nov 29 07:12:51 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 19:44:46 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 22
Keywords atherosclerosis
cardiovascular disease
CD40
inflammation
CD40 ligand
Language English
License Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c478t-3c42dbb9f58d790e4c58e320bba7b40856eaa3947a5b72b8f6844087b36b97863
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0001-5503-4150
0000-0002-2769-0094
OpenAccessLink https://www.proquest.com/docview/2461212837?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PMID 33198327
PQID 2461212837
PQPubID 2032341
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7697597
proquest_miscellaneous_2461394624
proquest_journals_2461212837
pubmed_primary_33198327
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms21228533
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_ijms21228533
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20201112
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-11-12
PublicationDate_xml – month: 11
  year: 2020
  text: 20201112
  day: 12
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle International journal of molecular sciences
PublicationTitleAlternate Int J Mol Sci
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Ingersoll (ref_84) 2009; 26
ref_11
ref_97
Hueso (ref_95) 2016; 255
ref_19
Albach (ref_110) 2018; 74
Bartekova (ref_2) 2018; 23
Brodeur (ref_67) 2003; 18
Lievens (ref_52) 2009; 102
Perper (ref_85) 2019; 203
Lutgens (ref_4) 2019; 380
Muto (ref_64) 1993; 13
Choy (ref_25) 2012; 51
ref_24
Larsen (ref_54) 1996; 381
Homann (ref_55) 2002; 16
Tocoian (ref_107) 2015; 24
Wang (ref_68) 2001; 15
(ref_45) 2016; 4
Henn (ref_48) 1998; 391
Conen (ref_6) 2007; 1
Bosch (ref_89) 2019; 279
Ridker (ref_7) 2005; 352
Vena (ref_12) 2010; 23
Zirlik (ref_57) 2007; 115
Sultan (ref_79) 2020; 116
Eikelboom (ref_39) 2017; 377
Ridker (ref_20) 2018; 391
Papp (ref_109) 2018; 39
Hueso (ref_96) 2015; 12
ref_76
Buller (ref_40) 2015; 372
Zhang (ref_47) 2007; 35
Antoniades (ref_50) 2009; 54
Steven (ref_78) 2018; 114
Pusuroglu (ref_81) 2014; 25
Pasceri (ref_26) 1999; 100
Visvanathan (ref_111) 2019; 78
Michel (ref_42) 2017; 4
Andreou (ref_93) 2015; 21
Kalunian (ref_108) 2002; 46
Howson (ref_9) 2017; 49
Yuan (ref_73) 2015; 131
Papp (ref_29) 2012; 366
Arron (ref_66) 2002; 196
Shock (ref_105) 2015; 17
Prasad (ref_59) 2003; 100
Mackman (ref_41) 2012; 122
Prasad (ref_58) 2002; 8
Boumpas (ref_103) 2003; 48
Kaptoge (ref_14) 2014; 35
Paulie (ref_43) 1984; 17
Zarzycka (ref_87) 2015; 55
Meyer (ref_104) 2010; 185
Engelmann (ref_38) 2013; 13
Leonardi (ref_28) 2012; 366
Durie (ref_53) 1993; 261
Chamberlain (ref_106) 2017; 76
Mach (ref_51) 1998; 137
Korniluk (ref_63) 2014; 35
Heeschen (ref_80) 2003; 348
Karnell (ref_46) 2019; 141
Erez (ref_49) 2008; 36
Hueso (ref_94) 2016; 9
Andre (ref_69) 2002; 106
Seijkens (ref_90) 2018; 71
Wolf (ref_101) 2011; 109
Kawabe (ref_83) 1994; 1
Soltesz (ref_10) 2011; 10
Ridker (ref_36) 2008; 359
ref_61
Chatzigeorgiou (ref_88) 2014; 111
Patel (ref_37) 2007; 28
ref_60
Popa (ref_71) 2018; 115
Gerdes (ref_70) 2016; 36
Libby (ref_3) 2016; 67
Kaptoge (ref_18) 2010; 375
Engel (ref_65) 2009; 21
ref_62
Wu (ref_35) 2001; 104
Toldo (ref_22) 2013; 128
Feinberg (ref_92) 2016; 118
Tardif (ref_23) 2019; 381
Seales (ref_56) 2005; 280
Kasran (ref_112) 2005; 22
Karbach (ref_15) 2014; 20
ref_31
ref_30
Lutgens (ref_75) 2010; 207
Arranz (ref_99) 2013; 165
Hausding (ref_77) 2013; 108
Ridker (ref_16) 2017; 377
Hak (ref_13) 2009; 61
Soehnlein (ref_32) 2005; 42
Ridker (ref_21) 2012; 126
Caspritz (ref_33) 1986; 36
Donners (ref_74) 2008; 111
Gao (ref_98) 2005; 54
Peikert (ref_5) 2020; 109
Ueland (ref_82) 2005; 26
ref_100
Yazdani (ref_44) 2019; 198
ref_102
ref_1
Nestle (ref_27) 2009; 129
Klarin (ref_8) 2017; 49
Ridker (ref_17) 2016; 67
Lameijer (ref_91) 2018; 2
Suzuki (ref_34) 2006; 26
Kawai (ref_86) 2000; 6
Kotowicz (ref_72) 2000; 100
References_xml – volume: 100
  start-page: 441
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Biological function of CD40 on human endothelial cells: Costimulation with CD40 ligand and interleukin-4 selectively induces expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin resulting in preferential adhesion of lymphocytes
  publication-title: Immunology
  doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00061.x
– volume: 165
  start-page: 163
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_99
  article-title: Treatment of experimental murine colitis with CD40 antisense oligonucleotides delivered in amphoteric liposomes
  publication-title: J. Control. Release
  doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.11.008
– volume: 2
  start-page: 279
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_91
  article-title: Efficacy and safety assessment of a TRAF6-targeted nanoimmunotherapy in atherosclerotic mice and non-human primates
  publication-title: Nat. Biomed. Eng.
  doi: 10.1038/s41551-018-0221-2
– volume: 13
  start-page: 175
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: CR3 (CD11b/CD18) expressed by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells is upregulated in a manner similar to neutrophil CR3 following stimulation with various activating agents
  publication-title: J. Clin. Immunol.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00919970
– volume: 102
  start-page: 206
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: The multi-functionality of CD40L and its receptor CD40 in atherosclerosis
  publication-title: Thromb. Haemost.
  doi: 10.1160/TH09-01-0029
– ident: ref_100
  doi: 10.1038/mtna.2015.40
– volume: 13
  start-page: 34
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Immunol.
  doi: 10.1038/nri3345
– volume: 21
  start-page: 308
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: The immunobiology of CD154-CD40-TRAF interactions in atherosclerosis
  publication-title: Semin. Immunol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.06.004
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1101
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_82
  article-title: Soluble CD40 ligand in acute and chronic heart failure
  publication-title: Eur. Heart J.
  doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi132
– volume: 51
  start-page: v3
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: Understanding the dynamics: Pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
  publication-title: Rheumatology (Oxford)
  doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes113
– volume: 137
  start-page: S89
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: CD40 signaling in vascular cells: A key role in atherosclerosis?
  publication-title: Atherosclerosis
  doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00309-2
– volume: 111
  start-page: 4596
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: The CD40-TRAF6 axis is the key regulator of the CD40/CD40L system in neointima formation and arterial remodeling
  publication-title: Blood
  doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-088906
– volume: 280
  start-page: 37610
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_56
  article-title: A protein kinase C/Ras/ERK signaling pathway activates myeloid fibronectin receptors by altering beta1 integrin sialylation
  publication-title: J. Biol. Chem.
  doi: 10.1074/jbc.M508476200
– volume: 381
  start-page: 434
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: Long-term acceptance of skin and cardiac allografts after blocking CD40 and CD28 pathways
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/381434a0
– volume: 10
  start-page: 416
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Comparative assessment of vascular function in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: Considerations of prevention and treatment
  publication-title: Autoimmun. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.01.004
– ident: ref_11
  doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.013
– volume: 261
  start-page: 1328
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis with an antibody to gp39, the ligand for CD40
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.7689748
– volume: 352
  start-page: 20
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042378
– volume: 17
  start-page: 234
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_105
  article-title: CDP7657, an anti-CD40L antibody lacking an Fc domain, inhibits CD40L-dependent immune responses without thrombotic complications: An in vivo study
  publication-title: Arthritis Res. Ther.
  doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0757-4
– volume: 128
  start-page: 1910
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Targeting interleukin-1 in heart disease
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003199
– volume: 196
  start-page: 923
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: Regulation of the subcellular localization of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)2 by TRAF1 reveals mechanisms of TRAF2 signaling
  publication-title: J. Exp. Med.
  doi: 10.1084/jem.20020774
– volume: 54
  start-page: 669
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: The CD40/CD40 ligand system: Linking inflammation with atherothrombosis
  publication-title: J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.076
– volume: 54
  start-page: 70
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_98
  article-title: CD40 antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced rat colitis
  publication-title: Gut
  doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.029587
– volume: 28
  start-page: 664
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_37
  article-title: A review of high-dose statin therapy: Targeting cholesterol and inflammation in atherosclerosis
  publication-title: Eur. Heart J.
  doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl445
– volume: 129
  start-page: 1339
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_27
  article-title: The IL-23/Th17 axis in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis
  publication-title: J. Investig. Derm.
  doi: 10.1038/jid.2009.59
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1113
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Fifteen new risk loci for coronary artery disease highlight arterial-wall-specific mechanisms
  publication-title: Nat. Genet.
  doi: 10.1038/ng.3874
– volume: 366
  start-page: 1181
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_29
  article-title: Brodalumab, an anti-interleukin-17-receptor antibody for psoriasis
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1109017
– volume: 118
  start-page: 703
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_92
  article-title: MicroRNA Regulation of Atherosclerosis
  publication-title: Circ. Res.
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306300
– volume: 35
  start-page: 578
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Inflammatory cytokines and risk of coronary heart disease: New prospective study and updated meta-analysis
  publication-title: Eur. Heart J.
  doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht367
– volume: 108
  start-page: 386
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: CD40L contributes to angiotensin II-induced pro-thrombotic state, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction
  publication-title: Basic Res. Cardiol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00395-013-0386-5
– ident: ref_61
  doi: 10.1007/s12265-020-09994-3
– ident: ref_76
  doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.151899
– volume: 1
  start-page: 229
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: Clinical significance of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease
  publication-title: Biomark. Med.
  doi: 10.2217/17520363.1.2.229
– volume: 4
  start-page: 40
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: CD40L and Its Receptors in Atherothrombosis-An Update
  publication-title: Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
  doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00040
– ident: ref_62
  doi: 10.3390/ijms19020485
– volume: 122
  start-page: 2331
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: New insights into the mechanisms of venous thrombosis
  publication-title: J. Clin. Investig.
  doi: 10.1172/JCI60229
– ident: ref_60
  doi: 10.3892/ol.2020.12037
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1045
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_107
  article-title: First-in-human trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of a PEGylated anti-CD40L antibody fragment (CDP7657) in healthy individuals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
  publication-title: Lupus
  doi: 10.1177/0961203315574558
– volume: 131
  start-page: 1
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_73
  article-title: Soluble CD40 ligand promotes macrophage foam cell formation in the etiology of atherosclerosis
  publication-title: Cardiology
  doi: 10.1159/000374105
– volume: 141
  start-page: 92
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: Targeting the CD40-CD40L pathway in autoimmune diseases: Humoral immunity and beyond
  publication-title: Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.005
– ident: ref_1
  doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00016
– volume: 185
  start-page: 1577
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_104
  article-title: Anti-CD40L immune complexes potently activate platelets in vitro and cause thrombosis in FCGR2A transgenic mice
  publication-title: J. Immunol.
  doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903888
– volume: 109
  start-page: 315
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_5
  article-title: Residual inflammatory risk in coronary heart disease: Incidence of elevated high-sensitive CRP in a real-world cohort
  publication-title: Clin. Res. Cardiol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00392-019-01511-0
– volume: 100
  start-page: 12367
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: Soluble CD40 ligand induces beta3 integrin tyrosine phosphorylation and triggers platelet activation by outside-in signaling
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.2032886100
– volume: 391
  start-page: 319
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: Relationship of C-reactive protein reduction to cardiovascular event reduction following treatment with canakinumab: A secondary analysis from the CANTOS randomised controlled trial
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32814-3
– volume: 114
  start-page: 312
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_78
  article-title: CD40L controls obesity-associated vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in high fat diet-treated and db/db mice
  publication-title: Cardiovasc. Res.
  doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx197
– ident: ref_30
  doi: 10.1155/2010/943254
– volume: 23
  start-page: 733
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_2
  article-title: Role of cytokines and inflammation in heart function during health and disease
  publication-title: Heart Fail. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s10741-018-9716-x
– ident: ref_19
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127550
– volume: 255
  start-page: 80
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_95
  article-title: Silencing of CD40 in vivo reduces progression of experimental atherogenesis through an NF-kappaB/miR-125b axis and reveals new potential mediators in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
  publication-title: Atherosclerosis
  doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.002
– volume: 18
  start-page: 837
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_67
  article-title: C4b-binding protein (C4BP) activates B cells through the CD40 receptor
  publication-title: Immunity
  doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00149-3
– volume: 55
  start-page: 294
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_87
  article-title: Discovery of small molecule CD40-TRAF6 inhibitors
  publication-title: J. Chem. Inf. Model.
  doi: 10.1021/ci500631e
– volume: 35
  start-page: 490
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_47
  article-title: CD41-YFP mice allow in vivo labeling of megakaryocytic cells and reveal a subset of platelets hyperreactive to thrombin stimulation
  publication-title: Exp. Hematol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.11.011
– volume: 71
  start-page: 527
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_90
  article-title: Targeting CD40-Induced TRAF6 Signaling in Macrophages Reduces Atherosclerosis
  publication-title: J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.055
– volume: 100
  start-page: 2124
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_26
  article-title: A tale of two diseases: Atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.100.21.2124
– volume: 115
  start-page: 1571
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: CD40 ligand mediates inflammation independently of CD40 by interaction with Mac-1
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683201
– volume: 348
  start-page: 1104
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_80
  article-title: Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa022600
– volume: 76
  start-page: 1837
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_106
  article-title: Repeated administration of dapirolizumab pegol in a randomised phase I study is well tolerated and accompanied by improvements in several composite measures of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity and changes in whole blood transcriptomic profiles
  publication-title: Ann. Rheum. Dis.
  doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211388
– ident: ref_31
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050560
– volume: 6
  start-page: 114
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_86
  article-title: Thromboembolic complications after treatment with monoclonal antibody against CD40 ligand
  publication-title: Nat. Med.
  doi: 10.1038/72162
– volume: 67
  start-page: 712
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_17
  article-title: A Test in Context: High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
  publication-title: J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.037
– ident: ref_102
  doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-02896-8
– volume: 115
  start-page: E5556
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_71
  article-title: Role of CD40 and ADAMTS13 in von Willebrand factor-mediated endothelial cell-platelet-monocyte interaction
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1801366115
– volume: 8
  start-page: 247
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_58
  article-title: CD40L stabilizes arterial thrombi by a beta3 integrin--dependent mechanism
  publication-title: Nat. Med.
  doi: 10.1038/nm0302-247
– volume: 1
  start-page: 167
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_83
  article-title: The immune responses in CD40-deficient mice: Impaired immunoglobulin class switching and germinal center formation
  publication-title: Immunity
  doi: 10.1016/1074-7613(94)90095-7
– volume: 111
  start-page: 2686
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_88
  article-title: Blocking CD40-TRAF6 signaling is a therapeutic target in obesity-associated insulin resistance
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1400419111
– volume: 48
  start-page: 719
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_103
  article-title: A short course of BG9588 (anti-CD40 ligand antibody) improves serologic activity and decreases hematuria in patients with proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis
  publication-title: Arthritis Rheum.
  doi: 10.1002/art.10856
– volume: 279
  start-page: 141
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_89
  article-title: Small molecule-mediated inhibition of CD40-TRAF6 reduces adverse cardiac remodelling in pressure overload induced heart failure
  publication-title: Int. J. Cardiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.076
– volume: 359
  start-page: 2195
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0807646
– volume: 17
  start-page: 173
  year: 1984
  ident: ref_43
  article-title: Monoclonal antibodies to antigens associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder. II. Identification of the cellular target structures by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE analysis
  publication-title: Cancer Immunol. Immunother.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00205482
– ident: ref_97
  doi: 10.1186/s12950-019-0228-9
– volume: 4
  start-page: 1023
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: Clinical Phenotypes of Hyper-IgM Syndromes
  publication-title: J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.013
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1392
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: Genetic analysis in UK Biobank links insulin resistance and transendothelial migration pathways to coronary artery disease
  publication-title: Nat. Genet.
  doi: 10.1038/ng.3914
– volume: 377
  start-page: 1119
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707914
– volume: 207
  start-page: 391
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: Deficient CD40-TRAF6 signaling in leukocytes prevents atherosclerosis by skewing the immune response toward an antiinflammatory profile
  publication-title: J. Exp. Med.
  doi: 10.1084/jem.20091293
– volume: 116
  start-page: 1214
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_79
  article-title: Functional association of a CD40 gene single-nucleotide polymorphism with the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease
  publication-title: Cardiovasc. Res.
  doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvz206
– volume: 15
  start-page: 971
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_68
  article-title: CD40 is a cellular receptor mediating mycobacterial heat shock protein 70 stimulation of CC-chemokines
  publication-title: Immunity
  doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00242-4
– volume: 109
  start-page: 1269
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_101
  article-title: Binding of CD40L to Mac-1’s I-domain involves the EQLKKSKTL motif and mediates leukocyte recruitment and atherosclerosis--but does not affect immunity and thrombosis in mice
  publication-title: Circ. Res.
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.247684
– volume: 372
  start-page: 232
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_40
  article-title: Factor XI antisense oligonucleotide for prevention of venous thrombosis
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1405760
– volume: 26
  start-page: 917
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: Eplerenone with valsartan effectively reduces atherosclerotic lesion by attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation
  publication-title: Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.
  doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000204635.75748.0f
– volume: 375
  start-page: 132
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: An individual participant meta-analysis
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61717-7
– volume: 198
  start-page: 19
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: The hyper IgM syndromes: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management
  publication-title: Clin. Immunol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.11.007
– volume: 20
  start-page: 3579
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: eNOS uncoupling in cardiovascular diseases--the role of oxidative stress and inflammation
  publication-title: Curr. Pharm. Des.
  doi: 10.2174/13816128113196660748
– volume: 23
  start-page: 144
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: Psoriasis and cardiovascular disease
  publication-title: Dermatol. Ther.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01308.x
– volume: 67
  start-page: 1091
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: Leukocytes Link Local and Systemic Inflammation in Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease: An Expanded “Cardiovascular Continuum”
  publication-title: J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.048
– volume: 106
  start-page: 896
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_69
  article-title: Platelet-derived CD40L: The switch-hitting player of cardiovascular disease
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000028962.04520.01
– volume: 36
  start-page: 377
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: Premature labor: A state of platelet activation?
  publication-title: J. Perinat. Med.
  doi: 10.1515/JPM.2008.082
– volume: 126
  start-page: 2739
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: Effects of interleukin-1beta inhibition with canakinumab on hemoglobin A1c, lipids, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen: A phase IIb randomized, placebo-controlled trial
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.122556
– volume: 35
  start-page: 9447
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: Multifunctional CD40L: Pro- and anti-neoplastic activity
  publication-title: Tumour Biol.
  doi: 10.1007/s13277-014-2407-x
– volume: 366
  start-page: 1190
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody ixekizumab in chronic plaque psoriasis
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1109997
– volume: 12
  start-page: 26
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_96
  article-title: Chronic Kidney Disease is associated with an increase of Intimal Dendritic cells in a comparative autopsy study
  publication-title: J. Inflamm.
  doi: 10.1186/s12950-015-0073-4
– volume: 391
  start-page: 591
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: CD40 ligand on activated platelets triggers an inflammatory reaction of endothelial cells
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/35393
– volume: 42
  start-page: 399
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: ACE inhibition lowers angiotensin-II-induced monocyte adhesion to HUVEC by reduction of p65 translocation and AT 1 expression
  publication-title: J. Vasc. Res.
  doi: 10.1159/000087340
– volume: 36
  start-page: 482
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_70
  article-title: Platelet CD40 Exacerbates Atherosclerosis by Transcellular Activation of Endothelial Cells and Leukocytes
  publication-title: Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.
  doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.307074
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1605
  year: 1986
  ident: ref_33
  article-title: Influence of the new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril on several models of acute inflammation and the adjuvant arthritis in the rat
  publication-title: Arzneim. Forsch.
– volume: 46
  start-page: 3251
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_108
  article-title: Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus by inhibition of T cell costimulation with anti-CD154: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  publication-title: Arthritis Rheum.
  doi: 10.1002/art.10681
– volume: 377
  start-page: 1319
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: Rivaroxaban with or without Aspirin in Stable Cardiovascular Disease
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1709118
– volume: 74
  start-page: 161
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_110
  article-title: Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising doses of BI 655064, an antagonistic anti-CD40 antibody in healthy subjects: A potential novel treatment for autoimmune diseases
  publication-title: Eur. J. Clin. Pharm.
  doi: 10.1007/s00228-017-2362-8
– ident: ref_24
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021372
– volume: 21
  start-page: 307
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_93
  article-title: miRNAs in atherosclerotic plaque initiation, progression, and rupture
  publication-title: Trends Mol. Med.
  doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.02.003
– volume: 26
  start-page: 829
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_84
  article-title: Deficiencies in the CD40 and CD154 receptor-ligand system reduce experimental lung metastasis
  publication-title: Clin. Exp. Metastasis
  doi: 10.1007/s10585-009-9282-7
– volume: 16
  start-page: 403
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_55
  article-title: CD40L blockade prevents autoimmune diabetes by induction of bitypic NK/DC regulatory cells
  publication-title: Immunity
  doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00290-X
– volume: 22
  start-page: 111
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_112
  article-title: Safety and tolerability of antagonist anti-human CD40 Mab ch5D12 in patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease
  publication-title: Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02526.x
– volume: 39
  start-page: 245
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_109
  article-title: Randomized, controlled study of bleselumab (ASKP1240) pharmacokinetics and safety in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis
  publication-title: Biopharm. Drug Dispos.
  doi: 10.1002/bdd.2130
– volume: 61
  start-page: 1396
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: Results from the nurses’ health study
  publication-title: Arthritis Rheum.
  doi: 10.1002/art.24537
– volume: 104
  start-page: 2716
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: Roles of angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation associated with selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with valsartan in the improvement of inflammation-induced vascular injury
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/hc4601.099404
– volume: 380
  start-page: 1869
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: The Link between Hematopoiesis and Atherosclerosis
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMcibr1901397
– volume: 25
  start-page: 558
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_81
  article-title: Predictive value of elevated soluble CD40 ligand in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
  publication-title: Coron. Artery Dis.
  doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000142
– volume: 381
  start-page: 2497
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1912388
– volume: 78
  start-page: 754
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_111
  article-title: Effects of BI 655064, an antagonistic anti-CD40 antibody, on clinical and biomarker variables in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IIa study
  publication-title: Ann. Rheum. Dis.
  doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214729
– volume: 9
  start-page: 1105
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_94
  article-title: Datasets for the validation of the “in vivo” siRNA-silencing of CD40 and for the detection of new markers of atherosclerosis progression in ApoE-deficient mice
  publication-title: Data Brief.
  doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.11.045
– volume: 203
  start-page: 58
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_85
  article-title: Treatment with a CD40 Antagonist Antibody Reverses Severe Proteinuria and Loss of Saliva Production and Restores Glomerular Morphology in Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  publication-title: J. Immunol.
  doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900043
SSID ssj0023259
Score 2.4855826
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet The CD40–CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad represents a scientific and clinical field that has raised many controversies in the past and cannot be clearly defined as...
The CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad represents a scientific and clinical field that has raised many controversies in the past and cannot be clearly defined as...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage 8533
SubjectTerms Animals
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - metabolism
Autoimmune Diseases - metabolism
Binding sites
Biomarkers
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular Diseases - metabolism
Cardiovascular System
CD40 Antigens - metabolism
CD40 Ligand - metabolism
Clinical Trials as Topic
Cytokines
Diabetes
Gene Silencing
Heart attacks
Humans
Hypertension
Immunomodulators
Inflammation
Kinases
Ligands
Lupus
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
Proteins
Psoriasis
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis
Risk Factors
Signal Transduction
Smooth muscle
Thrombosis
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
Title CD40/CD40L and Related Signaling Pathways in Cardiovascular Health and Disease—The Pros and Cons for Cardioprotection
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33198327
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2461212837
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2461394624
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7697597
Volume 21
WOSCitedRecordID wos000594241800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Health & Medical Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1422-0067
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0023259
  issn: 1422-0067
  databaseCode: 7X7
  dateStart: 20000301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1422-0067
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0023259
  issn: 1422-0067
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 20000301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest research library
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1422-0067
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0023259
  issn: 1422-0067
  databaseCode: M2O
  dateStart: 20000301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/pqrl
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1422-0067
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0023259
  issn: 1422-0067
  databaseCode: PIMPY
  dateStart: 20000301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent
  providerName: ProQuest
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Lb9QwEB5BCxIX3oWFUhkJTsjarO3YzgnBthVIdIl4SMspshOnBLXZ0mypeuNH8Av5JYwd77YLgguXSI7txM6M52FP5gN4gk4VS9LUUY0SkgpTc6orxSj6YVU1sjZTVRLAJtRkoqfTLI8bbl0Mq1zIxCCoq1np98iHPu8Ziln0p54ffaUeNcqfrkYIjcuw7mGzPZ-r6bnDxVkASxuhDqIyzWQf-M7RzR82Xw47fBxDbcVXVdIfdubv4ZIX9M_ujf8d-U24Hi1P8qJnlVtwybW34WqPRXl2B07H2yIZ-ssbYtqKhCg5V5H3zb631dt9kqOxeGrOOtK0ZLwSxkr6n5lCv-3-xOfn9x_IgSTHGYfbHhiUoIEce8b0EMgUd-Hj7s6H8SsaURloKZSeU14KViER6xSJmiVOlKl2nCXWGmV9vjTpjOGZUCa1illdS-1RrZXlEimvJd-AtXbWuvtAuEiMMPh1jFBCj7i1JVprqayZq6112QCeLQhTlDFluUfOOCjQdfFkLC6ScQBPl62P-lQdf2m3uaBTERdsV5wTaQCPl9W41Pz5iWnd7KRvgxOTTAzgXs8SyxdxFGUoHLG3WmGWZQOfxnu1pm0-h3TeSmYK3boH_x7WQ7jGvKvvIxDZJqzNj0_cI7hSfps33fFW4Ptw1Vuw_nJnkr_D0h57i6X89V7-6RfBUhG0
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3LbtQwFL0qUxBseD8GChiJrlA0GduxnQVCaIaqo05HkShSWQU7cUoQZEozZTQ7PoLv4KP4Eq7zogOCXRdssojtxI6Pr33sm3sAniKpon4QWE-hhfS4zpinUkk95GFpOjQmlKlfiU3I2UwdHobRBnxv_4VxbpWtTawMdTpP3B75wMU9QzOLfOrF8WfPqUa509VWQqOGxZ5dLZGylc8nY-zfbUp3Xh2Mdr1GVcBLuFQLjyWcpliJLMBKhb7lSaAso74xWhoX70tYrVnIpQ6MpEZlQjlVZmmYwJorwfC5F2CTO7D3YDOa7EdvO4rHaCXPNsRZzxNBKGpXe8ZCf5B_-FRiAyjOj2x9EvxjZfu7g-aZGW_n2v_2ra7D1WZtTV7Wg-EGbNjiJlyq1TZXt2A5GnN_4C5ToouUVH6ANiWv8yPHRoojEuFyeKlXJckLMlpz1CX171pVuXF9pvXj6zccYyTCL1zddtKnBClAU7IJgIGwvw1vzqXVd6BXzAt7DwjjvuYae0NzydWQGZPgejQQGbWZMTbsw7MWCHHSBGV32iAfYyRnDjbxWdj0YbvLfVwHI_lLvq0WF3Fjksr4Fyj68KRLRmPiToh0YeendR5smKC8D3drCHYvYmis0fxjabkGzi6DC1S-nlLk76uA5VKEEonr_X9X6zFc3j3Yn8bTyWzvAVyhbmPD-VvSLegtTk7tQ7iYfFnk5cmjZtQReHfe4P0Jfehp-Q
linkToPdf http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3NjtMwEB4tXUBc-P8pLGAk9oSsprZjJweEUEtFtUsVCZCWU9ZOnCWrJV02XareeAiehsfhSRjnjy0IbnvgkkNjN3byeWa-eDIfwFMkVczzfUsDtJBU6IzTIFWMIg9L06ExoUq9SmxCzWbB3l4YbcD39lsYl1bZ2sTKUKfzxL0jH7i6Z2hmkU8NsiYtIhpPXhx_pk5Byu20tnIaNUR27GqJ9K18Ph3js95mbPLq3eg1bRQGaCJUsKA8ESzFAWU-DjD0rEj8wHLmGaOVcbW_pNWah0Jp3yhmgkwGTqFZGS5xFoHk-L8XYBNDcsF6sBlN30QfOrrHWSXVNkQPSKUfyjrtnvPQG-SHn0qcDENfydcd4h9R7u_Jmme83-Ta_3zfrsPVJuYmL-tFcgM2bHETLtUqnKtbsByNhTdwh12ii5RU-YE2JW_zA8dSigMSYZi81KuS5AUZrSXwkvozrqrfuN7r-vH1G649EuHdrn52kqgEqUHTsymMgcvhNrw_l1nfgV4xL-w9IFx4Wmh8MhqhEwy5MQnGqb7MmM2MsWEfnrWgiJOmWLvTDDmKkbQ5CMVnIdSH7a71cV2k5C_ttlqMxI2pKuNfAOnDk-40Ghm3c6QLOz-t2-DEJBN9uFvDsbsQRyOObgF7qzWgdg1cAfP1M0X-sSpkrmSokNDe__ewHsNlRGy8O53tPIArzL3vcGmYbAt6i5NT-xAuJl8WeXnyqFmABPbPG7s_AdOlcrk
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CD40%2FCD40L+and+Related+Signaling+Pathways+in+Cardiovascular+Health+and+Disease-The+Pros+and+Cons+for+Cardioprotection&rft.jtitle=International+journal+of+molecular+sciences&rft.au=Daub%2C+Steffen&rft.au=Lutgens%2C+Esther&rft.au=M%C3%BCnzel%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Daiber%2C+Andreas&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft.eissn=1422-0067&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=22&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fijms21228533&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33198327&rft.externalDocID=33198327
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon