Are malaria rapid diagnostic test results stable over time to support verification of surveillance data?
Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surve...
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| Published in: | Malaria journal Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 356 - 11 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
BioMed Central
22.10.2025
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
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| ISSN: | 1475-2875, 1475-2875 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Background
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surveillance systems. Recently, national programmes have explored using stored RDT cassettes to validate register data. However, manufacturers caution that results should be read within 15–30 min, raising concerns about result validity after this period. This study evaluated the stability of RDT results over a one-month period to assess whether stored cassettes can reliably reflect initial test outcomes.
Methods
A prospective, observational study was conducted in 48 health facilities across Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda from June to September 2023. A digital artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RDT reader (HealthPulse, Audere, Seattle WA USA) was used to photograph RDTs immediately after interpretation by health workers and again at one week and one month. RDTs were stored under typical health facility conditions during the study. Images were independently interpreted by a trained panel, with results categorized as positive, negative, invalid, or uninterpretable. Only RDTs with valid interpretations at all three time points were included in the final analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to measure the accuracy of results from stored RDTs relative to the initial interpretation.
Results
Out of 54,251 RDTs captured, 45,155 (83.2%) met inclusion criteria. At one month, 95.1% of initially positive RDTs remained positive, and 95.3% of initially negative RDTs remained negative. The PPV of a positive result at one month was 96.3% (95% CI 96.1, 96.5), while the NPV of a negative result was 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.1). Most result changes occurred within the first week. Faint lines were associated with higher rates of change in both directions; 26.8% changing from positive to negative and 48.1% changing from negative to positive. Stability of results also varied across RDT products and specific test lines.
Conclusions
Stored RDT cassettes maintain high result stability over one month and can serve as a reliable reference to verify health facility records. Result changes were linked to premature interpretation, faint lines or product- or line-specific characteristics. Adherence to manufacturer-recommended read times may reduce the proportion of RDTs that change from negative to positive. These findings support the utility of stored RDTs in improving data quality and rational antimalarial use in malaria-affected settings. |
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| AbstractList | Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surveillance systems. Recently, national programmes have explored using stored RDT cassettes to validate register data. However, manufacturers caution that results should be read within 15-30 min, raising concerns about result validity after this period. This study evaluated the stability of RDT results over a one-month period to assess whether stored cassettes can reliably reflect initial test outcomes.
A prospective, observational study was conducted in 48 health facilities across Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda from June to September 2023. A digital artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RDT reader (HealthPulse, Audere, Seattle WA USA) was used to photograph RDTs immediately after interpretation by health workers and again at one week and one month. RDTs were stored under typical health facility conditions during the study. Images were independently interpreted by a trained panel, with results categorized as positive, negative, invalid, or uninterpretable. Only RDTs with valid interpretations at all three time points were included in the final analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to measure the accuracy of results from stored RDTs relative to the initial interpretation.
Out of 54,251 RDTs captured, 45,155 (83.2%) met inclusion criteria. At one month, 95.1% of initially positive RDTs remained positive, and 95.3% of initially negative RDTs remained negative. The PPV of a positive result at one month was 96.3% (95% CI 96.1, 96.5), while the NPV of a negative result was 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.1). Most result changes occurred within the first week. Faint lines were associated with higher rates of change in both directions; 26.8% changing from positive to negative and 48.1% changing from negative to positive. Stability of results also varied across RDT products and specific test lines.
Stored RDT cassettes maintain high result stability over one month and can serve as a reliable reference to verify health facility records. Result changes were linked to premature interpretation, faint lines or product- or line-specific characteristics. Adherence to manufacturer-recommended read times may reduce the proportion of RDTs that change from negative to positive. These findings support the utility of stored RDTs in improving data quality and rational antimalarial use in malaria-affected settings. Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surveillance systems. Recently, national programmes have explored using stored RDT cassettes to validate register data. However, manufacturers caution that results should be read within 15-30 min, raising concerns about result validity after this period. This study evaluated the stability of RDT results over a one-month period to assess whether stored cassettes can reliably reflect initial test outcomes. Methods A prospective, observational study was conducted in 48 health facilities across Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda from June to September 2023. A digital artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RDT reader (HealthPulse, Audere, Seattle WA USA) was used to photograph RDTs immediately after interpretation by health workers and again at one week and one month. RDTs were stored under typical health facility conditions during the study. Images were independently interpreted by a trained panel, with results categorized as positive, negative, invalid, or uninterpretable. Only RDTs with valid interpretations at all three time points were included in the final analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to measure the accuracy of results from stored RDTs relative to the initial interpretation. Results Out of 54,251 RDTs captured, 45,155 (83.2%) met inclusion criteria. At one month, 95.1% of initially positive RDTs remained positive, and 95.3% of initially negative RDTs remained negative. The PPV of a positive result at one month was 96.3% (95% CI 96.1, 96.5), while the NPV of a negative result was 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.1). Most result changes occurred within the first week. Faint lines were associated with higher rates of change in both directions; 26.8% changing from positive to negative and 48.1% changing from negative to positive. Stability of results also varied across RDT products and specific test lines. Conclusions Stored RDT cassettes maintain high result stability over one month and can serve as a reliable reference to verify health facility records. Result changes were linked to premature interpretation, faint lines or product- or line-specific characteristics. Adherence to manufacturer-recommended read times may reduce the proportion of RDTs that change from negative to positive. These findings support the utility of stored RDTs in improving data quality and rational antimalarial use in malaria-affected settings. Keywords: Malaria, Rapid diagnostic tests, Surveillance, Benin, Nigeria, Uganda, Stability Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surveillance systems. Recently, national programmes have explored using stored RDT cassettes to validate register data. However, manufacturers caution that results should be read within 15-30 min, raising concerns about result validity after this period. This study evaluated the stability of RDT results over a one-month period to assess whether stored cassettes can reliably reflect initial test outcomes.BACKGROUNDRapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surveillance systems. Recently, national programmes have explored using stored RDT cassettes to validate register data. However, manufacturers caution that results should be read within 15-30 min, raising concerns about result validity after this period. This study evaluated the stability of RDT results over a one-month period to assess whether stored cassettes can reliably reflect initial test outcomes.A prospective, observational study was conducted in 48 health facilities across Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda from June to September 2023. A digital artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RDT reader (HealthPulse, Audere, Seattle WA USA) was used to photograph RDTs immediately after interpretation by health workers and again at one week and one month. RDTs were stored under typical health facility conditions during the study. Images were independently interpreted by a trained panel, with results categorized as positive, negative, invalid, or uninterpretable. Only RDTs with valid interpretations at all three time points were included in the final analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to measure the accuracy of results from stored RDTs relative to the initial interpretation.METHODSA prospective, observational study was conducted in 48 health facilities across Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda from June to September 2023. A digital artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RDT reader (HealthPulse, Audere, Seattle WA USA) was used to photograph RDTs immediately after interpretation by health workers and again at one week and one month. RDTs were stored under typical health facility conditions during the study. Images were independently interpreted by a trained panel, with results categorized as positive, negative, invalid, or uninterpretable. Only RDTs with valid interpretations at all three time points were included in the final analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to measure the accuracy of results from stored RDTs relative to the initial interpretation.Out of 54,251 RDTs captured, 45,155 (83.2%) met inclusion criteria. At one month, 95.1% of initially positive RDTs remained positive, and 95.3% of initially negative RDTs remained negative. The PPV of a positive result at one month was 96.3% (95% CI 96.1, 96.5), while the NPV of a negative result was 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.1). Most result changes occurred within the first week. Faint lines were associated with higher rates of change in both directions; 26.8% changing from positive to negative and 48.1% changing from negative to positive. Stability of results also varied across RDT products and specific test lines.RESULTSOut of 54,251 RDTs captured, 45,155 (83.2%) met inclusion criteria. At one month, 95.1% of initially positive RDTs remained positive, and 95.3% of initially negative RDTs remained negative. The PPV of a positive result at one month was 96.3% (95% CI 96.1, 96.5), while the NPV of a negative result was 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.1). Most result changes occurred within the first week. Faint lines were associated with higher rates of change in both directions; 26.8% changing from positive to negative and 48.1% changing from negative to positive. Stability of results also varied across RDT products and specific test lines.Stored RDT cassettes maintain high result stability over one month and can serve as a reliable reference to verify health facility records. Result changes were linked to premature interpretation, faint lines or product- or line-specific characteristics. Adherence to manufacturer-recommended read times may reduce the proportion of RDTs that change from negative to positive. These findings support the utility of stored RDTs in improving data quality and rational antimalarial use in malaria-affected settings.CONCLUSIONSStored RDT cassettes maintain high result stability over one month and can serve as a reliable reference to verify health facility records. Result changes were linked to premature interpretation, faint lines or product- or line-specific characteristics. Adherence to manufacturer-recommended read times may reduce the proportion of RDTs that change from negative to positive. These findings support the utility of stored RDTs in improving data quality and rational antimalarial use in malaria-affected settings. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surveillance systems. Recently, national programmes have explored using stored RDT cassettes to validate register data. However, manufacturers caution that results should be read within 15-30 min, raising concerns about result validity after this period. This study evaluated the stability of RDT results over a one-month period to assess whether stored cassettes can reliably reflect initial test outcomes. A prospective, observational study was conducted in 48 health facilities across Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda from June to September 2023. A digital artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RDT reader (HealthPulse, Audere, Seattle WA USA) was used to photograph RDTs immediately after interpretation by health workers and again at one week and one month. RDTs were stored under typical health facility conditions during the study. Images were independently interpreted by a trained panel, with results categorized as positive, negative, invalid, or uninterpretable. Only RDTs with valid interpretations at all three time points were included in the final analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to measure the accuracy of results from stored RDTs relative to the initial interpretation. Out of 54,251 RDTs captured, 45,155 (83.2%) met inclusion criteria. At one month, 95.1% of initially positive RDTs remained positive, and 95.3% of initially negative RDTs remained negative. The PPV of a positive result at one month was 96.3% (95% CI 96.1, 96.5), while the NPV of a negative result was 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.1). Most result changes occurred within the first week. Faint lines were associated with higher rates of change in both directions; 26.8% changing from positive to negative and 48.1% changing from negative to positive. Stability of results also varied across RDT products and specific test lines. Stored RDT cassettes maintain high result stability over one month and can serve as a reliable reference to verify health facility records. Result changes were linked to premature interpretation, faint lines or product- or line-specific characteristics. Adherence to manufacturer-recommended read times may reduce the proportion of RDTs that change from negative to positive. These findings support the utility of stored RDTs in improving data quality and rational antimalarial use in malaria-affected settings. Abstract Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surveillance systems. Recently, national programmes have explored using stored RDT cassettes to validate register data. However, manufacturers caution that results should be read within 15–30 min, raising concerns about result validity after this period. This study evaluated the stability of RDT results over a one-month period to assess whether stored cassettes can reliably reflect initial test outcomes. Methods A prospective, observational study was conducted in 48 health facilities across Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda from June to September 2023. A digital artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RDT reader (HealthPulse, Audere, Seattle WA USA) was used to photograph RDTs immediately after interpretation by health workers and again at one week and one month. RDTs were stored under typical health facility conditions during the study. Images were independently interpreted by a trained panel, with results categorized as positive, negative, invalid, or uninterpretable. Only RDTs with valid interpretations at all three time points were included in the final analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to measure the accuracy of results from stored RDTs relative to the initial interpretation. Results Out of 54,251 RDTs captured, 45,155 (83.2%) met inclusion criteria. At one month, 95.1% of initially positive RDTs remained positive, and 95.3% of initially negative RDTs remained negative. The PPV of a positive result at one month was 96.3% (95% CI 96.1, 96.5), while the NPV of a negative result was 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.1). Most result changes occurred within the first week. Faint lines were associated with higher rates of change in both directions; 26.8% changing from positive to negative and 48.1% changing from negative to positive. Stability of results also varied across RDT products and specific test lines. Conclusions Stored RDT cassettes maintain high result stability over one month and can serve as a reliable reference to verify health facility records. Result changes were linked to premature interpretation, faint lines or product- or line-specific characteristics. Adherence to manufacturer-recommended read times may reduce the proportion of RDTs that change from negative to positive. These findings support the utility of stored RDTs in improving data quality and rational antimalarial use in malaria-affected settings. Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings. In addition to clinical use, RDT results recorded in health facility registers are a critical component of national malaria surveillance systems. Recently, national programmes have explored using stored RDT cassettes to validate register data. However, manufacturers caution that results should be read within 15–30 min, raising concerns about result validity after this period. This study evaluated the stability of RDT results over a one-month period to assess whether stored cassettes can reliably reflect initial test outcomes. Methods A prospective, observational study was conducted in 48 health facilities across Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda from June to September 2023. A digital artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RDT reader (HealthPulse, Audere, Seattle WA USA) was used to photograph RDTs immediately after interpretation by health workers and again at one week and one month. RDTs were stored under typical health facility conditions during the study. Images were independently interpreted by a trained panel, with results categorized as positive, negative, invalid, or uninterpretable. Only RDTs with valid interpretations at all three time points were included in the final analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated to measure the accuracy of results from stored RDTs relative to the initial interpretation. Results Out of 54,251 RDTs captured, 45,155 (83.2%) met inclusion criteria. At one month, 95.1% of initially positive RDTs remained positive, and 95.3% of initially negative RDTs remained negative. The PPV of a positive result at one month was 96.3% (95% CI 96.1, 96.5), while the NPV of a negative result was 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.1). Most result changes occurred within the first week. Faint lines were associated with higher rates of change in both directions; 26.8% changing from positive to negative and 48.1% changing from negative to positive. Stability of results also varied across RDT products and specific test lines. Conclusions Stored RDT cassettes maintain high result stability over one month and can serve as a reliable reference to verify health facility records. Result changes were linked to premature interpretation, faint lines or product- or line-specific characteristics. Adherence to manufacturer-recommended read times may reduce the proportion of RDTs that change from negative to positive. These findings support the utility of stored RDTs in improving data quality and rational antimalarial use in malaria-affected settings. |
| ArticleNumber | 356 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Okoro, Onyebuchi Cooper, Shawna Atobatele, Sunday Griffith, Kevin Humes, Michael Ahogni, Idelphonse Ngufor, Corine Ssewante, Nelson Lindblade, Kim A. Mpimbaza, Arthur Kpemasse, Augustin Agaba, Bosco Akpiroroh, Ese |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Corine surname: Ngufor fullname: Ngufor, Corine email: corine.ngufor@lshtm.ac.uk organization: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou – sequence: 2 givenname: Kim A. surname: Lindblade fullname: Lindblade, Kim A. organization: PMI Insights Project/PATH – sequence: 3 givenname: Sunday surname: Atobatele fullname: Atobatele, Sunday organization: Sydani Group – sequence: 4 givenname: Arthur surname: Mpimbaza fullname: Mpimbaza, Arthur organization: Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University – sequence: 5 givenname: Idelphonse surname: Ahogni fullname: Ahogni, Idelphonse organization: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou – sequence: 6 givenname: Nelson surname: Ssewante fullname: Ssewante, Nelson organization: Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University – sequence: 7 givenname: Ese surname: Akpiroroh fullname: Akpiroroh, Ese organization: Sydani Group – sequence: 8 givenname: Augustin surname: Kpemasse fullname: Kpemasse, Augustin organization: Programme National de Lutte Contre Le Paludisme – sequence: 9 givenname: Onyebuchi surname: Okoro fullname: Okoro, Onyebuchi organization: National Malaria Elimination Programme – sequence: 10 givenname: Bosco surname: Agaba fullname: Agaba, Bosco organization: National Malaria Control Division – sequence: 11 givenname: Shawna surname: Cooper fullname: Cooper, Shawna organization: Audere – sequence: 12 givenname: Kevin surname: Griffith fullname: Griffith, Kevin organization: United States President’s Malaria Initiative – sequence: 13 givenname: Michael surname: Humes fullname: Humes, Michael organization: United States President’s Malaria Initiative |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1186/1475-2875-10-6 10.3390/diagnostics11050768 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0150 10.1186/s12936-025-05352-3 10.1186/s12936-025-05459-7 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.941 10.1186/1475-2875-9-359 10.1186/s12936-015-0629-z 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0181 10.1371/journal.pone.0092782 10.1099/jmm.0.052506-0 10.1186/s12936-017-1843-7 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.09.007 |
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Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in... Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in low-resource settings.... Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in... Abstract Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved malaria case management by enabling point-of-care confirmation of infection, particularly in... |
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| SubjectTerms | Antibodies Benin Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Care and treatment Diagnosing the Data: Malaria RDT Recording and Reporting Accuracy in Four African Countries and Implications for Surveillance Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests, Routine - statistics & numerical data Entomology Epidemiological Monitoring Humans Infection control Infectious Diseases Malaria Malaria - diagnosis Methods Microbiology Nigeria Parasitology Prospective Studies Public Health Rapid Diagnostic Tests Risk factors Surveillance Testing Time Factors Tropical Medicine Uganda Viral antibodies |
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| Title | Are malaria rapid diagnostic test results stable over time to support verification of surveillance data? |
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