The interacting effects of ungulates and fire on forest dynamics: an analysis using the model FORSPACE
The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188 ha called Planken Wambuis. The vegetation consists mainly of heathland and Scots pine forest but also includes oak, beech and birch, and parts of former arable land that i...
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| Vydáno v: | Forest ecology and management Ročník 181; číslo 1; s. 205 - 222 |
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Elsevier B.V
03.08.2003
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| Abstract | The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188
ha called Planken Wambuis. The vegetation consists mainly of heathland and Scots pine forest but also includes oak, beech and birch, and parts of former arable land that is now covered with grass. The ungulate species considered are bovine, horse, red deer, roe deer and wild boar. The spatially explicit and process-based model FORSPACE was used for this analysis. FORSPACE is a forest gap-dynamics model that includes a mechanistic description of ungulate dynamics and a stochastic forest fire simulator. The scenarios analysed included three levels of ungulate density (no ungulates, low density due to population regulation by management, high density due to absence of regulation), and three levels of ignition frequency of wild fires (zero, low and high).
The simulation results indicate that fires at high ignition frequency may shift the system into a different stable state in the phase plane of producers (represented by total ecosystem foliage biomass) versus consumers (represented by total ecosystem ungulate biomass). This pattern was found both at low and high ungulate densities, although the effect is more pronounced at high ungulate density. Grazing is predicted to reduce the occurrence of both small and large-scale wild fires by reducing fuel load and altering the vertical structure of the vegetation. This occurs even at low ungulate densities and is most pronounced at high ignition frequencies.
The ungulate consumption and plant production figures predicted by the model fall within the ranges that are presented in the literature for temperate forest ecosystems. For the scenarios with regulated ungulate densities the ungulate biomass per unit area are of the same magnitude as found in temperate forest ecosystems. However, if ungulate densities are not regulated by management, the model results suggest that the ungulate biomass per unit area may increase two-fold. |
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| AbstractList | The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188ha called Planken Wambuis. The vegetation consists mainly of heathland and Scots pine forest but also includes oak, beech and birch, and parts of former arable land that is now covered with grass. The ungulate species considered are bovine, horse, red deer, roe deer and wild boar. The spatially explicit and process-based model FORSPACE was used for this analysis. FORSPACE is a forest gap-dynamics model that includes a mechanistic description of ungulate dynamics and a stochastic forest fire simulator. The scenarios analysed included three levels of ungulate density (no ungulates, low density due to population regulation by management, high density due to absence of regulation), and three levels of ignition frequency of wild fires (zero, low and high). The simulation results indicate that fires at high ignition frequency may shift the system into a different stable state in the phase plane of producers (represented by total ecosystem foliage biomass) versus consumers (represented by total ecosystem ungulate biomass). This pattern was found both at low and high ungulate densities, although the effect is more pronounced at high ungulate density. Grazing is predicted to reduce the occurrence of both small and large-scale wild fires by reducing fuel load and altering the vertical structure of the vegetation. This occurs even at low ungulate densities and is most pronounced at high ignition frequencies. The ungulate consumption and plant production figures predicted by the model fall within the ranges that are presented in the literature for temperate forest ecosystems. For the scenarios with regulated ungulate densities the ungulate biomass per unit area are of the same magnitude as found in temperate forest ecosystems. However, if ungulate densities are not regulated by management, the model results suggest that the ungulate biomass per unit area may increase two-fold. The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188 ha called Planken Wambuis. The vegetation consists mainly of heathland and Scots pine forest but also includes oak, beech and birch, and parts of former arable land that is now covered with grass. The ungulate species considered are bovine, horse, red deer, roe deer and wild boar. The spatially explicit and process-based model FORSPACE was used for this analysis. FORSPACE is a forest gap-dynamics model that includes a mechanistic description of ungulate dynamics and a stochastic forest fire simulator. The scenarios analysed included three levels of ungulate density (no ungulates, low density due to population regulation by management, high density due to absence of regulation), and three levels of ignition frequency of wild fires (zero, low and high). The simulation results indicate that fires at high ignition frequency may shift the system into a different stable state in the phase plane of producers (represented by total ecosystem foliage biomass) versus consumers (represented by total ecosystem ungulate biomass). This pattern was found both at low and high ungulate densities, although the effect is more pronounced at high ungulate density. Grazing is predicted to reduce the occurrence of both small and large-scale wild fires by reducing fuel load and altering the vertical structure of the vegetation. This occurs even at low ungulate densities and is most pronounced at high ignition frequencies. The ungulate consumption and plant production figures predicted by the model fall within the ranges that are presented in the literature for temperate forest ecosystems. For the scenarios with regulated ungulate densities the ungulate biomass per unit area are of the same magnitude as found in temperate forest ecosystems. However, if ungulate densities are not regulated by management, the model results suggest that the ungulate biomass per unit area may increase two-fold. The Forest Dynamics in Spatially Changing Environments (FORSPACE) model, which simulates forest dynamics at the scale of a landscape, was used to examine the interactions among ungulate grazing, fire, and vegetation development within a forested area in the Netherlands. Scenario analysis was used to analyze ignition frequency and ungulate density over a period of 100 yr, and the effect of ungulate grazing on the extent of fires was analyzed by comparing fire area distributions of the scenarios. Results suggested that ungulate densities decreased with increasing ignition frequency, but except for wild boar, all ungulate species maintained populations over the 100-yr simulation period. The two scenarios resulted in a quick decline of the beech canopy cover in the tree and shrub layers, while for beech, a strong reduction of cover in all layers was noted due to grazing. For pine, fire led to a strong reduction in cover in the tree layer, and grazing delayed the occurrence of fire, while for oak, grazing reduced its cover, and the effect was enhanced when fires also occurred, but fire alone also reduced the cover of oak. Neither grazing nor fire prevented open areas from being invaded by trees. The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188 ha called Planken Wambuis. The vegetation consists mainly of heathland and Scots pine forest but also includes oak, beech and birch, and parts of former arable land that is now covered with grass. The ungulate species considered are bovine, horse, red deer, roe deer and wild boar. The spatially explicit and process-based model FORSPACE was used for this analysis. FORSPACE is a forest gap-dynamics model that includes a mechanistic description of ungulate dynamics and a stochastic forest fire simulator. The scenarios analysed included three levels of ungulate density (no ungulates, low density due to population regulation by management, high density due to absence of regulation), and three levels of ignition frequency of wild fires (zero, low and high). The simulation results indicate that fires at high ignition frequency may shift the system into a different stable state in the phase plane of producers (represented by total ecosystem foliage biomass) versus consumers (represented by total ecosystem ungulate biomass). This pattern was found both at low and high ungulate densities, although the effect is more pronounced at high ungulate density. Grazing is predicted to reduce the occurrence of both small and large-scale wild fires by reducing fuel load and altering the vertical structure of the vegetation. This occurs even at low ungulate densities and is most pronounced at high ignition frequencies. The ungulate consumption and plant production figures predicted by the model fall within the ranges that are presented in the literature for temperate forest ecosystems. For the scenarios with regulated ungulate densities the ungulate biomass per unit area are of the same magnitude as found in temperate forest ecosystems. However, if ungulate densities are not regulated by management, the model results suggest that the ungulate biomass per unit area may increase two-fold. The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188 ha called Planken Wambuis. The vegetation consists mainly of heathland and Scots pine forest but also includes oak, beech and birch, and parts of former arable land that is now covered with grass. The ungulate species considered are bovine, horse, red deer, roe deer and wild boar. The spatially explicit and process-based model FORSPACE was used for this analysis. FORSPACE is a forest gap-dynamics model that includes a mechanistic description of ungulate dynamics and a stochastic forest fire simulator. The scenarios analysed included three levels of ungulate density (no ungulates, low density due to population regulation by management, high density due to absence of regulation), and three levels of ignition frequency of wild fires (zero, low and high). The simulation results indicate that fires at high ignition frequency may shift the system into a different stable state in the phase plane of producers (represented by total ecosystem foliage biomass) versus consumers (represented by total ecosystem ungulate biomass). This pattern was found both at low and high ungulate densities, although the effect is more pronounced at high ungulate density. Grazing is predicted to reduce the occurrence of both small and large-scale wild fires by reducing fuel load and altering the vertical structure of the vegetation. This occurs even at low ungulate densities and is most pronounced at high ignition frequencies. The ungulate consumption and plant production figures predicted by the model fall within the ranges that are presented in the literature for temperate forest ecosystems. For the scenarios with regulated ungulate densities the ungulate biomass per unit area are of the same magnitude as found in temperate forest ecosystems. However, if ungulate densities are not regulated by management, the model results suggest that the ungulate biomass per unit area may increase two-fold |
| Author | Kramer, K. Groen, T.A. van Wieren, S.E. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: K. surname: Kramer fullname: Kramer, K. email: k.kramer@alterra.wag-ur.nl organization: Wageningen UR, Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: T.A. surname: Groen fullname: Groen, T.A. organization: Wageningen UR, Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: S.E. surname: van Wieren fullname: van Wieren, S.E. organization: Tropical Nature Conservation and Vertebrate Ecology Group, Environmental Sciences, Wageningen UR, Bornsesteeg 96, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands |
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| Keywords | Ungulates Multiple stable states Fire Forest dynamics Modelling Grazing FORSPACE |
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| Snippet | The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188
ha called Planken Wambuis. The... The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188 ha called Planken Wambuis. The... The Forest Dynamics in Spatially Changing Environments (FORSPACE) model, which simulates forest dynamics at the scale of a landscape, was used to examine the... The effects of interactions between the density of ungulates and forest fires on forest dynamics were studied on an area of 1188ha called Planken Wambuis. The... |
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| SubjectTerms | age arable soils Betula biomass body-composition Capreolus capreolus Cervus elaphus coniferous forests ecosystems europe Fagus Fire Forest dynamics forest ecosystems forest fires FORSPACE fuel loading grasses Grazing horses large herbivores leaves Modelling mule deer Multiple stable states Pinus sylvestris stable states Ungulates vegetation structure wild boars winter |
| Title | The interacting effects of ungulates and fire on forest dynamics: an analysis using the model FORSPACE |
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