The origin and evolution of coral species richness in a marine biodiversity hotspot

The Coral Triangle (CT) region of the Indo-Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity hotspot. Despite multiple competing hypotheses, the dynamics underlying this regional diversity pattern remain poorly understood. Here, we use a t...

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Published in:	Evolution Vol. 72; no. 2; pp. 288 - 302
Main Authors:	Huang, Danwei, Goldberg, Emma E., Chou, Loke Ming, Roy, Kaustuv
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Wiley 01.02.2018 Oxford University Press
Subjects:	Animals Anthozoa Biodiversity Biodiversity hot spots Biogeography Biological Evolution Central Indo‐Pacific Coral reefs Corals diversity gradient Endemism Extinction, Biological Harbors Indonesia macroevolution ORIGINAL ARTICLE phylogenetics Phylogeography Range extension Scleractinia Speciation Species diversity Species extinction Species richness Indonesia Biogeography diversity gradient macroevolution phylogenetics Scleractinia Central Indo-Pacific
ISSN:	0014-3820, 1558-5646, 1558-5646
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Abstract	The Coral Triangle (CT) region of the Indo-Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity hotspot. Despite multiple competing hypotheses, the dynamics underlying this regional diversity pattern remain poorly understood. Here, we use a time-calibrated evolutionary tree of living reef coral species, their current geographic ranges, and model-based estimates of regional rates of speciation, extinction, and geographic range shifts to show that origination rates within the CT are lower than in surrounding regions, a result inconsistent with the long-standing center of origin hypothesis. Furthermore, endemism of coral species in the CT is low, and the CT endemics are older than relatives found outside this region. Overall, our model results suggest that the high diversity of reef corals in the CT is largely due to range expansions into this region of species that evolved elsewhere. These findings strongly support the notion that geographic range shifts play a critical role in generating species diversity gradients. They also show that preserving the processes that gave rise to the striking diversity of corals in the CT requires protecting not just reefs within the hotspot, but also those in the surrounding areas.
AbstractList	The Coral Triangle (CT) region of the Indo‐Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity hotspot. Despite multiple competing hypotheses, the dynamics underlying this regional diversity pattern remain poorly understood. Here, we use a time‐calibrated evolutionary tree of living reef coral species, their current geographic ranges, and model‐based estimates of regional rates of speciation, extinction, and geographic range shifts to show that origination rates within the CT are lower than in surrounding regions, a result inconsistent with the long‐standing center of origin hypothesis. Furthermore, endemism of coral species in the CT is low, and the CT endemics are older than relatives found outside this region. Overall, our model results suggest that the high diversity of reef corals in the CT is largely due to range expansions into this region of species that evolved elsewhere. These findings strongly support the notion that geographic range shifts play a critical role in generating species diversity gradients. They also show that preserving the processes that gave rise to the striking diversity of corals in the CT requires protecting not just reefs within the hotspot, but also those in the surrounding areas. The Coral Triangle (CT) region of the Indo-Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity hotspot. Despite multiple competing hypotheses, the dynamics underlying this regional diversity pattern remain poorly understood. Here, we use a time-calibrated evolutionary tree of living reef coral species, their current geographic ranges, and model-based estimates of regional rates of speciation, extinction, and geographic range shifts to show that origination rates within the CT are lower than in surrounding regions, a result inconsistent with the long-standing center of origin hypothesis. Furthermore, endemism of coral species in the CT is low, and the CT endemics are older than relatives found outside this region. Overall, our model results suggest that the high diversity of reef corals in the CT is largely due to range expansions into this region of species that evolved elsewhere. These findings strongly support the notion that geographic range shifts play a critical role in generating species diversity gradients. They also show that preserving the processes that gave rise to the striking diversity of corals in the CT requires protecting not just reefs within the hotspot, but also those in the surrounding areas.The Coral Triangle (CT) region of the Indo-Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity hotspot. Despite multiple competing hypotheses, the dynamics underlying this regional diversity pattern remain poorly understood. Here, we use a time-calibrated evolutionary tree of living reef coral species, their current geographic ranges, and model-based estimates of regional rates of speciation, extinction, and geographic range shifts to show that origination rates within the CT are lower than in surrounding regions, a result inconsistent with the long-standing center of origin hypothesis. Furthermore, endemism of coral species in the CT is low, and the CT endemics are older than relatives found outside this region. Overall, our model results suggest that the high diversity of reef corals in the CT is largely due to range expansions into this region of species that evolved elsewhere. These findings strongly support the notion that geographic range shifts play a critical role in generating species diversity gradients. They also show that preserving the processes that gave rise to the striking diversity of corals in the CT requires protecting not just reefs within the hotspot, but also those in the surrounding areas.
Author	Chou, Loke Ming Huang, Danwei Goldberg, Emma E. Roy, Kaustuv
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Keywords	Biogeography diversity gradient macroevolution phylogenetics Scleractinia Central Indo-Pacific
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Notes	. This article corresponds to Pérez‐Escobar, O. A., S. Cass, and S. Dodsworth. 2018. Digest: Drivers of coral diversification in a major marine biodiversity hotspot. Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13419 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23
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Snippet	The Coral Triangle (CT) region of the Indo-Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity... The Coral Triangle (CT) region of the Indo‐Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Anthozoa Biodiversity Biodiversity hot spots Biogeography Biological Evolution Central Indo‐Pacific Coral reefs Corals diversity gradient Endemism Extinction, Biological Harbors Indonesia macroevolution ORIGINAL ARTICLE phylogenetics Phylogeography Range extension Scleractinia Speciation Species diversity Species extinction Species richness
Title	The origin and evolution of coral species richness in a marine biodiversity hotspot
URI	https://www.jstor.org/stable/48576469 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fevo.13402 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29178128 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993441217 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1969935962
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