The role of the Mediterranean diet in reducing the risk of cognitive impairement, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis

Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has historically been viewed as the leading cause of dementia, recent evidence reveals the considerable impact of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia...

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Veröffentlicht in:GeroScience Jg. 47; H. 3; S. 3111 - 3130
Hauptverfasser: Fekete, Mónika, Varga, Péter, Ungvari, Zoltan, Fekete, János Tibor, Buda, Annamaria, Szappanos, Ágnes, Lehoczki, Andrea, Mózes, Noémi, Grosso, Giuseppe, Godos, Justyna, Menyhart, Otilia, Munkácsy, Gyöngyi, Tarantini, Stefano, Yabluchanskiy, Andriy, Ungvari, Anna, Győrffy, Balázs
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.06.2025
Springer Nature B.V
Schlagworte:
Age differences
Aged
Aging
Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology
Alzheimer Disease - prevention & control
Alzheimer's disease
Asymmetry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Cell Biology
Chi-square test
Cognition
Cognitive ability
Cognitive Dysfunction - epidemiology
Cognitive Dysfunction - prevention & control
Cognitive impairment
Dementia
Dementia - epidemiology
Dementia - prevention & control
Dementia disorders
Diet
Diet, Mediterranean
Disease
Disorders
Estimates
Fish
Fish oils
Food consumption
Geriatrics/Gerontology
Health planning
Healthy food
Humans
Life Sciences
Lifestyles
Literature reviews
Meta-analysis
Molecular Medicine
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neuroprotection
Older people
Olive oil
Original
Original Article
Public health
Regional differences
Risk
Risk reduction
Statistical analysis
Statistics
Stroke
Vascular dementia
Vegetables
Cognitive decline
Prevention
Pharmacology
Neurodegenerative diseases
Nutritional epidemiology
ISSN:2509-2723, 2509-2715, 2509-2723
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Abstract Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has historically been viewed as the leading cause of dementia, recent evidence reveals the considerable impact of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), which now accounts for nearly half of all dementia cases. The Mediterranean diet—characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and olive oil—has been widely recognized for its cardiovascular benefits and may also reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. To investigate the protective effects of the Mediterranean diet on cognitive health, we conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The studies included in the meta-nalysis examined the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the incidence of dementia and AD. We applied a random-effects model to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessed heterogeneity through I -square statistics. Forest plots, funnel plots, and Z -score plots were used to visualize study outcomes. Of the 324 full-text records reviewed, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined HR for cognitive impairment among those adhering to the Mediterranean diet was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75–0.89); for dementia, the HR was 0.89 (95% CI 0.83–0.95); and for AD, the HR was 0.70 (95% CI 0.60–0.82), indicating substantial protective effects. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies, though Z -score plots suggested sufficient sample sizes to support reliable conclusions for each condition. In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with an 11–30% reduction in the risk of age-related cognitive disorders, including cognitive impairment, dementia, and AD. These findings underscore the Mediterranean diet’s potential as a central element in neuroprotective public health strategies to mitigate the global impact of cognitive decline and dementia and to promote healthier cognitive aging.
AbstractList Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has historically been viewed as the leading cause of dementia, recent evidence reveals the considerable impact of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), which now accounts for nearly half of all dementia cases. The Mediterranean diet—characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and olive oil—has been widely recognized for its cardiovascular benefits and may also reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. To investigate the protective effects of the Mediterranean diet on cognitive health, we conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The studies included in the meta-nalysis examined the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the incidence of dementia and AD. We applied a random-effects model to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessed heterogeneity through I -square statistics. Forest plots, funnel plots, and Z -score plots were used to visualize study outcomes. Of the 324 full-text records reviewed, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined HR for cognitive impairment among those adhering to the Mediterranean diet was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75–0.89); for dementia, the HR was 0.89 (95% CI 0.83–0.95); and for AD, the HR was 0.70 (95% CI 0.60–0.82), indicating substantial protective effects. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies, though Z -score plots suggested sufficient sample sizes to support reliable conclusions for each condition. In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with an 11–30% reduction in the risk of age-related cognitive disorders, including cognitive impairment, dementia, and AD. These findings underscore the Mediterranean diet’s potential as a central element in neuroprotective public health strategies to mitigate the global impact of cognitive decline and dementia and to promote healthier cognitive aging.
Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has historically been viewed as the leading cause of dementia, recent evidence reveals the considerable impact of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), which now accounts for nearly half of all dementia cases. The Mediterranean diet—characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and olive oil—has been widely recognized for its cardiovascular benefits and may also reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. To investigate the protective effects of the Mediterranean diet on cognitive health, we conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The studies included in the meta-nalysis examined the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the incidence of dementia and AD. We applied a random-effects model to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessed heterogeneity through I-square statistics. Forest plots, funnel plots, and Z-score plots were used to visualize study outcomes. Of the 324 full-text records reviewed, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined HR for cognitive impairment among those adhering to the Mediterranean diet was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75–0.89); for dementia, the HR was 0.89 (95% CI 0.83–0.95); and for AD, the HR was 0.70 (95% CI 0.60–0.82), indicating substantial protective effects. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies, though Z-score plots suggested sufficient sample sizes to support reliable conclusions for each condition. In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with an 11–30% reduction in the risk of age-related cognitive disorders, including cognitive impairment, dementia, and AD. These findings underscore the Mediterranean diet’s potential as a central element in neuroprotective public health strategies to mitigate the global impact of cognitive decline and dementia and to promote healthier cognitive aging.
Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer's disease (AD) has historically been viewed as the leading cause of dementia, recent evidence reveals the considerable impact of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), which now accounts for nearly half of all dementia cases. The Mediterranean diet-characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and olive oil-has been widely recognized for its cardiovascular benefits and may also reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. To investigate the protective effects of the Mediterranean diet on cognitive health, we conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The studies included in the meta-nalysis examined the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the incidence of dementia and AD. We applied a random-effects model to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessed heterogeneity through I-square statistics. Forest plots, funnel plots, and Z-score plots were used to visualize study outcomes. Of the 324 full-text records reviewed, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined HR for cognitive impairment among those adhering to the Mediterranean diet was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75-0.89); for dementia, the HR was 0.89 (95% CI 0.83-0.95); and for AD, the HR was 0.70 (95% CI 0.60-0.82), indicating substantial protective effects. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies, though Z-score plots suggested sufficient sample sizes to support reliable conclusions for each condition. In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with an 11-30% reduction in the risk of age-related cognitive disorders, including cognitive impairment, dementia, and AD. These findings underscore the Mediterranean diet's potential as a central element in neuroprotective public health strategies to mitigate the global impact of cognitive decline and dementia and to promote healthier cognitive aging.Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer's disease (AD) has historically been viewed as the leading cause of dementia, recent evidence reveals the considerable impact of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), which now accounts for nearly half of all dementia cases. The Mediterranean diet-characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and olive oil-has been widely recognized for its cardiovascular benefits and may also reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. To investigate the protective effects of the Mediterranean diet on cognitive health, we conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The studies included in the meta-nalysis examined the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the incidence of dementia and AD. We applied a random-effects model to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessed heterogeneity through I-square statistics. Forest plots, funnel plots, and Z-score plots were used to visualize study outcomes. Of the 324 full-text records reviewed, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined HR for cognitive impairment among those adhering to the Mediterranean diet was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75-0.89); for dementia, the HR was 0.89 (95% CI 0.83-0.95); and for AD, the HR was 0.70 (95% CI 0.60-0.82), indicating substantial protective effects. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies, though Z-score plots suggested sufficient sample sizes to support reliable conclusions for each condition. In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with an 11-30% reduction in the risk of age-related cognitive disorders, including cognitive impairment, dementia, and AD. These findings underscore the Mediterranean diet's potential as a central element in neuroprotective public health strategies to mitigate the global impact of cognitive decline and dementia and to promote healthier cognitive aging.
Author Szappanos, Ágnes
Menyhart, Otilia
Győrffy, Balázs
Ungvari, Zoltan
Godos, Justyna
Ungvari, Anna
Munkácsy, Gyöngyi
Fekete, János Tibor
Yabluchanskiy, Andriy
Tarantini, Stefano
Varga, Péter
Mózes, Noémi
Fekete, Mónika
Buda, Annamaria
Grosso, Giuseppe
Lehoczki, Andrea
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  surname: Ungvari
  fullname: Ungvari, Zoltan
  organization: Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral College/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University
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  surname: Szappanos
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  organization: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University
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  surname: Lehoczki
  fullname: Lehoczki, Andrea
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  surname: Godos
  fullname: Godos, Justyna
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  surname: Menyhart
  fullname: Menyhart, Otilia
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  surname: Tarantini
  fullname: Tarantini, Stefano
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  orcidid: 0009-0001-5053-2828
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  organization: Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University
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  surname: Győrffy
  fullname: Győrffy, Balázs
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39797935$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 3
Keywords Cognitive decline
Prevention
Pharmacology
Neurodegenerative diseases
Nutritional epidemiology
Language English
License 2025. The Author(s).
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Snippet Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has historically...
Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer's disease (AD) has historically...
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SubjectTerms Age differences
Aged
Aging
Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology
Alzheimer Disease - prevention & control
Alzheimer's disease
Asymmetry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Cell Biology
Chi-square test
Cognition
Cognitive ability
Cognitive Dysfunction - epidemiology
Cognitive Dysfunction - prevention & control
Cognitive impairment
Dementia
Dementia - epidemiology
Dementia - prevention & control
Dementia disorders
Diet
Diet, Mediterranean
Disease
Disorders
Estimates
Fish
Fish oils
Food consumption
Geriatrics/Gerontology
Health planning
Healthy food
Humans
Life Sciences
Lifestyles
Literature reviews
Meta-analysis
Molecular Medicine
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neuroprotection
Older people
Olive oil
Original
Original Article
Public health
Regional differences
Risk
Risk reduction
Statistical analysis
Statistics
Stroke
Vascular dementia
Vegetables
Title The role of the Mediterranean diet in reducing the risk of cognitive impairement, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11357-024-01488-3
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39797935
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3255433737
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3154405907
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12181514
Volume 47
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