Zero-Knowledge Proof of Traffic: A Deterministic and Privacy-Preserving Cross Verification Mechanism for Cooperative Perception Data

Cooperative perception is crucial for connected automated vehicles in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs); however, ensuring the authenticity of perception data remains a challenge as the vehicles cannot verify events that they do not witness independently. Various studies have been conducted...

Celý popis

Uložené v:

Podrobná bibliografia
Vydané v:	IEEE access Ročník 11; s. 1
Hlavní autori:	Tao, Ye, Javanmardi, Ehsan, Lin, Pengfei, Nakazato, Jin, Jiang, Yuze, Tsukada, Manabu, Esaki, Hiroshi
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Piscataway IEEE 01.01.2023 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Predmet:	Authentication Authenticity Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems Cooperative Perception Cryptography Data Authenticity Intelligent transportation systems Perception Privacy Protocols Security Security Privacy and Trust Self-proving Data Verification Sensor fusion Sensor phenomena and characterization Statistical analysis Statistical methods V2X Vehicle-to-everything Verification Zero-Knowledge Proof
ISSN:	2169-3536, 2169-3536
On-line prístup:	Získať plný text
Tagy:	Pridať tag Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!

Abstract	Cooperative perception is crucial for connected automated vehicles in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs); however, ensuring the authenticity of perception data remains a challenge as the vehicles cannot verify events that they do not witness independently. Various studies have been conducted on establishing the authenticity of data, such as trust-based statistical methods and plausibility-based methods. However, these methods are limited as they require prior knowledge such as previous sender behaviors or predefined rules to evaluate the authenticity. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a novel approach called zero-knowledge Proof of Traffic (zk-PoT), which involves generating cryptographic proofs to the traffic observations. Multiple independent proofs regarding the same vehicle can be deterministically cross-verified by any receivers without relying on ground truth, probabilistic, or plausibility evaluations. Additionally, no private information is compromised during the entire procedure. A full on-board unit software stack that reflects the behavior of zk-PoT is implemented within a specifically designed simulator called Flowsim. A comprehensive experimental analysis is then conducted using synthesized city-scale simulations, which demonstrates that zk-PoT's cross-verification ratio ranges between 80 % to 96 %, and 90 % of the verification is achieved in 5 s, with a protocol overhead of approximately 25 %. Furthermore, the analyses of various attacks indicate that most of the attacks could be prevented, and some, such as collusion attacks, can be mitigated. The proposed approach can be incorporated into existing works, including the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ITS standards, without disrupting the backward compatibility.
AbstractList	Cooperative perception is crucial for connected automated vehicles in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs); however, ensuring the authenticity of perception data remains a challenge as the vehicles cannot verify events that they do not witness independently. Various studies have been conducted on establishing the authenticity of data, such as trust-based statistical methods and plausibility-based methods. However, these methods are limited as they require prior knowledge such as previous sender behaviors or predefined rules to evaluate the authenticity. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a novel approach called zero-knowledge Proof of Traffic (zk-PoT), which involves generating cryptographic proofs to the traffic observations. Multiple independent proofs regarding the same vehicle can be deterministically cross-verified by any receivers without relying on ground truth, probabilistic, or plausibility evaluations. Additionally, no private information is compromised during the entire procedure. A full on-board unit software stack that reflects the behavior of zk-PoT is implemented within a specifically designed simulator called Flowsim. A comprehensive experimental analysis is then conducted using synthesized city-scale simulations, which demonstrates that zk-PoT's cross-verification ratio ranges between 80 % to 96 %, and 90 % of the verification is achieved in 5 s, with a protocol overhead of approximately 25 %. Furthermore, the analyses of various attacks indicate that most of the attacks could be prevented, and some, such as collusion attacks, can be mitigated. The proposed approach can be incorporated into existing works, including the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ITS standards, without disrupting the backward compatibility. Cooperative perception is crucial for connected automated vehicles in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs); however, ensuring the authenticity of perception data remains a challenge as the vehicles cannot verify events that they do not witness independently. Various studies have been conducted on establishing the authenticity of data, such as trust-based statistical methods and plausibility-based methods. However, these methods are limited as they require prior knowledge such as previous sender behaviors or predefined rules to evaluate the authenticity. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a novel approach called zero-knowledge Proof of Traffic (zk-PoT), which involves generating cryptographic proofs to the traffic observations. Multiple independent proofs regarding the same vehicle can be deterministically cross-verified by any receivers without relying on ground truth, probabilistic, or plausibility evaluations. Additionally, no private information is compromised during the entire procedure. A full on-board unit software stack that reflects the behavior of zk-PoT is implemented within a specifically designed simulator called Flowsim. A comprehensive experimental analysis is then conducted using synthesized city-scale simulations, which demonstrates that zk-PoT's cross-verification ratio ranges between 80 % to 96 %, and 80 % of the verification is achieved in 2 s, with a protocol overhead of approximately 25 %. Furthermore, the analyses of various attacks indicate that most of the attacks could be prevented, and some, such as collusion attacks, can be mitigated. The proposed approach can be incorporated into existing works, including the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ITS standards, without disrupting the backward compatibility.
Author	Tao, Ye Tsukada, Manabu Jiang, Yuze Esaki, Hiroshi Javanmardi, Ehsan Lin, Pengfei Nakazato, Jin
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ye orcidid: 0000-0002-1236-1343 surname: Tao fullname: Tao, Ye organization: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan – sequence: 2 givenname: Ehsan orcidid: 0000-0003-0337-115X surname: Javanmardi fullname: Javanmardi, Ehsan organization: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan – sequence: 3 givenname: Pengfei surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Pengfei organization: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan – sequence: 4 givenname: Jin orcidid: 0000-0002-2394-267X surname: Nakazato fullname: Nakazato, Jin organization: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan – sequence: 5 givenname: Yuze surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Yuze organization: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan – sequence: 6 givenname: Manabu orcidid: 0000-0001-8045-3939 surname: Tsukada fullname: Tsukada, Manabu organization: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan – sequence: 7 givenname: Hiroshi surname: Esaki fullname: Esaki, Hiroshi organization: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
BookMark	eNp9kcFuEzEQhi1UJEroE8DBEucNXtvr3eUWbVuoKKJSCwcu1qw9Do6SdZjdBvXOg-MkRao4YFnyaDzf7_H8L9nJkAZk7HUp5mUp2neLrru4vZ1LIdVcKa20qJ6xU1matlCVMidP4hfsbBxXIq8mp6r6lP3-jpSKT0P6tUa_RH5DKQWe9x1BCNG95wt-jhPSJg5xnKLjMPhcFXfgHoobwhFpF4cl7yiNI_-GFDMFU0wD_4zuB2Rqw0Mi3qW0Rco3u_wKksPtoegcJnjFngdYj3j2eM7Y18uLu-5jcf3lw1W3uC6crqupqDWaxnloa6Gdl6JH2TTY61A3QWoNCnr0sjK99sa7EkSog5Gqld7VgNiqGbs66voEK7uluAF6sAmiPSQSLS1Q_uMarVOh7Jseeq0abUrovUGPqH2l0Zuw13p71NpS-nmP42RX6Z6G3L6VrdC1aMs88Rlrj1VuPx7CYF2cDtOZCOLalsLuPbRHD-3eQ_voYWbVP-zfjv9PvTlSERGfEMqIRgn1B-k6rPg
CODEN	IAECCG
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_3390_s24072153
Cites_doi	10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10059601 10.1007/s11263-023-01790-1 10.1016/j.vehcom.2017.01.002 10.1109/NTMS.2009.5384696 10.1145/1023875.1023881 10.1007/springerreference_234 10.1109/SP.2013.34 10.1109/TITS.2021.3086804 10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100490 10.5121/ijnsa.2018.10202 10.1007/s102070100002 10.1109/IC3.2019.8844912 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903202 10.1109/TITS.2023.3271436 10.1109/OJCOMS.2023.3239115 10.1109/VTC2020-Fall49728.2020.9348712 10.1007/3-540-45748-8_24 10.1109/MCOM.2018.1800109 10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917078 10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421900 10.1109/ICCE53296.2022.9730305 10.3141/2554-02 10.1109/ICIoT48696.2020.9089639 10.1109/VTC2023-Spring57618.2023.10199425 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3136706 10.1109/TSMCC.2010.2084571 10.1109/VNC.2018.8628321 10.4018/jcit.2008010103 10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100531 10.1109/TITS.2019.2899321 10.1109/ICARCV57592.2022.10004259 10.1109/TITS.2021.3066487 10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917066 10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.02.008 10.17487/RFC7914 10.1109/VNC.2015.7385539 10.3403/30176786u 10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.08.017 10.1137/0218012 10.1109/GLOCOMW.2007.4437823 10.1155/2022/4725805 10.3390/s22155535 10.1109/INFOCOM.2008.180 10.1109/TITS.2020.2973715 10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100597 10.1109/IV48863.2021.9575970 10.1109/GLOCOMW.2008.ECP.63 10.1109/SP.2014.36 10.3390/s20195719 10.1109/VTCSpring.2019.8746479
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2023
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2023
DBID	97E ESBDL RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SC 7SP 7SR 8BQ 8FD JG9 JQ2 L7M L~C L~D DOA
DOI	10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3343405
DatabaseName	IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present IEEE Xplore Open Access Journals IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Electronics & Communications Abstracts Engineered Materials Abstracts METADEX Technology Research Database Materials Research Database ProQuest Computer Science Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Materials Research Database Engineered Materials Abstracts Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic Electronics & Communications Abstracts ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace METADEX Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional
DatabaseTitleList	Materials Research Database
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Open Access Full Text url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Engineering
EISSN	2169-3536
EndPage	1
ExternalDocumentID	oai_doaj_org_article_c3f1b8bab438461abd6edee4d54ed6f9 10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3343405 10360830
Genre	orig-research
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology grantid: 01101 funderid: 10.13039/501100012389 – fundername: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science grantid: 21H03423 funderid: 10.13039/501100001691
GroupedDBID	0R~ 5VS 6IK 97E AAJGR ABAZT ABVLG ACGFS ADBBV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BCNDV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ EBS ESBDL GROUPED_DOAJ IPLJI JAVBF KQ8 M43 M~E O9- OCL OK1 RIA RIE RNS 4.4 AAYXX AGSQL CITATION EJD 7SC 7SP 7SR 8BQ 8FD JG9 JQ2 L7M L~C L~D
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-74e68cda9704cd20be288eb4f78f244a3abed256b4d6dc1a0f7f62392dc7aee93
IEDL.DBID	DOA
ISICitedReferencesCount	3
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001127136800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	2169-3536
IngestDate	Fri Oct 03 12:52:18 EDT 2025 Sun Nov 30 04:40:31 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:13:27 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 06:25:19 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 02:37:39 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	true
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Language	English
License	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c475t-74e68cda9704cd20be288eb4f78f244a3abed256b4d6dc1a0f7f62392dc7aee93
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0002-2394-267X 0000-0001-8045-3939 0000-0002-1236-1343 0000-0003-0337-115X 0009-0004-6757-2991
OpenAccessLink	https://doaj.org/article/c3f1b8bab438461abd6edee4d54ed6f9
PQID	2904709135
PQPubID	4845423
PageCount	1
ParticipantIDs	proquest_journals_2904709135 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3343405 doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_c3f1b8bab438461abd6edee4d54ed6f9 ieee_primary_10360830 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3343405
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2023-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2023-01-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 01 year: 2023 text: 2023-01-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	Piscataway
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Piscataway
PublicationTitle	IEEE access
PublicationTitleAbbrev	Access
PublicationYear	2023
Publisher	IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml	– name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References	ref13 ref57 ref12 ref56 ref15 ref14 ref52 ref55 ref10 (ref6) 2023 ref16 ref19 ref18 (ref47) 2023 ref51 ref50 ref46 ref48 ref42 ref41 ref44 (ref45) 2019 ref43 Kaliski (ref54) 2017 Tao (ref17) ref49 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref5 ref40 ref35 ref34 ref37 ref36 ref30 ref33 ref32 ref2 ref1 ref39 ref38 (ref31) 2015 ref24 ref23 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref22 ref21 ref28 ref27 ref29 (ref11) 2022 Makino (ref53) 2015
References_xml	– ident: ref16 doi: 10.1109/CCNC51644.2023.10059601 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1007/s11263-023-01790-1 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2017.01.002 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1109/NTMS.2009.5384696 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1145/1023875.1023881 – ident: ref44 doi: 10.1007/springerreference_234 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1109/SP.2013.34 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3086804 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100490 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.5121/ijnsa.2018.10202 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1007/s102070100002 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1109/IC3.2019.8844912 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903202 – volume-title: Intelligent Transport System (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Collective Perception Service; Release 2 year: 2023 ident: ref6 – ident: ref43 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2023.3271436 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2023.3239115 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1109/VTC2020-Fall49728.2020.9348712 – ident: ref56 doi: 10.1007/3-540-45748-8_24 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2018.1800109 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917078 – volume-title: Proc. IEEE 26th Int. Conf. Intell. Transp. Syst. (ITSC) ident: ref17 article-title: Flowsim: A modular simulation platform for microscopic behavior analysis of city-scale connected autonomous vehicles doi: 10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421900 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1109/ICCE53296.2022.9730305 – ident: ref52 doi: 10.3141/2554-02 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/ICIoT48696.2020.9089639 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/VTC2023-Spring57618.2023.10199425 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3136706 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/TSMCC.2010.2084571 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1109/VNC.2018.8628321 – ident: ref51 doi: 10.4018/jcit.2008010103 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100531 – ident: ref42 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2019.2899321 – volume-title: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Trust and Privacy Management; Release 2 year: 2022 ident: ref11 – ident: ref48 doi: 10.1109/ICARCV57592.2022.10004259 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3066487 – ident: ref49 doi: 10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917066 – volume-title: PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.1 year: 2017 ident: ref54 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.02.008 – volume-title: Intelligent Transport System (ITS); Vehicular Communications. Basic Set of Applications; Analysis of the Collective Perception Service (CPS) year: 2019 ident: ref45 – volume-title: Deployment Strategy for Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems in Japan: Toward etc 2.0 year: 2015 ident: ref53 – ident: ref55 doi: 10.17487/RFC7914 – ident: ref46 doi: 10.1109/VNC.2015.7385539 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.3403/30176786u – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.08.017 – ident: ref37 doi: 10.1137/0218012 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1109/GLOCOMW.2007.4437823 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1155/2022/4725805 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.3390/s22155535 – volume-title: Why Vehicles are Teleporting year: 2023 ident: ref47 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM.2008.180 – ident: ref57 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2020.2973715 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100597 – ident: ref50 doi: 10.1109/IV48863.2021.9575970 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/GLOCOMW.2008.ECP.63 – ident: ref39 doi: 10.1109/SP.2014.36 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.3390/s20195719 – volume-title: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Security Header and Certificate Formats year: 2015 ident: ref31 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2019.8746479
SSID	ssj0000816957
Score	2.2989683
Snippet	Cooperative perception is crucial for connected automated vehicles in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs); however, ensuring the authenticity of...
SourceID	doaj proquest crossref ieee
SourceType	Open Website Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher
StartPage	1
SubjectTerms	Authentication Authenticity Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems Cooperative Perception Cryptography Data Authenticity Intelligent transportation systems Perception Privacy Protocols Security Security Privacy and Trust Self-proving Data Verification Sensor fusion Sensor phenomena and characterization Statistical analysis Statistical methods V2X Vehicle-to-everything Verification Zero-Knowledge Proof
SummonAdditionalLinks	– databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) dbid: RIE link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3Ni9QwFA-6eNCDnyuOrpKDRzOmzWvTeBu7LoK4zEFl8RLy8SID2i4zswve_cNN0swwIApCD6UkbcIvH7-8vvd7hLyMe26QrUQmMDgGxtXMBiuYFBU23HWqMiEnm5Dn593FhVqWYPUcC4OI2fkM5-k2_8v3o7tKprI4w0UbKUM8od-UUk7BWnuDSsogoRpZlIUqrl4v-j52Yp4ShM-FAAEpR93B7pNF-ktWlT-W4ry_nN37z5bdJ3cLkaSLCfkH5AYOD8mdA3nBR-TXV1yP7MPOakaXkSUHGq-4QSXliDd0QU-LO0zWa6Zm8LHU6tq4nyw5Z6SFZPhG-9QZ-iW-NhQTH_2IKWR4tflBI-ul_The4qQhTpd7Vxl6arbmmHw-e_epf89K1gXmQDZbJgHbznmjJAfna26x7jq0EGQXIhcwwlj0kShZ8K13leFBhsihVO2dNIhKPCZHwzjgE0IFYNUiGGMQQHluIrsAL6oAqkXumxmpd2hoVyTJU2aM7zofTbjSE4Q6QagLhDPyal_pclLk-HfxtwnmfdEkp50fRPx0mZ3aiVDZzhoLIvKxyljfokcE3wD6NqgZOU6YH3xvgntGTnajRpe5v9G14iCT3Grz9C_VnpHbqYmTJeeEHG3XV_ic3HLX29Vm_SIP69_-nPif priority: 102 providerName: IEEE
Title	Zero-Knowledge Proof of Traffic: A Deterministic and Privacy-Preserving Cross Verification Mechanism for Cooperative Perception Data
URI	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10360830 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2904709135 https://doaj.org/article/c3f1b8bab438461abd6edee4d54ed6f9
Volume	11
WOSCitedRecordID	wos001127136800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Open Access Full Text customDbUrl: eissn: 2169-3536 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000816957 issn: 2169-3536 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20130101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2169-3536 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000816957 issn: 2169-3536 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20130101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3NaxQxFA9SPOhB_Ki4WksOHk2bTDLJxNs6bRGkZQ8qxUvIx4ss6GzZXQtePPmHm2Syy4CgF2GYw5CZfLw3eb-El98PoVcp5kYlFRAO0RNhfUNcdJwozqClvtPMxiI2oa6uuutrvZhIfeWcsJEeeBy4U88jc52zTvAUKpl1QUIAEKEVEGQsR_cS6pkspsoc3DGpW1VphhjVp_O-Tz06yWrhJ5wLLrJg3SQUFcb-KrHyx7xcgs3FQ_SgokQ8H1v3CN2B4TG6P-EOfIJ-fYb1irzfbYnhRYLAEacrRZ9MC_EGz_FZzXUpZMzYDiGVWt5a_4PkzIs8SwxfcJ8bhz-lz8a6f4cvIZ8HXm6-4QRpcb9a3cBIEI4X-zwYfGa39hB9vDj_0L8jVVKBeKHaLVECZOeD1YoKHxrqoOk6cCKqLqZAb7l1EBIKciLI4JmlUcUEkHQTvLIAmj9FB8NqgGcIcwFMgrDWghA6UJuggwicRaEl0NDOULMbXeMr33iWvfhqyrqDajOaxGSTmGqSGXq9f-lmpNv4e_G32Wz7opkruzxIHmSqB5l_edAMHWajT-rjMgFTOkNHOy8w9cfemEZToTKXavv8f9T9At3L_Rn3dI7QwXb9HV6iu_52u9ysj4tPp_vlz_PjcjLxN9Sh_0A
linkProvider	Directory of Open Access Journals
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9QwELZQQQIOlEcRCwV84EiWJJ7EcW9LSlXUdrWHgioulh_jaiVIqt1tJe788NqOd7USKhJSDlFkJ7Y-Pz5PZr4h5IPfcx2vOWYMnclAmTLTTrOMswKr3DSiUC4mm-DTaXNxIWYpWD3GwiBidD7DcbiN__Jtb66DqczPcFZ7yuBP6PcrgLIYwrU2JpWQQ0JUPGkLFbn4NGlb341xSBE-ZgwYhCx1W_tPlOlPeVX-WozjDnO0-59te0qeJCpJJwP2z8g97J6Tx1sCgy_Inx-46LOTtd2MzjxPdtRffosK2hEHdEIPk0NMVGymqrO-1PxGmd9ZcM8IS0l3SdvQGfrdv9YlIx89wxA0PF_-op730rbvr3BQEaezjbMMPVQrtUe-HX05b4-zlHchM8CrVcYB68ZYJXgOxpa5xrJpUIPjjfNsQDGl0XqqpMHW1hQqd9x5FiVKa7hCFOwl2en6Dl8RygCLGkEphQDC5srzC7CscCBqzG01IuUaDWmSKHnIjfFTxsNJLuQAoQwQygThiHzcVLoaNDn-XfxzgHlTNAhqxwceP5nmpzTMFbrRSgPzjKxQ2tZoEcFWgLZ2YkT2AuZb3xvgHpH99aiRafYvZSly4EFwtXp9R7X35OHx-dmpPP06PXlDHoXmDnadfbKzWlzjW_LA3Kzmy8W7OMRvAQqP--Y
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zero-Knowledge+Proof+of+Traffic%3A+A+Deterministic+and+Privacy-Preserving+Cross+Verification+Mechanism+for+Cooperative+Perception+Data&rft.jtitle=IEEE+access&rft.au=Ye+Tao&rft.au=Ehsan+Javanmardi&rft.au=Pengfei+Lin&rft.au=Jin+Nakazato&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.eissn=2169-3536&rft.volume=11&rft.spage=142846&rft.epage=142861&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FACCESS.2023.3343405&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_c3f1b8bab438461abd6edee4d54ed6f9
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon