Benzodiazepines in the Management of Seizures and Status Epilepticus: A Review of Routes of Delivery, Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Tolerability

Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute, life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate, effective therapy. Therefore, the acute care of prolonged seizures and SE is a constant challenge for healthcare professionals, in both the pre-hospital and the in-hospital settings. Benzodiazepines (BZD...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:CNS drugs Jg. 36; H. 9; S. 951 - 975
Hauptverfasser: Kienitz, Ricardo, Kay, Lara, Beuchat, Isabelle, Gelhard, Sarah, von Brauchitsch, Sophie, Mann, Catrin, Lucaciu, Alexandra, Schäfer, Jan-Hendrik, Siebenbrodt, Kai, Zöllner, Johann-Philipp, Schubert-Bast, Susanne, Rosenow, Felix, Strzelczyk, Adam, Willems, Laurent M.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.09.2022
Springer Nature B.V
Schlagworte:
Allosteric properties
Anesthesia
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants - adverse effects
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines - adverse effects
Caregivers
Clonazepam
Clonazepam - therapeutic use
Convulsions & seizures
Diazepam
Diazepam - therapeutic use
Drug dosages
Epilepsy
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - therapeutic use
Humans
Intranasal administration
Intravenous administration
Lorazepam
Lorazepam - therapeutic use
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolism
Midazolam
Mortality
Neurology
Neurosciences
Patients
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotherapy
Psychiatry
Psychopharmacology
Review
Review Article
Seizures
Seizures - drug therapy
Status Epilepticus - drug therapy
γ-Aminobutyric acid
ISSN:1172-7047, 1179-1934, 1179-1934
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute, life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate, effective therapy. Therefore, the acute care of prolonged seizures and SE is a constant challenge for healthcare professionals, in both the pre-hospital and the in-hospital settings. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the first-line treatment for SE worldwide due to their efficacy, tolerability, and rapid onset of action. Although all BZDs act as allosteric modulators at the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, the individual agents have different efficacy profiles and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, some of which differ significantly. The conventional BZDs clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam differ mainly in their durations of action and available routes of administration. In addition to the common intravenous, intramuscular and rectal administrations that have long been established in the acute treatment of SE, other administration routes for BZDs—such as intranasal administration—have been developed in recent years, with some preparations already commercially available. Most recently, the intrapulmonary administration of BZDs via an inhaler has been investigated. This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the efficacy and tolerability of different BZDs, with a focus on different routes of administration and therapeutic specificities for different patient groups, and offers an outlook on potential future drug developments for the treatment of prolonged seizures and SE. Graphical Abstract
AbstractList Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute, life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate, effective therapy. Therefore, the acute care of prolonged seizures and SE is a constant challenge for healthcare professionals, in both the pre-hospital and the in-hospital settings. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the first-line treatment for SE worldwide due to their efficacy, tolerability, and rapid onset of action. Although all BZDs act as allosteric modulators at the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor, the individual agents have different efficacy profiles and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, some of which differ significantly. The conventional BZDs clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam differ mainly in their durations of action and available routes of administration. In addition to the common intravenous, intramuscular and rectal administrations that have long been established in the acute treatment of SE, other administration routes for BZDs-such as intranasal administration-have been developed in recent years, with some preparations already commercially available. Most recently, the intrapulmonary administration of BZDs via an inhaler has been investigated. This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the efficacy and tolerability of different BZDs, with a focus on different routes of administration and therapeutic specificities for different patient groups, and offers an outlook on potential future drug developments for the treatment of prolonged seizures and SE.Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute, life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate, effective therapy. Therefore, the acute care of prolonged seizures and SE is a constant challenge for healthcare professionals, in both the pre-hospital and the in-hospital settings. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the first-line treatment for SE worldwide due to their efficacy, tolerability, and rapid onset of action. Although all BZDs act as allosteric modulators at the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor, the individual agents have different efficacy profiles and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, some of which differ significantly. The conventional BZDs clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam differ mainly in their durations of action and available routes of administration. In addition to the common intravenous, intramuscular and rectal administrations that have long been established in the acute treatment of SE, other administration routes for BZDs-such as intranasal administration-have been developed in recent years, with some preparations already commercially available. Most recently, the intrapulmonary administration of BZDs via an inhaler has been investigated. This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the efficacy and tolerability of different BZDs, with a focus on different routes of administration and therapeutic specificities for different patient groups, and offers an outlook on potential future drug developments for the treatment of prolonged seizures and SE.
Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute, life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate, effective therapy. Therefore, the acute care of prolonged seizures and SE is a constant challenge for healthcare professionals, in both the pre-hospital and the in-hospital settings. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the first-line treatment for SE worldwide due to their efficacy, tolerability, and rapid onset of action. Although all BZDs act as allosteric modulators at the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, the individual agents have different efficacy profiles and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, some of which differ significantly. The conventional BZDs clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam differ mainly in their durations of action and available routes of administration. In addition to the common intravenous, intramuscular and rectal administrations that have long been established in the acute treatment of SE, other administration routes for BZDs-such as intranasal administration-have been developed in recent years, with some preparations already commercially available. Most recently, the intrapulmonary administration of BZDs via an inhaler has been investigated. This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the efficacy and tolerability of different BZDs, with a focus on different routes of administration and therapeutic specificities for different patient groups, and offers an outlook on potential future drug developments for the treatment of prolonged seizures and SE.
Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute, life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate, effective therapy. Therefore, the acute care of prolonged seizures and SE is a constant challenge for healthcare professionals, in both the pre-hospital and the in-hospital settings. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the first-line treatment for SE worldwide due to their efficacy, tolerability, and rapid onset of action. Although all BZDs act as allosteric modulators at the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, the individual agents have different efficacy profiles and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, some of which differ significantly. The conventional BZDs clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam differ mainly in their durations of action and available routes of administration. In addition to the common intravenous, intramuscular and rectal administrations that have long been established in the acute treatment of SE, other administration routes for BZDs—such as intranasal administration—have been developed in recent years, with some preparations already commercially available. Most recently, the intrapulmonary administration of BZDs via an inhaler has been investigated. This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the efficacy and tolerability of different BZDs, with a focus on different routes of administration and therapeutic specificities for different patient groups, and offers an outlook on potential future drug developments for the treatment of prolonged seizures and SE. Graphical Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute, life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate, effective therapy. Therefore, the acute care of prolonged seizures and SE is a constant challenge for healthcare professionals, in both the pre-hospital and the in-hospital settings. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the first-line treatment for SE worldwide due to their efficacy, tolerability, and rapid onset of action. Although all BZDs act as allosteric modulators at the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor, the individual agents have different efficacy profiles and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, some of which differ significantly. The conventional BZDs clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam differ mainly in their durations of action and available routes of administration. In addition to the common intravenous, intramuscular and rectal administrations that have long been established in the acute treatment of SE, other administration routes for BZDs-such as intranasal administration-have been developed in recent years, with some preparations already commercially available. Most recently, the intrapulmonary administration of BZDs via an inhaler has been investigated. This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the efficacy and tolerability of different BZDs, with a focus on different routes of administration and therapeutic specificities for different patient groups, and offers an outlook on potential future drug developments for the treatment of prolonged seizures and SE.
Author Gelhard, Sarah
Mann, Catrin
Rosenow, Felix
Zöllner, Johann-Philipp
Willems, Laurent M.
Schäfer, Jan-Hendrik
Siebenbrodt, Kai
Beuchat, Isabelle
Kienitz, Ricardo
Kay, Lara
von Brauchitsch, Sophie
Schubert-Bast, Susanne
Strzelczyk, Adam
Lucaciu, Alexandra
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Ricardo
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2328-3413
  surname: Kienitz
  fullname: Kienitz, Ricardo
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Lara
  surname: Kay
  fullname: Kay, Lara
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Isabelle
  surname: Beuchat
  fullname: Beuchat, Isabelle
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre hospitalier universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Sarah
  surname: Gelhard
  fullname: Gelhard, Sarah
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Sophie
  surname: von Brauchitsch
  fullname: von Brauchitsch, Sophie
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Catrin
  surname: Mann
  fullname: Mann, Catrin
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Alexandra
  surname: Lucaciu
  fullname: Lucaciu, Alexandra
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Jan-Hendrik
  surname: Schäfer
  fullname: Schäfer, Jan-Hendrik
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Kai
  surname: Siebenbrodt
  fullname: Siebenbrodt, Kai
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Johann-Philipp
  surname: Zöllner
  fullname: Zöllner, Johann-Philipp
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Susanne
  surname: Schubert-Bast
  fullname: Schubert-Bast, Susanne
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Department of Neuropaediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Felix
  surname: Rosenow
  fullname: Rosenow, Felix
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 13
  givenname: Adam
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6288-9915
  surname: Strzelczyk
  fullname: Strzelczyk, Adam
  email: strzelczyk@med.uni-frankfurt.de
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt
– sequence: 14
  givenname: Laurent M.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-8226-1674
  surname: Willems
  fullname: Willems, Laurent M.
  organization: Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35971024$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9kstu1DAUhi1URC_wAiyQJTYsGvAtccwCqZThIhWB2rK2PM7JjEvGDnYyaOYxeGKcTsuli658pPP9v_-jcw7Rng8eEHpKyUtKiHyVBGEVLwhjBSFKkII9QAeUSlVQxcXedc0KSYTcR4cpXRFCBK-qR2ifl0pSwsQB-vUW_DY0zmyhdx4Sdh4PS8CfjTcLWIEfcGjxBbjtGHPX-AZfDGYYE571roN-cHZMr_EJPoe1g58TfB7GIaO5egedW0PcHOOvSxNXxobv-Y8sScd41rbOGpt7k-dl6CCauevcsHmMHramS_Dk5j1C397PLk8_FmdfPnw6PTkrrJBiKBpDWwatqkpTt00FpAQ-l6WprKRKGEpEIyWXtDICajYnUBlLgDWKlpzRUvIj9Gbn24_zFTQ2zxpNp_voViZudDBO_9_xbqkXYa2VkFIxmg1e3BjE8GOENOiVSxa6zngIY9JMEqZkmbeU0ed30KswRp_HyxQta8FFXWfq2b-J_kS5XVcG6h1gY0gpQquty9twYQroOk2Jni5D7y5D58vQ15ehpwTsjvTW_V4R34lShv0C4t_Y96h-A593zKc
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1055_s_0044_1787808
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2024_110105
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jddst_2024_106173
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajp_2024_104246
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pediatrneurol_2024_04_021
crossref_primary_10_56083_RCV5N5_021
crossref_primary_10_2147_TCRM_S441152
crossref_primary_10_1111_epi_18453
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40263_023_01049_w
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jconrel_2025_114250
crossref_primary_10_1212_CPJ_0000000000200529
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12883_025_04323_0
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40263_023_01013_8
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2025_1592014
crossref_primary_10_36740_EmeMS202502107
crossref_primary_10_1186_s42494_025_00202_w
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10309_023_00622_z
crossref_primary_10_1111_jnc_15932
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00134_023_07263_w
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2025_106242
crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2025_1615079
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_84440_x
crossref_primary_10_1002_ccr3_8864
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11910_023_01261_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuint_2024_105704
crossref_primary_10_3892_etm_2023_11896
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopha_2024_117148
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40263_025_01213_4
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2024_1432726
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40120_024_00627_4
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics15020678
crossref_primary_10_1055_a_2151_0390
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12028_024_01971_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eplepsyres_2025_107544
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40263_023_01060_1
crossref_primary_10_1002_epd2_20243
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10309_023_00640_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_talanta_2023_125238
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuint_2024_105796
crossref_primary_10_1080_07853890_2025_2496797
crossref_primary_10_1080_17568919_2024_2400968
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10309_025_00773_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2025_110644
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2023_109459
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41572_024_00546_6
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00198_024_07225_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ebr_2023_100612
crossref_primary_10_1523_JNEUROSCI_2029_23_2024
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40263_023_01012_9
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seizure_2024_04_005
crossref_primary_10_1097_MD_0000000000040333
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2022_1042594
crossref_primary_10_3390_jpm15080385
crossref_primary_10_1186_s42466_023_00261_9
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13613_024_01390_3
crossref_primary_10_1016_S1474_4422_24_00430_7
crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2024_1371282
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11910_024_01350_1
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11606_025_09499_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugalcdep_2025_112708
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brainresbull_2023_110821
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seizure_2025_02_007
crossref_primary_10_1055_a_2115_0674
crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_adx2050
crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2022_1089094
crossref_primary_10_1002_epi4_70035
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40120_024_00628_3
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brainres_2024_149207
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccc_2025_05_005
crossref_primary_10_1111_1742_6723_14432
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms26157578
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pharma_2025_03_004
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seizure_2023_07_022
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seizure_2022_11_007
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10309_023_00619_8
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2024_1341472
Cites_doi 10.1159/000069089
10.1177/088307380201700206
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05328.x
10.1111/epi.16449
10.1212/01.wnl.0000180685.84547.7f
10.1007/s40263-020-00724-6
10.1111/epi.12373
10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350
10.2165/11590250-000000000-00000
10.1007/BF00431449
10.4137/CMPed.S8330
10.1007/BF02244106
10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb15014.x
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.08.006
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1971.tb04928.x
10.1136/adc.61.2.186
10.1001/archneur.59.12.1915
10.1002/acn3.50932
10.1111/epi.12755
10.1007/s40265-015-0454-2
10.1111/epi.13056
10.1016/j.ejpn.2009.02.004
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02444.x
10.1515/jpme.1973.1.2.133
10.1111/epi.14729
10.1542/peds.2007-0930
10.1007/s40263-016-0398-4
10.1007/s40263-013-0075-9
10.1248/bpb.22.425
10.1016/S0022-3476(86)81065-4
10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.27500.x
10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.01.003
10.1038/clpt.1989.41
10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03576.x
10.1038/clpt.2011.316
10.1097/MCC.0000000000000661
10.1097/00006565-199704000-00002
10.1212/WNL.43.3_Part_1.483
10.1097/TME.0000000000000064
10.1056/NEJMoa002141
10.1177/0883073807306248
10.1007/s40263-018-0544-2
10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02917.x
10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.3.5.x
10.1124/jpet.110.173591
10.1111/j.1600-0404.1967.tb02102.x
10.1002/j.1552-4604.1976.tb01531.x
10.1111/epi.15159
10.1586/14737175.2015.1056781
10.1007/s00415-016-8140-1
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02327.x
10.1111/epi.16300
10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.449
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.002
10.1177/000992280504400904
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01375.x
10.1007/s11910-011-0207-x
10.1111/j.1651-2227.1981.tb16565.x
10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0609
10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00042-3
10.1177/0883073810368312
10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02333.x
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02047.x
10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0520
10.1177/088307389801300104
10.1053/seiz.2001.0635
10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.130
10.2165/11209320-000000000-00000
10.1212/WNL.38.2.202
10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02949.x
10.1177/088307380201700203
10.1007/BF02246454
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.01.001
10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01588.x
10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.11.007
10.1016/0887-8994(88)90083-5
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.02.018
10.1007/BF02724074
10.5694/j.1326-5377.1973.tb110623.x
10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.05.014
10.1097/WCO.0000000000000177
10.1111/epi.12685
10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.09.048
10.1136/bmj.321.7253.83
10.1007/s40262-016-0486-0
10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.05.009
10.1056/NEJMoa1107494
10.1056/NEJM199809173391202
10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00296-3
10.1007/s00415-012-6659-3
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.10.001
10.33588/rn.4206.2004365
10.1021/cn5000056
10.2165/00003088-198106020-00001
10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01474.x
10.1001/jama.2014.2625
10.1007/s100720200058
10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00230-9
10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1268
10.1111/epi.16825
10.1111/j.1469-8749.1971.tb08328.x
10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48
10.1007/BF02758299
10.1007/s12098-011-0505-y
10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68696-0
10.3233/JPD-120142
10.1001/jama.1983.03330350028021
10.1111/epi.12905
10.18433/J30S31
10.1111/epi.13121
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07532.1997
10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70141-8
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1980.tb04049.x
10.1002/epi4.12237
10.1002/ana.410070521
10.1212/WNL.0000000000000623
10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03420.x
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05824.x
10.2165/00003088-199835010-00003
10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01170.x
10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.272001
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.10.005
10.1016/j.braindev.2008.11.006
10.1212/WNL.51.5_Suppl_4.S8
10.1212/WNL.51.5.1274
10.1016/S0278-5846(82)80146-2
10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06425-3
10.1016/S1090-3798(99)80016-6
10.1002/ana.410060305
10.1016/S0736-4679(97)00022-X
10.1111/epi.16279
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.04.007
10.1016/j.clinph.2011.08.011
10.1111/j.1472-8206.1993.tb00219.x
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.001
10.2165/00003495-197612050-00001
10.1177/0091270005280861
10.1001/archneurol.2010.337
10.1136/jnnp.47.3.235
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02000.x
10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.017
10.1212/01.WNL.0000053748.83309.28
10.1016/S0887-8994(98)00156-8
10.1177/00912700122012779
10.1111/epi.13837
10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07.021
10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.09.006
10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66909-7
10.1007/s00415-011-6227-2
10.1016/j.medin.2014.04.003
10.2165/00003088-199936060-00003
10.1213/01.ane.0000226150.90317.16
10.1080/03639040802122977
10.1111/epi.14076
10.1177/0883073813493501
10.1002/jps.2600710227
10.2165/00003495-198121030-00001
10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03611.x
10.1056/NEJM199806253382602
10.1111/epi.13088
10.1007/s40263-020-00720-w
10.2165/00003088-197803010-00005
10.1055/s-0028-1091744
10.1212/WNL.37.2.190
10.1007/s40263-020-00747-z
10.1016/S0022-510X(09)70969-4
10.1002/ana.25416
10.1007/s10309-018-0204-z
10.5633/amm.2011.0214
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright The Author(s) 2022
2022. The Author(s).
Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Sep 2022
Copyright_xml – notice: The Author(s) 2022
– notice: 2022. The Author(s).
– notice: Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Sep 2022
DBID C6C
AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
3V.
4T-
7QP
7TK
7X7
7XB
88E
88G
8FI
8FJ
8FK
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
K9.
M0S
M1P
M2M
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
PSYQQ
Q9U
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1007/s40263-022-00940-2
DatabaseName Springer Nature Link
CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Docstoc
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
Neurosciences Abstracts
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
Psychology Database (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials - QC
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One
ProQuest Central Korea
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
Medical Database
Psychology Database
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic (retired)
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest One Psychology
ProQuest Central Basic
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
ProQuest One Psychology
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Health Research Premium Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni)
Neurosciences Abstracts
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest Psychology Journals
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Docstoc
ProQuest One Academic
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic
MEDLINE

ProQuest One Psychology
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology
EISSN 1179-1934
EndPage 975
ExternalDocumentID PMC9477921
35971024
10_1007_s40263_022_00940_2
Genre Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
Review
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main (1022)
– fundername: ;
GroupedDBID ---
-EM
0R~
29B
2JY
36B
3V.
4.4
406
53G
5GY
6I2
6PF
7X7
88E
8FI
8FJ
8R4
8R5
95.
AAAUJ
AACDK
AADNT
AAIAL
AAIKX
AAJKR
AAKAS
AASML
AATNV
AAWTL
AAYQN
AAYTO
ABAKF
ABDZT
ABFTV
ABIPD
ABIVO
ABJNI
ABJOX
ABKCH
ABKMS
ABKTR
ABPLI
ABTKH
ABTMW
ABUWG
ABWHX
ABXPI
ACAOD
ACCOQ
ACCUX
ACDTI
ACGFS
ACMLO
ACPIV
ACPRK
ACZOJ
ADBBV
ADFZG
ADHHG
ADJJI
ADQRH
ADRFC
ADURQ
ADZCM
ADZKW
AEBTG
AEFQL
AEJHL
AEJRE
AEMSY
AENEX
AEOHA
AEPYU
AESKC
AEYRQ
AFBBN
AFKRA
AFZKB
AGAYW
AGDGC
AGQEE
AGQMX
AGRTI
AHIZS
AHMBA
AHSBF
AIAKS
AIGIU
AILAN
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMKLP
AMXSW
AMYLF
ASPBG
AUKKA
AVWKF
AWSVR
AXYYD
AZFZN
AZQEC
A~4
BENPR
BGNMA
BPHCQ
BVXVI
BYPQX
C6C
CAG
CCPQU
COF
CS3
DCUDU
DPUIP
DU5
DWQXO
EBLON
EBS
EJD
EMOBN
ESX
F5P
FEDTE
FIGPU
FLLZZ
FNLPD
FSGXE
FYUFA
GNUQQ
H13
HG6
HMCUK
HVGLF
IAO
IEA
IHR
IMOTQ
INH
INR
IPY
ITC
IWAJR
J-C
JZLTJ
LLZTM
M1P
M2M
M4Y
NQJWS
NU0
O9-
OAC
OPC
OVD
P2P
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
PSYQQ
Q2X
ROL
RSV
RZALA
SISQX
SJYHP
SNPRN
SOHCF
SOJ
SPKJE
SRMVM
SSLCW
TEORI
TSG
U9L
UG4
UKHRP
UTJUX
VDBLX
VFIZW
W48
YFH
YQY
~JE
AAYXX
ABBRH
ABDBE
ABFSG
ABRTQ
ACSTC
AEZWR
AFDZB
AFFHD
AFHIU
AFOHR
AHWEU
AIXLP
ATHPR
AYFIA
CITATION
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PPXIY
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
4T-
7QP
7TK
7XB
8FK
K9.
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
7X8
PUEGO
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-da1f2ef965a8fd6e05e3b75a6c7194a104d773716a4e82b0e6ac0e2d915321573
IEDL.DBID RSV
ISICitedReferencesCount 85
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000840616100001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 1172-7047
1179-1934
IngestDate Tue Nov 04 02:07:03 EST 2025
Thu Sep 04 19:41:30 EDT 2025
Fri Nov 07 23:40:31 EST 2025
Thu Apr 03 07:03:35 EDT 2025
Tue Nov 18 21:55:07 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 06:09:13 EST 2025
Fri Feb 21 02:46:03 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 9
Language English
License 2022. The Author(s).
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c474t-da1f2ef965a8fd6e05e3b75a6c7194a104d773716a4e82b0e6ac0e2d915321573
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0003-2328-3413
0000-0001-6288-9915
0000-0001-8226-1674
OpenAccessLink https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40263-022-00940-2
PMID 35971024
PQID 2715843488
PQPubID 33311
PageCount 25
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9477921
proquest_miscellaneous_2702975402
proquest_journals_2715843488
pubmed_primary_35971024
crossref_citationtrail_10_1007_s40263_022_00940_2
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40263_022_00940_2
springer_journals_10_1007_s40263_022_00940_2
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2022-09-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-09-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 09
  year: 2022
  text: 2022-09-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Cham
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Cham
– name: New Zealand
– name: Auckland
PublicationTitle CNS drugs
PublicationTitleAbbrev CNS Drugs
PublicationTitleAlternate CNS Drugs
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher Springer International Publishing
Springer Nature B.V
Publisher_xml – name: Springer International Publishing
– name: Springer Nature B.V
References Arya, Gulati, Kabra, Sahu, Kalra (CR43) 2011; 52
Strzelczyk, Ansorge, Hapfelmeier, Bonthapally, Erder, Rosenow (CR19) 2017; 58
Kay, Reif, Belke, Bauer, Frund, Knake (CR67) 2015; 56
Chamberlain, Chamberlain (CR139) 2017; 69
Waltregny, Dargent (CR44) 1975; 75
Greenblatt, Ehrenberg, Gunderman, Scavone, Tai, Harmatz (CR157) 1989; 250
Rantsch, Walter, Wittstock, Benecke, Rosche (CR145) 2013; 107
Dhir, Zolkowska, Rogawski (CR167) 2013; 73
Malu, Kahamba, Walker, Mukampunga, Musalu, Kokolomani (CR137) 2014; 29
Appleton, Sweeney, Choonara, Robson, Molyneux (CR51) 1995; 37
CR154
Hooper, Dickinson, Dunstan, Pendlebury, Eadie (CR95) 1987; 24
Bergamini, Mutani, Liboni (CR200) 1970; 1
Garnock-Jones (CR178) 2012; 14
Misra, Kalita, Maurya (CR195) 2012; 259
Lahat, Goldman, Barr, Bistritzer, Berkovitch (CR125) 2000; 321
CR171
Rey, Treluyer, Pons (CR6) 1999; 36
McIntyre, Robertson, Norris, Appleton, Whitehouse, Phillips (CR12) 2005; 366
Thiessen, Sellers, Denbeigh, Dolman (CR93) 1976; 16
Lathers, Jim, Spivey (CR10) 1989; 30
Wermeling, Record, Kelly, Archer, Clinch, Rudy (CR60) 2006; 103
Scott, Besag, Boyd, Berry, Neville (CR13) 1998; 39
Remy, Jourdil, Villemain, Favel, Genton (CR108) 1992; 33
Lowenstein, Bleck, Macdonald (CR17) 1999; 40
Kadel, Bauer, Hermsen, Immisch, Kay, Klein (CR8) 2018; 32
Walker, Homan, Vasko, Crawford, Bell, Tasker (CR45) 1979; 6
Lacey, Singer, Horwitz, Gilmore (CR192) 1986; 108
Wermeling, Record, Archer, Rudy (CR59) 2009; 83
Neligan, Noyce, Gosavi, Shorvon, Kohler, Walker (CR20) 2019; 76
Ulgey, Aksu, Bicer (CR63) 2012; 6
CR136
Smith, Masotti (CR111) 1971; 13
Keating (CR162) 2013; 27
Meierkord, Boon, Engelsen, Gocke, Shorvon, Tinuper (CR140) 2010; 17
Sorel, Mechler, Harmant (CR147) 1981; 4
Leppee, Culig, Eric, Sijanovic (CR88) 2010; 110
Henriksen (CR114) 1967; 43
Der-Nigoghossian, Rubinos, Alkhachroum, Claassen (CR182) 2019; 25
Tonekaboni, Shamsabadi, Anvari, Mazrooei, Ghofrani (CR129) 2012; 22
Shah, Deshmukh (CR123) 2005; 72
Hogan, Gidal, Koplowitz, Koplowitz, Lowenthal, Carrazana (CR186) 2020; 61
Gizurarson, Gudbrandsson, Jonsson, Bechgaard (CR97) 1999; 22
Henney, Sperling, Rabinowicz, Bream, Carrazana (CR102) 2014; 108
Tridon, Weber (CR207) 1973; 49
Anderson (CR172) 2002; 43
Haschke, Suter, Hofmann, Witschi, Frohlich, Imanidis (CR57) 2010; 69
Pellock (CR106) 1998; 51
Rogalski, Rogalski (CR180) 2015; 37
Kay, Merkel, von Blomberg, Willems, Bauer, Reif (CR66) 2019; 6
Ameer, Greenblatt (CR41) 1981; 21
Wermeling, Miller, Archer, Manaligod, Rudy (CR183) 2001; 41
Garnett, Barr, Edinboro, Karnes, Mesa, Wannarka (CR100) 2011; 93
Sakata, Onishi, Machida (CR152) 2008; 34
Greenblatt, Blaskovich, Nuwayser, Harmatz, Chen, Zinny (CR153) 2005; 45
Martin, Hirt (CR206) 1973; 4
Glauser, Shinnar, Gloss, Alldredge, Arya, Bainbridge (CR38) 2016; 16
Ashrafi, Khosroshahi, Karimi, Malamiri, Bavarian, Zarch (CR132) 2010; 14
Silbergleit, Durkalski, Lowenstein, Conwit, Pancioli, Palesch (CR48) 2012; 366
Abou-Khalil, Wheless, Rogin, Wolter, Pixton, Shukla (CR103) 2013; 54
Grosset, Malek, Morgan, Grosset (CR163) 2013; 3
Rogin, Wheless, Abou-Khalil, Wolter, Pixton, Sherman (CR104) 2014; 55
Betjemann, Lowenstein (CR1) 2015; 14
Mandelli, Tognoni, Garattini (CR90) 1978; 3
Singhi, Banerjee, Singhi (CR113) 1998; 13
Alvarez, Lee, Drislane, Westover, Novy, Dworetzky (CR53) 2015; 56
Singh, Le Morvan (CR146) 1982; 6
Smith, Kroboth, Vanderlugt, Phillips, Juhl (CR169) 1984; 84
Holsti, Dudley, Schunk, Adelgais, Greenberg, Olsen (CR14) 2010; 164
Greenblatt (CR42) 1981; 6
Ivaturi, Riss, Kriel, Cloyd (CR99) 2009; 120
Mittal, Manohar, Rawat (CR130) 2006; 73
Schubert-Bast, Zollner, Ansorge, Hapfelmeier, Bonthapally, Eldar-Lissai (CR3) 2019; 60
Talukdar, Chakrabarty (CR128) 2009; 31
Treiman (CR40) 1989; 30
Chen, Gao, Su, Zhao, Zhang, Wang (CR116) 2011; 18
Sirsi (CR138) 2011; 68
De Haan, Van Der Geest, Doelman, Bertram, Edelbroek (CR83) 2010; 51
Lamson, Sitki-Green, Wannarka, Mesa, Andrews, Pellock (CR101) 2011; 31
Kriel, Cloyd, Pellock, Mitchell, Cereghino, Rosman (CR112) 1999; 20
Sathe, Underwood, Coles, Elm, Silbergleit, Chamberlain (CR23) 2021; 62
Humphries, Eiland (CR5) 2013; 18
Scott, Besag, Neville (CR75) 1999; 353
Singhi, Murthy, Singhi, Jayashree (CR118) 2002; 17
Sutter, Tschudin-Sutter, Grize, Fuhr, Bonten, Widmer (CR160) 2012; 53
Jeannet, Roulet, Maeder-Ingvar, Gehri, Jutzi, Deonna (CR188) 1999; 3
Vozeh (CR94) 1981; 111
Herzog, Frye (CR33) 2014; 83
Seree, Pisano, Placidi, Rahmani, Barra (CR155) 1993; 7
Martinez, Sullivan, Hauser (CR27) 2009; 87
Alldredge, Gelb, Isaacs, Corry, Allen, Ulrich (CR22) 2001; 345
Trinka, Hofler, Leitinger, Brigo (CR181) 2015; 75
Kutlu, Dogrul, Yakinci, Soylu (CR76) 2003; 25
Mitchell, Conry, Crumrine, Kriel, Cereghino, Groves (CR109) 1999; 40
Huybrechts (CR170) 1991; 13
Bladin (CR203) 1973; 1
Qureshi, Wassmer, Davies, Berry, Whitehouse (CR49) 2002; 11
Detyniecki, Van Ess, Sequeira, Wheless, Meng, Pullman (CR79) 2019; 60
Sutter, Kaplan (CR85) 2020; 34
CR25
CR24
Lau, Ma, Wang, Smith (CR184) 1996; 126
Gathwala, Goel, Singh, Mittal (CR120) 2012; 79
Haut, Lipton, LeValley, Hall, Shinnar (CR31) 2005; 65
Mehta, Singhi, Singhi (CR117) 2007; 22
Maguire, Nevitt (CR34) 2019; 10
Greenblatt, Divoll, Harmatz, Shader (CR39) 1982; 71
Prasad, Worrall, Bertram, Bleck (CR70) 2001; 42
Shangguan, Liao, Wang (CR185) 2015; 15
Leppik, Derivan, Homan, Walker, Ramsay, Patrick (CR46) 1983; 249
Trinka, Cock, Hesdorffer, Rossetti, Scheffer, Shinnar (CR16) 2015; 56
Ulvi, Yoldas, Müngen, Yigiter (CR69) 2002; 23
Lowenstein, Alldredge (CR21) 1993; 43
Pinder, Brogden, Speight, Avery (CR144) 1976; 12
Kapur, Macdonald (CR11) 1997; 17
CR37
Detyniecki, Van Ess, Sequeira, Wheless, Meng, Pullman (CR197) 2019; 60
Gastaut, Courjon, Poire, Weber (CR142) 1971; 12
Welch, Nicholas, Durkalski-Mauldin, Lowenstein, Conwit, Mahajan (CR52) 2015; 56
Anderson, Saneto (CR7) 2012; 64
French, Wechsler, Gelfand, Pollard, Vazquez, Friedman (CR164) 2019; 60
Blumer (CR174) 1998; 35
Ivaturi, Riss, Kriel, Siegel, Cloyd (CR98) 2009; 84
Cereghino, Mitchell, Murphy, Kriel, Rosenfeld, Trevathan (CR29) 1998; 51
CR201
Chamberlain, Capparelli, Brown, Vance, Lillis, Mahajan (CR176) 2012; 160
CR202
Xi, Zheng, Zhen, Xian (CR165) 1994; 35
Giang, McBride (CR194) 1988; 4
Ferastraoaru, Goldenholz, Chiang, Moss, Theodore, Haut (CR35) 2018; 3
Bhattacharyya, Kalra, Gulati (CR135) 2006; 34
Baysun, Aydin, Atmaca, Gurer (CR133) 2005; 44
Greenblatt, Ehrenberg, Gunderman, Locniskar, Scavone, Harmatz (CR156) 1989; 45
Goldenholz, Rakesh, Kapur, Gainza-Lein, Hodgeman, Moss (CR36) 2018; 59
CR56
CR55
Guterman, Betjemann, Aimetti, Li, Wang, Yin (CR161) 2021; 78
Ketz, Bernoulli, Siegfried (CR204) 1973; 53
Kazmi, Abbas, Khurshid, Sahr, Malhi, Hanif (CR189) 2020; 2
Gonzalez, Chamberlain, Guptill, Cohen-Wolkowiez, Harper, Zhao (CR175) 2017; 56
Cereghino, Cloyd, Kuzniecky (CR105) 2002; 59
Nordt, Clark (CR54) 1997; 15
Fisgin, Gurer, Tezic, Senbil, Zorlu, Okuyaz (CR134) 2002; 17
Crevoisier, Delisle, Joseph, Foletti (CR151) 2003; 49
Galdames-Contreras, Carrasco-Poblete, Aguilera-Olivares, Fabres-Oyarzo, Galdames-Poblete (CR73) 2006; 42
Chin, Neville, Peckham, Wade, Bedford, Scott (CR196) 2008; 7
Javadzadeh, Sheibani, Hashemieh, Saneifard (CR127) 2012; 22
CR65
CR64
CR62
CR61
Morselli, Principi, Tognoni, Reali, Belvedere, Standen (CR173) 1973; 1
Di Gennaro, Picardi, Sparano, Mascia, Meldolesi, Grammaldo (CR32) 2012; 123
Ahmad, Ellis, Kamwendo, Molyneux (CR187) 2006; 367
Rosenow, Diener, Weimar (CR18) 2012
Dreifuss, Rosman, Cloyd, Pellock, Kuzniecky, Lo (CR28) 1998; 338
Kruse, Blankenhorn (CR205) 1973; 53
CR199
CR71
Tang, Zhou (CR119) 2010; 12
Knoester, Jonker, Van Der Hoeven, Vermeij, Edelbroek, Brekelmans (CR58) 2002; 53
Congdon, Forsythe (CR141) 1980; 21
Owusu, Dhakar, Bautista, McKimmy, Cotugno, Sukumar (CR84) 2019; 98
Chamberlain, Altieri, Futterman, Young, Ochsenschlager, Waisman (CR72) 1997; 13
CR89
CR87
Roberg, Monsson, Kristensen, Dahl, Ulvin, Heuser (CR2) 2022; 79
Mpimbaza, Ndeezi, Staedke, Rosenthal, Byarugaba (CR131) 2008; 121
Rose, McCabe, Gilliam, Smith, Boggs, Ficker (CR30) 2003; 60
Troester, Hastriter, Ng (CR148) 2010; 25
Rylance, Poulton, Cherry, Cullen (CR150) 1986; 61
Mahmoudian, Mohammad (CR81) 2004; 5
Haut (CR26) 2015; 28
Kutlu, Dogrul, Yakinci, Soylu (CR190) 2003; 25
Hoppu, Santavuori (CR115) 1981; 70
Treiman, Meyers, Walton, Collins, Colling, Rowan (CR47) 1998; 339
Portela, Garcia, Piva, Barcelos, Bruno, Branco (CR124) 2015; 39
Shaner, McCurdy, Herring, Gabor (CR122) 1988; 38
Navarro, Dagron, Elie, Lamhaut, Demeret, Urien (CR143) 2016; 15
Calcaterra, Barrow (CR86) 2014; 5
Nakken, Lossius (CR77) 2011; 124
Lahat, Goldman, Barr, Bistritzer, Berkovitch (CR82) 2000; 321
Wheless, Meng, Van Ess, Detyniecki, Sequeira, Pullman (CR80) 2019; 60
Dhir, Zolkowska, Murphy, Rogawski (CR166) 2011; 336
CR179
Klotz, Antonin, Bieck (CR91) 1976; 199
CR177
Sperling, Haas, Krauss, Seif Eddeine, Henney, Rabinowicz (CR92) 2014; 55
Thakker, Shanbag (CR15) 2013; 260
Semmlack, Tschudin-Sutter, Widmer, Valenca, Ruegg, Marsch (CR159) 2016; 263
Chamberlain, Okada, Holsti, Mahajan, Brown, Vance (CR50) 2014; 311
Mula (CR9) 2017; 31
Greenblatt, Sethy (CR158) 1990; 102
Mahmoudian, Zadeh (CR126) 2004; 5
Momen, Azizi Malamiri, Nikkhah, Jafari, Fayezi, Riahi (CR74) 2015; 19
Abdel-Bar, Abdel-Reheem, Awad, Mortada (CR149) 2013; 16
Griffith, Karp (CR191) 1980; 7
Ait-Daoud, Hamby, Sharma, Blevins (CR168) 2018; 12
Crawford, Mitchell, Snodgrass (CR193) 1987; 37
von Blomberg, Kay, Knake, Fuest, Zollner, Reif (CR68) 2020; 34
Poukas, Pollard, Anderson (CR4) 2011; 11
Sreenath, Gupta, Sharma, Krishnamurthy (CR121) 2010; 14
Agarwal, Kriel, Brundage, Ivaturi, Cloyd (CR96) 2013; 105
Milligan, Dhillon, Griffiths, Oxley, Richens (CR110) 1984; 47
Fakhoury, Chumley, Bensalem-Owen (CR107) 2007; 11
Acharya, Adamova, Adler, Adolfsson, Aglieri Rinella, Agnello (CR198) 2021; 127
Hardmeier, Zimmermann, Rüegg, Pflüger, Deuster, Suter (CR78) 2012; 91
S Semmlack (940_CR159) 2016; 263
A Kazmi (940_CR189) 2020; 2
940_CR89
940_CR87
DW Giang (940_CR194) 1988; 4
SK Agarwal (940_CR96) 2013; 105
DJ Greenblatt (940_CR156) 1989; 45
M Mandelli (940_CR90) 1978; 3
HM Abdel-Bar (940_CR149) 2013; 16
JM Chamberlain (940_CR176) 2012; 160
DP Wermeling (940_CR60) 2006; 103
PA Griffith (940_CR191) 1980; 7
GW Rylance (940_CR150) 1986; 61
AG Sathe (940_CR23) 2021; 62
940_CR71
UK Misra (940_CR195) 2012; 259
LE Roberg (940_CR2) 2022; 79
A Strzelczyk (940_CR19) 2017; 58
L Sorel (940_CR147) 1981; 4
MJ Lamson (940_CR101) 2011; 31
IE Leppik (940_CR46) 1983; 249
AA Momen (940_CR74) 2015; 19
C Der-Nigoghossian (940_CR182) 2019; 25
KA Owusu (940_CR84) 2019; 98
N Ait-Daoud (940_CR168) 2018; 12
D Gonzalez (940_CR175) 2017; 56
S Gizurarson (940_CR97) 1999; 22
A Dhir (940_CR167) 2013; 73
J Kadel (940_CR8) 2018; 32
DJ Greenblatt (940_CR39) 1982; 71
J Kapur (940_CR11) 1997; 17
D Martin (940_CR206) 1973; 4
LK Humphries (940_CR5) 2013; 18
DM Shaner (940_CR122) 1988; 38
940_CR202
R Arya (940_CR43) 2011; 52
EJ Seree (940_CR155) 1993; 7
A Dhir (940_CR166) 2011; 336
940_CR201
RD Welch (940_CR52) 2015; 56
H Meierkord (940_CR140) 2010; 17
NM Milligan (940_CR110) 1984; 47
H Ulvi (940_CR69) 2002; 23
GD Anderson (940_CR172) 2002; 43
DJ Greenblatt (940_CR42) 1981; 6
WB Chen (940_CR116) 2011; 18
T Mahmoudian (940_CR126) 2004; 5
RM Pinder (940_CR144) 1976; 12
AN Singh (940_CR146) 1982; 6
DJ Greenblatt (940_CR157) 1989; 250
JA French (940_CR164) 2019; 60
MJ Maguire (940_CR34) 2019; 10
LY Xi (940_CR165) 1994; 35
JJ Cereghino (940_CR105) 2002; 59
K Detyniecki (940_CR197) 2019; 60
JM Pellock (940_CR106) 1998; 51
KP Garnock-Jones (940_CR178) 2012; 14
D Sirsi (940_CR138) 2011; 68
DM Treiman (940_CR47) 1998; 339
A Neligan (940_CR20) 2019; 76
PF Bladin (940_CR203) 1973; 1
V Alvarez (940_CR53) 2015; 56
JW Wheless (940_CR80) 2019; 60
RF Chin (940_CR196) 2008; 7
L Kay (940_CR67) 2015; 56
M Leppee (940_CR88) 2010; 110
RB Smith (940_CR169) 1984; 84
WG Mitchell (940_CR109) 1999; 40
I Huybrechts (940_CR170) 1991; 13
D Galdames-Contreras (940_CR73) 2006; 42
O Sakata (940_CR152) 2008; 34
PD Knoester (940_CR58) 2002; 53
BT Smith (940_CR111) 1971; 13
SR Haut (940_CR26) 2015; 28
R Kruse (940_CR205) 1973; 53
T Mahmoudian (940_CR81) 2004; 5
M Javadzadeh (940_CR127) 2012; 22
JJ Cereghino (940_CR29) 1998; 51
NE Calcaterra (940_CR86) 2014; 5
PJ Congdon (940_CR141) 1980; 21
DJ Greenblatt (940_CR158) 1990; 102
R Appleton (940_CR51) 1995; 37
HR Henney 3rd (940_CR102) 2014; 108
C Remy (940_CR108) 1992; 33
C Crevoisier (940_CR151) 2003; 49
E Trinka (940_CR181) 2015; 75
AB Rose (940_CR30) 2003; 60
JE Walker (940_CR45) 1979; 6
JM Chamberlain (940_CR50) 2014; 311
GM Keating (940_CR162) 2013; 27
CE Lau (940_CR184) 1996; 126
Y Shangguan (940_CR185) 2015; 15
NO Kutlu (940_CR76) 2003; 25
B Ameer (940_CR41) 1981; 21
S Ahmad (940_CR187) 2006; 367
RC Scott (940_CR75) 1999; 353
VD Ivaturi (940_CR98) 2009; 84
J McIntyre (940_CR12) 2005; 366
PB Henriksen (940_CR114) 1967; 43
DP Wermeling (940_CR183) 2001; 41
DP Wermeling (940_CR59) 2009; 83
RE Hogan (940_CR186) 2020; 61
S Schubert-Bast (940_CR3) 2019; 60
940_CR136
MR Ashrafi (940_CR132) 2010; 14
R Silbergleit (940_CR48) 2012; 366
S Singhi (940_CR113) 1998; 13
H Gastaut (940_CR142) 1971; 12
DJ Greenblatt (940_CR153) 2005; 45
L Kay (940_CR66) 2019; 6
S Baysun (940_CR133) 2005; 44
RL Kriel (940_CR112) 1999; 20
J Rogin (940_CR104) 2014; 55
E Lahat (940_CR125) 2000; 321
KO Nakken (940_CR77) 2011; 124
A Waltregny (940_CR44) 1975; 75
MM Troester (940_CR148) 2010; 25
G Di Gennaro (940_CR32) 2012; 123
E Lahat (940_CR82) 2000; 321
E Ketz (940_CR204) 1973; 53
DM Treiman (940_CR40) 1989; 30
940_CR24
T Fakhoury (940_CR107) 2007; 11
CM Lathers (940_CR10) 1989; 30
PL Morselli (940_CR173) 1973; 1
F Rosenow (940_CR18) 2012
940_CR25
P Tridon (940_CR207) 1973; 49
RH Tang (940_CR119) 2010; 12
V Navarro (940_CR143) 2016; 15
L Bergamini (940_CR200) 1970; 1
TO Crawford (940_CR193) 1987; 37
B Talukdar (940_CR128) 2009; 31
AG Herzog (940_CR33) 2014; 83
M Hardmeier (940_CR78) 2012; 91
940_CR154
FE Dreifuss (940_CR28) 1998; 338
S Singhi (940_CR118) 2002; 17
EL Guterman (940_CR161) 2021; 78
GD Anderson (940_CR7) 2012; 64
G Gathwala (940_CR120) 2012; 79
VS Poukas (940_CR4) 2011; 11
A Mpimbaza (940_CR131) 2008; 121
DJ Lacey (940_CR192) 1986; 108
P Mittal (940_CR130) 2006; 73
A Ulgey (940_CR63) 2012; 6
DM Goldenholz (940_CR36) 2018; 59
V Ferastraoaru (940_CR35) 2018; 3
K Detyniecki (940_CR79) 2019; 60
VD Ivaturi (940_CR99) 2009; 120
NO Kutlu (940_CR190) 2003; 25
JP Betjemann (940_CR1) 2015; 14
K Hoppu (940_CR115) 1981; 70
E Trinka (940_CR16) 2015; 56
T Fisgin (940_CR134) 2002; 17
A von Blomberg (940_CR68) 2020; 34
R Rogalski (940_CR180) 2015; 37
V Mehta (940_CR117) 2007; 22
BK Alldredge (940_CR22) 2001; 345
T Glauser (940_CR38) 2016; 16
940_CR171
RC Scott (940_CR13) 1998; 39
C Martinez (940_CR27) 2009; 87
940_CR179
940_CR177
940_CR37
E Rey (940_CR6) 1999; 36
SH Tonekaboni (940_CR129) 2012; 22
M Bhattacharyya (940_CR135) 2006; 34
MR Sperling (940_CR92) 2014; 55
I Shah (940_CR123) 2005; 72
JJ Thiessen (940_CR93) 1976; 16
M Holsti (940_CR14) 2010; 164
DH Lowenstein (940_CR17) 1999; 40
WD Hooper (940_CR95) 1987; 24
K Rantsch (940_CR145) 2013; 107
JM Chamberlain (940_CR72) 1997; 13
SR Haut (940_CR31) 2005; 65
940_CR65
R Sutter (940_CR160) 2012; 53
GJ De Haan (940_CR83) 2010; 51
KA Grosset (940_CR163) 2013; 3
SP Nordt (940_CR54) 1997; 15
WR Garnett (940_CR100) 2011; 93
M Haschke (940_CR57) 2010; 69
TG Sreenath (940_CR121) 2010; 14
940_CR64
940_CR61
S Acharya (940_CR198) 2021; 127
940_CR62
S Vozeh (940_CR94) 1981; 111
U Klotz (940_CR91) 1976; 199
M Mula (940_CR9) 2017; 31
A Thakker (940_CR15) 2013; 260
A Prasad (940_CR70) 2001; 42
DH Lowenstein (940_CR21) 1993; 43
940_CR199
940_CR56
JL Blumer (940_CR174) 1998; 35
DB Chamberlain (940_CR139) 2017; 69
940_CR55
PY Jeannet (940_CR188) 1999; 3
A Qureshi (940_CR49) 2002; 11
R Sutter (940_CR85) 2020; 34
JL Portela (940_CR124) 2015; 39
CK Malu (940_CR137) 2014; 29
B Abou-Khalil (940_CR103) 2013; 54
References_xml – volume: 49
  start-page: 173
  issue: 3
  year: 2003
  end-page: 177
  ident: CR151
  article-title: Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of clonazepam following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration to healthy volunteers
  publication-title: Eur Neurol
  doi: 10.1159/000069089
– volume: 17
  start-page: 123
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  end-page: 126
  ident: CR134
  article-title: Effects of intranasal midazolam and rectal diazepam on acute convulsions in children: prospective randomized study
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/088307380201700206
– volume: 30
  start-page: 472
  issue: 4
  year: 1989
  end-page: 479
  ident: CR10
  article-title: A comparison of intraosseous and intravenous routes of administration for antiseizure agents
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05328.x
– volume: 61
  start-page: 455
  issue: 3
  year: 2020
  end-page: 464
  ident: CR186
  article-title: Bioavailability and safety of diazepam intranasal solution compared to oral and rectal diazepam in healthy volunteers
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.16449
– volume: 65
  start-page: 1313
  issue: 8
  year: 2005
  end-page: 1315
  ident: CR31
  article-title: Identifying seizure clusters in patients with epilepsy
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000180685.84547.7f
– volume: 34
  start-page: 555
  issue: 5
  year: 2020
  end-page: 557
  ident: CR85
  article-title: Transnasal revolution? The promise of midazolam spray to prevent seizure clusters
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-020-00724-6
– volume: 54
  start-page: 1968
  issue: 11
  year: 2013
  end-page: 1976
  ident: CR103
  article-title: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a diazepam auto-injector administered by caregivers to patients with epilepsy who require intermittent intervention for acute repetitive seizures
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.12373
– volume: 24
  start-page: 105
  year: 1987
  end-page: 112
  ident: CR95
  article-title: Oxcarbazepine: preliminary clinical and pharmacokinetic studies on a new anticonvulsant
  publication-title: Clin Exp Neurol
– volume: 12
  start-page: 4
  issue: 1
  year: 2018
  end-page: 10
  ident: CR168
  article-title: A review of alprazolam use, misuse, and withdrawal
  publication-title: J Addict Med
  doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350
– volume: 31
  start-page: 585
  issue: 8
  year: 2011
  end-page: 597
  ident: CR101
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics of diazepam administered intramuscularly by autoinjector versus rectal gel in healthy subjects: a phase I, randomized, open-label, single-dose, crossover, single-centre study
  publication-title: Clin Drug Investig
  doi: 10.2165/11590250-000000000-00000
– volume: 84
  start-page: 452
  issue: 4
  year: 1984
  end-page: 456
  ident: CR169
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam after oral and IV administration
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1007/BF00431449
– ident: CR201
– volume: 6
  start-page: 51
  year: 2012
  end-page: 60
  ident: CR63
  article-title: Nasal and buccal treatment of midazolam in epileptic seizures in paediatrics
  publication-title: Clin Med Insights Pediatr.
  doi: 10.4137/CMPed.S8330
– volume: 102
  start-page: 373
  issue: 3
  year: 1990
  end-page: 378
  ident: CR158
  article-title: Benzodiazepine concentrations in brain directly reflect receptor occupancy: studies of diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1007/BF02244106
– volume: 37
  start-page: 682
  issue: 8
  year: 1995
  end-page: 688
  ident: CR51
  article-title: Lorazepam versus diazepam in the acute treatment of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus
  publication-title: Dev Med Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb15014.x
– volume: 87
  start-page: 137
  issue: 2–3
  year: 2009
  end-page: 143
  ident: CR27
  article-title: Prevalence of acute repetitive seizures (ARS) in the United Kingdom
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.08.006
– volume: 12
  start-page: 197
  issue: 3
  year: 1971
  end-page: 214
  ident: CR142
  article-title: Treatment of status epilepticus with a new benzodiazepine more active than diazepam
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1971.tb04928.x
– volume: 61
  start-page: 186
  issue: 2
  year: 1986
  end-page: 188
  ident: CR150
  article-title: Plasma concentrations of clonazepam after single rectal administration
  publication-title: Arch Dis Child
  doi: 10.1136/adc.61.2.186
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1915
  issue: 12
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1920
  ident: CR105
  article-title: North American Diastat Study G Rectal diazepam gel for treatment of acute repetitive seizures in adults
  publication-title: Arch Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/archneur.59.12.1915
– volume: 6
  start-page: 2413
  issue: 12
  year: 2019
  end-page: 2425
  ident: CR66
  article-title: Intranasal midazolam as first-line inhospital treatment for status epilepticus: a pharmaco-EEG cohort study
  publication-title: Ann Clin Transl Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/acn3.50932
– volume: 55
  start-page: 1544
  issue: 10
  year: 2014
  end-page: 1550
  ident: CR92
  article-title: Dosing feasibility and tolerability of intranasal diazepam in adults with epilepsy
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.12755
– volume: 75
  start-page: 1499
  issue: 13
  year: 2015
  end-page: 1521
  ident: CR181
  article-title: Pharmacotherapy for status epilepticus
  publication-title: Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0454-2
– volume: 56
  start-page: 1275
  issue: 8
  year: 2015
  end-page: 1285
  ident: CR53
  article-title: Practice variability and efficacy of clonazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam in status epilepticus: A multicentre comparison
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13056
– volume: 14
  start-page: 162
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  end-page: 168
  ident: CR121
  article-title: Lorazepam versus diazepam-phenytoin combination in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children: a randomized controlled trial
  publication-title: Eur J Paediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2009.02.004
– volume: 35
  start-page: 356
  issue: 2
  year: 1994
  end-page: 358
  ident: CR165
  article-title: Rapid arrest of seizures with an inhalation aerosol containing diazepam
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02444.x
– volume: 1
  start-page: 133
  issue: 2
  year: 1973
  end-page: 141
  ident: CR173
  article-title: Diazepam elimination in premature and full term infants, and children
  publication-title: J Perinat Med
  doi: 10.1515/jpme.1973.1.2.133
– volume: 60
  start-page: 911
  issue: 5
  year: 2019
  end-page: 920
  ident: CR3
  article-title: Burden and epidemiology of status epilepticus in infants, children, and adolescents: a population-based study on German health insurance data
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.14729
– volume: 121
  start-page: e58
  issue: 1
  year: 2008
  end-page: 64
  ident: CR131
  article-title: Comparison of buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizures in Ugandan children: a randomized clinical trial
  publication-title: Pediatrics
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0930
– volume: 31
  start-page: 11
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  end-page: 17
  ident: CR9
  article-title: New non-intravenous routes for benzodiazepines in epilepsy: a clinician perspective
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-016-0398-4
– volume: 27
  start-page: 479
  issue: 6
  year: 2013
  end-page: 489
  ident: CR162
  article-title: Loxapine inhalation powder: a review of its use in the acute treatment of agitation in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-013-0075-9
– volume: 1
  start-page: 182
  year: 1970
  end-page: 188
  ident: CR200
  article-title: Elektroenzephalographische und klinische Bewertung des neuen Benzodiazepin Ro 5 ⁄ 4023
  publication-title: EEG EMG
– ident: CR179
– volume: 22
  start-page: 425
  issue: 4
  year: 1999
  end-page: 427
  ident: CR97
  article-title: Intranasal administration of diazepam aiming at the treatment of acute seizures: clinical trials in healthy volunteers
  publication-title: Biol Pharm Bull
  doi: 10.1248/bpb.22.425
– volume: 108
  start-page: 771
  issue: 5 Pt 1
  year: 1986
  end-page: 774
  ident: CR192
  article-title: Lorazepam therapy of status epilepticus in children and adolescents
  publication-title: J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(86)81065-4
– volume: 53
  start-page: 60
  year: 1973
  end-page: 71
  ident: CR205
  article-title: Clinical use and effect of Ro 5–4023 (clonazepam) in different forms of epileptic seizures
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand Suppl.
– volume: 110
  start-page: 163
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  end-page: 167
  ident: CR88
  article-title: The effects of benzodiazepines in pregnancy
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Belg
– volume: 42
  start-page: 380
  issue: 3
  year: 2001
  end-page: 386
  ident: CR70
  article-title: Propofol and midazolam in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.27500.x
– volume: 5
  start-page: 253
  issue: 2
  year: 2004
  end-page: 255
  ident: CR81
  article-title: Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating acute seizures in children
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.01.003
– volume: 45
  start-page: 356
  issue: 4
  year: 1989
  end-page: 365
  ident: CR156
  article-title: Pharmacokinetic and electroencephalographic study of intravenous diazepam, midazolam, and placebo
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  doi: 10.1038/clpt.1989.41
– volume: 53
  start-page: 1489
  issue: 9
  year: 2012
  end-page: 1497
  ident: CR160
  article-title: Associations between infections and clinical outcome parameters in status epilepticus: a retrospective 5-year cohort study
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03576.x
– volume: 91
  start-page: 856
  issue: 5
  year: 2012
  end-page: 862
  ident: CR78
  article-title: Intranasal midazolam: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics assessed by quantitative EEG in healthy volunteers
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.316
– volume: 25
  start-page: 638
  issue: 6
  year: 2019
  end-page: 646
  ident: CR182
  article-title: Status epilepticus—time is brain and treatment considerations
  publication-title: Curr Opin Crit Care
  doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000661
– volume: 13
  start-page: 92
  issue: 2
  year: 1997
  end-page: 94
  ident: CR72
  article-title: A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children
  publication-title: Pediatr Emerg Care
  doi: 10.1097/00006565-199704000-00002
– volume: 43
  start-page: 483
  issue: 3 Pt 1
  year: 1993
  end-page: 488
  ident: CR21
  article-title: Status epilepticus at an urban public hospital in the 1980s
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.43.3_Part_1.483
– volume: 37
  start-page: 83
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  end-page: 94
  ident: CR180
  article-title: Benzodiazepine selection in the management of status epilepticus: a review
  publication-title: Adv Emerg Nurs J.
  doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000064
– volume: 345
  start-page: 631
  issue: 9
  year: 2001
  end-page: 637
  ident: CR22
  article-title: A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa002141
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1191
  issue: 10
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1197
  ident: CR117
  article-title: Intravenous sodium valproate versus diazepam infusion for the control of refractory status epilepticus in children: a randomized controlled trial
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/0883073807306248
– ident: CR202
– volume: 32
  start-page: 771
  issue: 8
  year: 2018
  end-page: 781
  ident: CR8
  article-title: Use of emergency medication in adult patients with epilepsy: a multicentre cohort study from Germany
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-018-0544-2
– volume: 17
  start-page: 348
  issue: 3
  year: 2010
  end-page: 355
  ident: CR140
  article-title: EFNS guideline on the management of status epilepticus in adults
  publication-title: Eur J Neurol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02917.x
– volume: 111
  start-page: 1789
  issue: 47
  year: 1981
  end-page: 1793
  ident: CR94
  article-title: Pharmacokinetic of benzodiazepines in old age
  publication-title: Schweiz Med Wochenschr
– volume: 43
  start-page: 53
  issue: Suppl 3
  year: 2002
  end-page: 59
  ident: CR172
  article-title: Children versus adults: pharmacokinetic and adverse-effect differences
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.3.5.x
– volume: 336
  start-page: 215
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  end-page: 222
  ident: CR166
  article-title: Seizure protection by intrapulmonary delivery of propofol hemisuccinate
  publication-title: J Pharmacol Exp Ther
  doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.173591
– volume: 43
  start-page: 168
  issue: S31
  year: 1967
  end-page: 169
  ident: CR114
  article-title: Acute treatment of epileptic seizures with diazepamum (Valium)
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand
  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1967.tb02102.x
– volume: 16
  start-page: 345
  issue: 7
  year: 1976
  end-page: 351
  ident: CR93
  article-title: Plasma protein binding of diazepam and tolbutamide in chronic alcoholics
  publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1976.tb01531.x
– ident: CR177
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1797
  issue: 9
  year: 2019
  end-page: 1808
  ident: CR79
  article-title: Safety and efficacy of midazolam nasal spray in the outpatient treatment of patients with seizure clusters—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.15159
– volume: 15
  start-page: 733
  issue: 7
  year: 2015
  end-page: 740
  ident: CR185
  article-title: Clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus
  publication-title: Expert Rev Neurother
  doi: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1056781
– ident: CR87
– volume: 263
  start-page: 1303
  issue: 7
  year: 2016
  end-page: 1313
  ident: CR159
  article-title: Independent impact of infections on the course and outcome of status epilepticus: a 10-year cohort study
  publication-title: J Neurol
  doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8140-1
– volume: 33
  start-page: 353
  issue: 2
  year: 1992
  end-page: 358
  ident: CR108
  article-title: Intrarectal diazepam in epileptic adults
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02327.x
– ident: CR154
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1809
  issue: 9
  year: 2019
  end-page: 1819
  ident: CR80
  article-title: Safety and efficacy of midazolam nasal spray in the outpatient treatment of patients with seizure clusters: An open-label extension trial
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.16300
– volume: 69
  start-page: 117
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  end-page: 124
  ident: CR139
  article-title: Making sense of a negative clinical trial result: a bayesian analysis of a clinical trial of lorazepam and diazepam for pediatric status epilepticus
  publication-title: Ann Emerg Med
  doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.449
– volume: 199
  start-page: 67
  issue: 1
  year: 1976
  end-page: 73
  ident: CR91
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of diazepam in man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat
  publication-title: J Pharmacol Exp Ther
– volume: 73
  start-page: 425
  year: 2013
  end-page: 431
  ident: CR167
  article-title: Seizure protection by intrapulmonary delivery of midazolam in mice
  publication-title: Neuropharmacology
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.002
– volume: 44
  start-page: 771
  issue: 9
  year: 2005
  end-page: 776
  ident: CR133
  article-title: A comparison of buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for the acute treatment of seizures
  publication-title: Clin Pediatr (Phila).
  doi: 10.1177/000992280504400904
– volume: 39
  start-page: 290
  issue: 3
  year: 1998
  end-page: 294
  ident: CR13
  article-title: Buccal absorption of midazolam: pharmacokinetics and EEG pharmacodynamics
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01375.x
– volume: 11
  start-page: 418
  issue: 4
  year: 2011
  end-page: 422
  ident: CR4
  article-title: Rescue therapies for seizures
  publication-title: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep
  doi: 10.1007/s11910-011-0207-x
– volume: 70
  start-page: 369
  issue: 3
  year: 1981
  end-page: 372
  ident: CR115
  article-title: Diazepam rectal solution for home treatment of acute seizures in children
  publication-title: Acta Paediatr Scand
  doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1981.tb16565.x
– volume: 79
  start-page: 604
  issue: 6
  year: 2022
  end-page: 613
  ident: CR2
  article-title: Prediction of long-term survival after status epilepticus using the ACD score
  publication-title: JAMA Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0609
– volume: 14
  start-page: 615
  issue: 6
  year: 2015
  end-page: 624
  ident: CR1
  article-title: Status epilepticus in adults
  publication-title: Lancet Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00042-3
– volume: 25
  start-page: 1468
  issue: 12
  year: 2010
  end-page: 1472
  ident: CR148
  article-title: Dissolving oral clonazepam wafers in the acute treatment of prolonged seizures
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/0883073810368312
– volume: 51
  start-page: 478
  issue: 3
  year: 2010
  end-page: 482
  ident: CR83
  article-title: A comparison of midazolam nasal spray and diazepam rectal solution for the residential treatment of seizure exacerbations
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02333.x
– volume: 18
  start-page: 79
  issue: 2
  year: 2013
  end-page: 87
  ident: CR5
  article-title: Treatment of acute seizures: is intranasal midazolam a viable option?
  publication-title: J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther
– volume: 40
  start-page: 1610
  issue: 11
  year: 1999
  end-page: 1617
  ident: CR109
  article-title: An open-label study of repeated use of diazepam rectal gel (Diastat) for episodes of acute breakthrough seizures and clusters: safety, efficacy, and tolerance North American Diastat Group
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02047.x
– ident: CR64
– volume: 78
  start-page: 588
  issue: 5
  year: 2021
  end-page: 595
  ident: CR161
  article-title: Association between treatment progression, disease refractoriness, and burden of illness among hospitalized patients with status epilepticus
  publication-title: JAMA Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0520
– volume: 13
  start-page: 23
  issue: 1
  year: 1998
  end-page: 26
  ident: CR113
  article-title: Refractory status epilepticus in children: role of continuous diazepam infusion
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/088307389801300104
– volume: 11
  start-page: 141
  issue: 3
  year: 2002
  end-page: 144
  ident: CR49
  article-title: Comparative audit of intravenous lorazepam and diazepam in the emergency treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children
  publication-title: Seizure.
  doi: 10.1053/seiz.2001.0635
– volume: 164
  start-page: 747
  issue: 8
  year: 2010
  end-page: 753
  ident: CR14
  article-title: Intranasal midazolam vs rectal diazepam for the home treatment of acute seizures in paediatric patients with epilepsy
  publication-title: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
  doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.130
– ident: CR37
– volume: 14
  start-page: 251
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 261
  ident: CR178
  article-title: Oromucosal midazolam: a review of its use in paediatric patients with prolonged acute convulsive seizures
  publication-title: Paediatr Drugs
  doi: 10.2165/11209320-000000000-00000
– volume: 38
  start-page: 202
  issue: 2
  year: 1988
  end-page: 207
  ident: CR122
  article-title: Treatment of status epilepticus: a prospective comparison of diazepam and phenytoin versus phenobarbital and optional phenytoin
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.38.2.202
– volume: 52
  start-page: 788
  issue: 4
  year: 2011
  end-page: 793
  ident: CR43
  article-title: Intranasal versus intravenous lorazepam for control of acute seizures in children: a randomized open-label study
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02949.x
– volume: 17
  start-page: 106
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  end-page: 110
  ident: CR118
  article-title: Continuous midazolam versus diazepam infusion for refractory convulsive status epilepticus
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/088307380201700203
– volume: 126
  start-page: 241
  issue: 3
  year: 1996
  end-page: 248
  ident: CR184
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of midazolam after intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and oral administration under a chronic food-limited regimen: relating DRL performance to pharmacokinetics
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1007/BF02246454
– volume: 84
  start-page: 120
  issue: 2–3
  year: 2009
  end-page: 126
  ident: CR98
  article-title: Bioavailability and tolerability of intranasal diazepam in healthy adult volunteers
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.01.001
– volume: 4
  start-page: 326
  issue: 4
  year: 1981
  end-page: 336
  ident: CR147
  article-title: Comparative trial of intravenous lorazepam and clonazepam im status epilepticus
  publication-title: Clin Ther
– volume: 53
  start-page: 501
  issue: 5
  year: 2002
  end-page: 507
  ident: CR58
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam administered as a concentrated intranasal spray. A study in healthy volunteers
  publication-title: Br J Clin Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01588.x
– volume: 19
  start-page: 149
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  end-page: 154
  ident: CR74
  article-title: Efficacy and safety of intramuscular midazolam versus rectal diazepam in controlling status epilepticus in children
  publication-title: Eur J Paediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.11.007
– volume: 4
  start-page: 358
  issue: 6
  year: 1988
  end-page: 361
  ident: CR194
  article-title: Lorazepam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus
  publication-title: Pediatr Neurol.
  doi: 10.1016/0887-8994(88)90083-5
– volume: 105
  start-page: 362
  issue: 3
  year: 2013
  end-page: 367
  ident: CR96
  article-title: A pilot study assessing the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diazepam after intranasal and intravenous administration in healthy volunteers
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.02.018
– volume: 72
  start-page: 667
  issue: 8
  year: 2005
  end-page: 670
  ident: CR123
  article-title: Intramuscular midazolam vs intravenous diazepam for acute seizures
  publication-title: Indian J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1007/BF02724074
– ident: CR65
– volume: 1
  start-page: 683
  issue: 14
  year: 1973
  end-page: 688
  ident: CR203
  article-title: The use of clonazepam as an anticonvulsant–clinical evaluation
  publication-title: Med J Aust
  doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1973.tb110623.x
– volume: 11
  start-page: 357
  issue: 3
  year: 2007
  end-page: 360
  ident: CR107
  article-title: Effectiveness of diazepam rectal gel in adults with acute repetitive seizures and prolonged seizures: a single-centre experience
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.05.014
– year: 2012
  ident: CR18
  article-title: Status epilepticus im Erwachsenenalter
  publication-title: Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie
– volume: 28
  start-page: 143
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  end-page: 150
  ident: CR26
  article-title: Seizure clusters: characteristics and treatment
  publication-title: Curr Opin Neurol
  doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000177
– volume: 13
  start-page: 100
  issue: 1
  year: 1991
  end-page: 117
  ident: CR170
  article-title: The pharmacology of alprazolam: a review
  publication-title: Clin Ther.
– volume: 75
  start-page: 219
  issue: 5
  year: 1975
  end-page: 229
  ident: CR44
  article-title: Preliminary study of parenteral lorazepam in status epilepticus
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Belg.
– volume: 55
  start-page: 1444
  issue: 9
  year: 2014
  end-page: 1451
  ident: CR104
  article-title: Safety and effectiveness of long-term treatment with diazepam auto-injector administered by caregivers in an outpatient setting for the treatment of acute repetitive seizures
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.12685
– volume: 160
  start-page: 667
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 672
  ident: CR176
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics of intravenous lorazepam in paediatric patients with and without status epilepticus
  publication-title: J Pediatr.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.09.048
– volume: 321
  start-page: 83
  issue: 7253
  year: 2000
  end-page: 86
  ident: CR82
  article-title: Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: Prospective randomised study
  publication-title: Brit Med J.
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7253.83
– volume: 5
  start-page: 253
  issue: 2
  year: 2004
  end-page: 255
  ident: CR126
  article-title: Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating acute seizures in children
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.01.003
– volume: 56
  start-page: 941
  issue: 8
  year: 2017
  end-page: 951
  ident: CR175
  article-title: Population pharmacokinetics and exploratory pharmacodynamics of lorazepam in pediatric status epilepticus
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet
  doi: 10.1007/s40262-016-0486-0
– volume: 14
  start-page: 434
  issue: 5
  year: 2010
  end-page: 438
  ident: CR132
  article-title: Efficacy and usability of buccal midazolam in controlling acute prolonged convulsive seizures in children
  publication-title: Eur J Paediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.05.009
– volume: 366
  start-page: 591
  issue: 7
  year: 2012
  end-page: 600
  ident: CR48
  article-title: Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107494
– volume: 339
  start-page: 792
  issue: 12
  year: 1998
  end-page: 798
  ident: CR47
  article-title: A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group
  publication-title: N Engl J Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM199809173391202
– volume: 15
  start-page: 47
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  end-page: 55
  ident: CR143
  article-title: Prehospital treatment with levetiracetam plus clonazepam or placebo plus clonazepam in status epilepticus (SAMUKeppra): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial
  publication-title: Lancet Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00296-3
– volume: 260
  start-page: 470
  issue: 2
  year: 2013
  end-page: 474
  ident: CR15
  article-title: A randomized controlled trial of intranasal-midazolam versus intravenous-diazepam for acute childhood seizures
  publication-title: J Neurol
  doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6659-3
– volume: 93
  start-page: 11
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  end-page: 16
  ident: CR100
  article-title: Diazepam autoinjector intramuscular delivery system versus diazepam rectal gel: a pharmacokinetic comparison
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.10.001
– volume: 42
  start-page: 332
  issue: 6
  year: 2006
  end-page: 335
  ident: CR73
  article-title: Intramuscular midazolam in the initial treatment of status epilepticus
  publication-title: Rev Neurologia.
  doi: 10.33588/rn.4206.2004365
– volume: 5
  start-page: 253
  issue: 4
  year: 2014
  end-page: 260
  ident: CR86
  article-title: Classics in chemical neuroscience: diazepam (valium)
  publication-title: ACS Chem Neurosci
  doi: 10.1021/cn5000056
– volume: 6
  start-page: 89
  issue: 2
  year: 1981
  end-page: 105
  ident: CR42
  article-title: Clinical pharmacokinetics of oxazepam and lorazepam
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet.
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-198106020-00001
– volume: 124
  start-page: 99
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  end-page: 103
  ident: CR77
  article-title: Buccal midazolam or rectal diazepam for treatment of residential adult patients with serial seizures or status epilepticus
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand
  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01474.x
– ident: CR25
– volume: 311
  start-page: 1652
  issue: 16
  year: 2014
  end-page: 1660
  ident: CR50
  article-title: Lorazepam vs diazepam for paediatric status epilepticus: a randomized clinical trial
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.2625
– volume: 23
  start-page: 177
  issue: 4
  year: 2002
  end-page: 182
  ident: CR69
  article-title: Continuous infusion of midazolam in the treatment of refractory geralized convulsive status epilepticus
  publication-title: Neurol Sci
  doi: 10.1007/s100720200058
– volume: 25
  start-page: 275
  issue: 4
  year: 2003
  end-page: 278
  ident: CR76
  article-title: Buccal midazolam for treatment of prolonged seizures in children
  publication-title: Brain Develop
  doi: 10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00230-9
– ident: CR71
– volume: 76
  start-page: 897
  issue: 8
  year: 2019
  end-page: 905
  ident: CR20
  article-title: Change in mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in high-income countries over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: JAMA Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1268
– volume: 62
  start-page: 795
  issue: 3
  year: 2021
  end-page: 806
  ident: CR23
  article-title: Patterns of benzodiazepine underdosing in the established status epilepticus treatment trial
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.16825
– ident: CR199
– volume: 13
  start-page: 630
  issue: 5
  year: 1971
  end-page: 634
  ident: CR111
  article-title: Intravenous diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizure activity in neonates and infants
  publication-title: Dev Med Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1971.tb08328.x
– volume: 16
  start-page: 48
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  end-page: 61
  ident: CR38
  article-title: Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: Report of the guideline committee of the American Epilepsy Society
  publication-title: Epilepsy Curr.
  doi: 10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48
– volume: 73
  start-page: 975
  issue: 11
  year: 2006
  end-page: 978
  ident: CR130
  article-title: Comparative study of intranasal midazolam and intravenous diazepam sedation for procedures and seizures
  publication-title: Indian J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1007/BF02758299
– volume: 79
  start-page: 327
  issue: 3
  year: 2012
  end-page: 332
  ident: CR120
  article-title: Intravenous diazepam, midazolam and lorazepam in acute seizure control
  publication-title: Indian J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1007/s12098-011-0505-y
– volume: 367
  start-page: 1591
  issue: 9522
  year: 2006
  end-page: 1597
  ident: CR187
  article-title: Efficacy and safety of intranasal lorazepam versus intramuscular paraldehyde for protracted convulsions in children: an open randomised trial
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68696-0
– volume: 3
  start-page: 31
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  end-page: 37
  ident: CR163
  article-title: Inhaled apomorphine in patients with 'on-off' fluctuations: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinic and home based, parallel-group study
  publication-title: J Parkinsons Dis
  doi: 10.3233/JPD-120142
– volume: 249
  start-page: 1452
  issue: 11
  year: 1983
  end-page: 1454
  ident: CR46
  article-title: Double-blind study of lorazepam and diazepam in status epilepticus
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.1983.03330350028021
– volume: 56
  start-page: 254
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  end-page: 262
  ident: CR52
  article-title: Intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam for the prehospital treatment of status epilepticus in the paediatric population
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.12905
– volume: 16
  start-page: 456
  issue: 3
  year: 2013
  end-page: 469
  ident: CR149
  article-title: Evaluation of brain targeting and mucosal integrity of nasally administrated nanostructured carriers of a CNS active drug, clonazepam
  publication-title: J Pharm Pharm Sci
  doi: 10.18433/J30S31
– volume: 56
  start-page: 1515
  issue: 10
  year: 2015
  end-page: 1523
  ident: CR16
  article-title: A definition and classification of status epilepticus—report of the ILAE task force on classification of status epilepticus
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13121
– volume: 17
  start-page: 7532
  issue: 19
  year: 1997
  end-page: 7540
  ident: CR11
  article-title: Rapid seizure-induced reduction of benzodiazepine and Zn2+ sensitivity of hippocampal dentate granule cell GABAA receptors
  publication-title: J Neurosci
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07532.1997
– volume: 7
  start-page: 696
  issue: 8
  year: 2008
  end-page: 703
  ident: CR196
  article-title: Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a prospective, population-based study
  publication-title: Lancet Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70141-8
– volume: 21
  start-page: 97
  issue: 1
  year: 1980
  end-page: 102
  ident: CR141
  article-title: Intravenous clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus in children
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1980.tb04049.x
– volume: 3
  start-page: 364
  issue: 3
  year: 2018
  end-page: 373
  ident: CR35
  article-title: Characteristics of large patient-reported outcomes: where can one million seizures get us?
  publication-title: Epilepsia Open.
  doi: 10.1002/epi4.12237
– volume: 7
  start-page: 493
  issue: 5
  year: 1980
  ident: CR191
  article-title: Lorazepam in therapy for status epilepticus
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.410070521
– volume: 250
  start-page: 134
  issue: 1
  year: 1989
  end-page: 140
  ident: CR157
  article-title: Kinetic and dynamic study of intravenous lorazepam: comparison with intravenous diazepam
  publication-title: J Pharmacol Exp Ther
– ident: CR89
– ident: CR171
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1797
  issue: 9
  year: 2019
  end-page: 1808
  ident: CR197
  article-title: Safety and efficacy of midazolam nasal spray in the outpatient treatment of patients with seizure clusters-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.15159
– volume: 83
  start-page: 345
  issue: 4
  year: 2014
  end-page: 348
  ident: CR33
  article-title: Progesterone Trial Study G. Allopregnanolone levels and seizure frequency in progesterone-treated women with epilepsy
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000623
– volume: 18
  start-page: 1391
  issue: 12
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1396
  ident: CR116
  article-title: Valproate versus diazepam for generalized convulsive status epilepticus: a pilot study
  publication-title: Eur J Neurol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03420.x
– volume: 22
  start-page: 303
  issue: 3
  year: 2012
  end-page: 308
  ident: CR129
  article-title: A comparison of buccal midazolam and intravenous diazepam for the acute treatment of seizures in children
  publication-title: Iran J Pediatr
– volume: 30
  start-page: S4
  issue: Suppl 2
  year: 1989
  end-page: 10
  ident: CR40
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics and clinical use of benzodiazepines in the management of status epilepticus
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05824.x
– volume: 35
  start-page: 37
  issue: 1
  year: 1998
  end-page: 47
  ident: CR174
  article-title: Clinical pharmacology of midazolam in infants and children
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-199835010-00003
– volume: 120
  start-page: 353
  issue: 5
  year: 2009
  end-page: 357
  ident: CR99
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intranasal diazepam and midazolam in healthy adult volunteers
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand
  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01170.x
– volume: 127
  issue: 27
  year: 2021
  ident: CR198
  article-title: Measurement of the cross sections of Xi_{c}^{0} and Xi_{c}^{+} baryons and of the branching-fraction ratio BR(Xi_{c}^{0}–>Xi^{-}e^{+}nu_{e})/BR(Xi_{c}^{0}–>Xi^{-}pi^{+}) in pp collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV
  publication-title: Phys Rev Lett
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.272001
– volume: 83
  start-page: 124
  issue: 2–3
  year: 2009
  end-page: 132
  ident: CR59
  article-title: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study, in healthy volunteers, of a rapidly absorbed intranasal midazolam formulation
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.10.005
– volume: 31
  start-page: 744
  issue: 10
  year: 2009
  end-page: 749
  ident: CR128
  article-title: Efficacy of buccal midazolam compared to intravenous diazepam in controlling convulsions in children: a randomized controlled trial
  publication-title: Brain Dev
  doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.11.006
– volume: 321
  start-page: 83
  issue: 7253
  year: 2000
  end-page: 86
  ident: CR125
  article-title: Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study
  publication-title: BMJ
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7253.83
– ident: CR55
– ident: CR24
– volume: 51
  start-page: S8
  issue: 5 Suppl 4
  year: 1998
  end-page: 14
  ident: CR106
  article-title: Treatment of seizures and epilepsy in children and adolescents
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.51.5_Suppl_4.S8
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1274
  issue: 5
  year: 1998
  end-page: 1282
  ident: CR29
  article-title: Treating repetitive seizures with a rectal diazepam formulation: a randomized study. The North American Diastat Study Group
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.51.5.1274
– volume: 6
  start-page: 539
  issue: 4–6
  year: 1982
  end-page: 542
  ident: CR146
  article-title: Treatment of status epilepticus with intravenous clonazepam
  publication-title: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/S0278-5846(82)80146-2
– ident: CR61
– volume: 353
  start-page: 623
  issue: 9153
  year: 1999
  end-page: 626
  ident: CR75
  article-title: Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06425-3
– volume: 3
  start-page: 73
  issue: 2
  year: 1999
  end-page: 77
  ident: CR188
  article-title: Home and hospital treatment of acute seizures in children with nasal midazolam
  publication-title: Eur J Paediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/S1090-3798(99)80016-6
– volume: 10
  start-page: 13225
  year: 2019
  ident: CR34
  article-title: Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual-related) epilepsy
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
– volume: 6
  start-page: 207
  issue: 3
  year: 1979
  end-page: 213
  ident: CR45
  article-title: Lorazepam in status epilepticus
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.410060305
– volume: 15
  start-page: 357
  issue: 3
  year: 1997
  end-page: 365
  ident: CR54
  article-title: Midazolam: a review of therapeutic uses and toxicity
  publication-title: J Emerg Med.
  doi: 10.1016/S0736-4679(97)00022-X
– volume: 12
  start-page: 530
  issue: 7
  year: 2010
  end-page: 532
  ident: CR119
  article-title: A control study on the treatment of acute seizures with midazolam and diazepam in children
  publication-title: Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1602
  issue: 8
  year: 2019
  end-page: 1609
  ident: CR164
  article-title: Inhaled alprazolam rapidly suppresses epileptic activity in photosensitive participants
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.16279
– volume: 108
  start-page: 1204
  issue: 7
  year: 2014
  end-page: 1211
  ident: CR102
  article-title: Assessment of pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intranasal diazepam relative to rectal gel in healthy adults
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.04.007
– volume: 123
  start-page: 486
  issue: 3
  year: 2012
  end-page: 488
  ident: CR32
  article-title: Seizure clusters and adverse events during pre-surgical video-EEG monitoring with a slow anti-epileptic drug (AED) taper
  publication-title: Clin Neurophysiol
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.08.011
– volume: 7
  start-page: 69
  issue: 2
  year: 1993
  end-page: 75
  ident: CR155
  article-title: Identification of the human and animal hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in clonazepam metabolism
  publication-title: Fundam Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1993.tb00219.x
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 2012
  end-page: 8
  ident: CR127
  article-title: Intranasal midazolam compared with intravenous diazepam in patients suffering from acute seizure: a randomized clinical trial
  publication-title: Iran J Pediatr
– ident: CR136
– volume: 107
  start-page: 156
  issue: 1–2
  year: 2013
  end-page: 162
  ident: CR145
  article-title: Treatment and course of different subtypes of status epilepticus
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.001
– volume: 12
  start-page: 321
  issue: 5
  year: 1976
  end-page: 361
  ident: CR144
  article-title: Clonazepam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in epilepsy
  publication-title: Drugs
  doi: 10.2165/00003495-197612050-00001
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1288
  issue: 11
  year: 2005
  end-page: 1293
  ident: CR153
  article-title: Clonazepam pharmacokinetics: comparison of subcutaneous microsphere injection with multiple-dose oral administration
  publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1177/0091270005280861
– volume: 68
  start-page: 120
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  end-page: 121
  ident: CR138
  article-title: Is intranasal midazolam better than rectal diazepam for home management of acute seizures?
  publication-title: Arch Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.337
– volume: 47
  start-page: 235
  issue: 3
  year: 1984
  end-page: 240
  ident: CR110
  article-title: A clinical trial of single dose rectal and oral administration of diazepam for the prevention of serial seizures in adult epileptic patients
  publication-title: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1136/jnnp.47.3.235
– volume: 40
  start-page: 120
  issue: 1
  year: 1999
  end-page: 122
  ident: CR17
  article-title: It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02000.x
– volume: 64
  start-page: 911
  issue: 10
  year: 2012
  end-page: 918
  ident: CR7
  article-title: Current oral and non-oral routes of antiepileptic drug delivery
  publication-title: Adv Drug Deliv Rev
  doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.017
– volume: 60
  start-page: 975
  issue: 6
  year: 2003
  end-page: 978
  ident: CR30
  article-title: Occurrence of seizure clusters and status epilepticus during inpatient video-EEG monitoring
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000053748.83309.28
– volume: 20
  start-page: 282
  issue: 4
  year: 1999
  end-page: 288
  ident: CR112
  article-title: Rectal diazepam gel for treatment of acute repetitive seizures. The North American Diastat Study Group
  publication-title: Pediatr Neurol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0887-8994(98)00156-8
– volume: 41
  start-page: 1225
  issue: 11
  year: 2001
  end-page: 1231
  ident: CR183
  article-title: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of lorazepam after intranasal, intravenous, and intramuscular administration
  publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1177/00912700122012779
– volume: 58
  start-page: 1533
  issue: 9
  year: 2017
  end-page: 1541
  ident: CR19
  article-title: Costs, length of stay, and mortality of super-refractory status epilepticus: a population-based study from Germany
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13837
– volume: 98
  start-page: 161
  issue: Pt A
  year: 2019
  end-page: 167
  ident: CR84
  article-title: Comparison of intranasal midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam for seizure termination and prevention of seizure clusters in the adult epilepsy monitoring unit
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07.021
– volume: 34
  start-page: 355
  issue: 5
  year: 2006
  end-page: 359
  ident: CR135
  article-title: Intranasal midazolam vs rectal diazepam in acute childhood seizures
  publication-title: Pediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.09.006
– volume: 25
  start-page: 275
  issue: 4
  year: 2003
  end-page: 278
  ident: CR190
  article-title: Buccal midazolam for treatment of prolonged seizures in children
  publication-title: Brain Dev
  doi: 10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00230-9
– volume: 366
  start-page: 205
  issue: 9481
  year: 2005
  end-page: 210
  ident: CR12
  article-title: Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66909-7
– volume: 259
  start-page: 645
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 648
  ident: CR195
  article-title: Levetiracetam versus lorazepam in status epilepticus: a randomized, open labeled pilot study
  publication-title: J Neurol
  doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-6227-2
– ident: CR56
– volume: 39
  start-page: 160
  issue: 3
  year: 2015
  end-page: 166
  ident: CR124
  article-title: Intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous diazepam for treatment of seizures in the paediatric emergency department: a randomized clinical trial
  publication-title: Med Intensiva
  doi: 10.1016/j.medin.2014.04.003
– volume: 53
  start-page: 47
  year: 1973
  end-page: 53
  ident: CR204
  article-title: Clinical and electroencephalographic trial with clonazepam (Ro 5–4023) with special regard to status epilepticus
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand Suppl.
– volume: 36
  start-page: 409
  issue: 6
  year: 1999
  end-page: 424
  ident: CR6
  article-title: Pharmacokinetic optimization of benzodiazepine therapy for acute seizures Focus on delivery routes
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet.
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-199936060-00003
– volume: 103
  start-page: 344
  issue: 2
  year: 2006
  end-page: 349
  ident: CR60
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new intranasal midazolam formulation in healthy volunteers
  publication-title: Anesth Analg.
  doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000226150.90317.16
– volume: 34
  start-page: 1376
  issue: 12
  year: 2008
  end-page: 1380
  ident: CR152
  article-title: Clonazepam oral droplets for the treatment of acute epileptic seizures
  publication-title: Drug Dev Ind Pharm
  doi: 10.1080/03639040802122977
– volume: 59
  start-page: e73
  issue: 5
  year: 2018
  end-page: e77
  ident: CR36
  article-title: Different as night and day: patterns of isolated seizures, clusters, and status epilepticus
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.14076
– volume: 29
  start-page: 895
  issue: 7
  year: 2014
  end-page: 902
  ident: CR137
  article-title: Efficacy of sublingual lorazepam versus intrarectal diazepam for prolonged convulsions in Sub-Saharan Africa
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/0883073813493501
– volume: 71
  start-page: 248
  issue: 2
  year: 1982
  end-page: 252
  ident: CR39
  article-title: Pharmacokinetic comparison of sublingual lorazepam with intravenous, intramuscular, and oral lorazepam
  publication-title: J Pharm Sci
  doi: 10.1002/jps.2600710227
– volume: 21
  start-page: 162
  issue: 3
  year: 1981
  end-page: 200
  ident: CR41
  article-title: Lorazepam: a review of its clinical pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses
  publication-title: Drugs
  doi: 10.2165/00003495-198121030-00001
– volume: 69
  start-page: 607
  issue: 6
  year: 2010
  end-page: 616
  ident: CR57
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nasally delivered midazolam
  publication-title: Br J Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03611.x
– volume: 338
  start-page: 1869
  issue: 26
  year: 1998
  end-page: 1875
  ident: CR28
  article-title: A comparison of rectal diazepam gel and placebo for acute repetitive seizures
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM199806253382602
– volume: 56
  start-page: 1408
  issue: 9
  year: 2015
  end-page: 1414
  ident: CR67
  article-title: Intranasal midazolam during presurgical epilepsy monitoring is well tolerated, delays seizure recurrence, and protects from generalized tonic-clonic seizures
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13088
– volume: 34
  start-page: 545
  issue: 5
  year: 2020
  end-page: 553
  ident: CR68
  article-title: Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of concentrated intranasal midazolam spray as emergency medication in epilepsy patients during video-EEG monitoring
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-020-00720-w
– volume: 49
  start-page: 29
  year: 1973
  ident: CR207
  article-title: Conduite du traitement des etats de mal epileptiques par le Ro
  publication-title: Sem Hop Paris
– ident: CR62
– volume: 3
  start-page: 72
  issue: 1
  year: 1978
  end-page: 91
  ident: CR90
  article-title: Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet.
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-197803010-00005
– volume: 4
  start-page: 245
  year: 1973
  end-page: 266
  ident: CR206
  article-title: Clinical experience with clonazepam (Rivotril) in the treatment of epilepsies in infancy and childhood
  publication-title: Neuropaediatrics.
  doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1091744
– volume: 2
  start-page: 1
  year: 2020
  end-page: 13
  ident: CR189
  article-title: A comparison of intravenous midazolam and diazepam in management of status epilepticus in children
  publication-title: J Pak Med Assoc
– volume: 37
  start-page: 190
  issue: 2
  year: 1987
  end-page: 195
  ident: CR193
  article-title: Lorazepam in childhood status epilepticus and serial seizures: effectiveness and tachyphylaxis
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.37.2.190
– volume: 321
  start-page: 83
  issue: 7253
  year: 2000
  ident: 940_CR82
  publication-title: Brit Med J.
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7253.83
– volume: 31
  start-page: 744
  issue: 10
  year: 2009
  ident: 940_CR128
  publication-title: Brain Dev
  doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.11.006
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1915
  issue: 12
  year: 2002
  ident: 940_CR105
  publication-title: Arch Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/archneur.59.12.1915
– volume: 3
  start-page: 72
  issue: 1
  year: 1978
  ident: 940_CR90
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet.
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-197803010-00005
– volume: 366
  start-page: 205
  issue: 9481
  year: 2005
  ident: 940_CR12
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66909-7
– volume: 345
  start-page: 631
  issue: 9
  year: 2001
  ident: 940_CR22
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa002141
– volume: 39
  start-page: 160
  issue: 3
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR124
  publication-title: Med Intensiva
  doi: 10.1016/j.medin.2014.04.003
– volume: 55
  start-page: 1544
  issue: 10
  year: 2014
  ident: 940_CR92
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.12755
– volume: 16
  start-page: 456
  issue: 3
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR149
  publication-title: J Pharm Pharm Sci
  doi: 10.18433/J30S31
– volume: 13
  start-page: 100
  issue: 1
  year: 1991
  ident: 940_CR170
  publication-title: Clin Ther.
– volume: 34
  start-page: 545
  issue: 5
  year: 2020
  ident: 940_CR68
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-020-00720-w
– volume: 32
  start-page: 771
  issue: 8
  year: 2018
  ident: 940_CR8
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-018-0544-2
– volume: 17
  start-page: 123
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  ident: 940_CR134
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/088307380201700206
– volume: 61
  start-page: 455
  issue: 3
  year: 2020
  ident: 940_CR186
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.16449
– volume: 30
  start-page: 472
  issue: 4
  year: 1989
  ident: 940_CR10
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05328.x
– volume: 13
  start-page: 630
  issue: 5
  year: 1971
  ident: 940_CR111
  publication-title: Dev Med Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1971.tb08328.x
– volume: 16
  start-page: 48
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: 940_CR38
  publication-title: Epilepsy Curr.
  doi: 10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48
– volume: 12
  start-page: 4
  issue: 1
  year: 2018
  ident: 940_CR168
  publication-title: J Addict Med
  doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350
– volume-title: Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR18
– volume: 6
  start-page: 207
  issue: 3
  year: 1979
  ident: 940_CR45
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.410060305
– volume: 70
  start-page: 369
  issue: 3
  year: 1981
  ident: 940_CR115
  publication-title: Acta Paediatr Scand
  doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1981.tb16565.x
– volume: 1
  start-page: 683
  issue: 14
  year: 1973
  ident: 940_CR203
  publication-title: Med J Aust
  doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1973.tb110623.x
– volume: 69
  start-page: 607
  issue: 6
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR57
  publication-title: Br J Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03611.x
– volume: 4
  start-page: 245
  year: 1973
  ident: 940_CR206
  publication-title: Neuropaediatrics.
  doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1091744
– volume: 7
  start-page: 69
  issue: 2
  year: 1993
  ident: 940_CR155
  publication-title: Fundam Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1993.tb00219.x
– volume: 64
  start-page: 911
  issue: 10
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR7
  publication-title: Adv Drug Deliv Rev
  doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.017
– volume: 10
  start-page: 13225
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR34
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 733
  issue: 7
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR185
  publication-title: Expert Rev Neurother
  doi: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1056781
– ident: 940_CR71
  doi: 10.1177/088307380201700203
– volume: 73
  start-page: 425
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR167
  publication-title: Neuropharmacology
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.002
– volume: 42
  start-page: 380
  issue: 3
  year: 2001
  ident: 940_CR70
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.27500.x
– ident: 940_CR154
– ident: 940_CR179
– volume: 353
  start-page: 623
  issue: 9153
  year: 1999
  ident: 940_CR75
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06425-3
– volume: 5
  start-page: 253
  issue: 2
  year: 2004
  ident: 940_CR81
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.01.003
– volume: 17
  start-page: 348
  issue: 3
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR140
  publication-title: Eur J Neurol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02917.x
– ident: 940_CR25
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-020-00747-z
– volume: 51
  start-page: S8
  issue: 5 Suppl 4
  year: 1998
  ident: 940_CR106
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.51.5_Suppl_4.S8
– volume: 164
  start-page: 747
  issue: 8
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR14
  publication-title: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
  doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.130
– ident: 940_CR65
– volume: 14
  start-page: 162
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR121
  publication-title: Eur J Paediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2009.02.004
– volume: 14
  start-page: 251
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR178
  publication-title: Paediatr Drugs
  doi: 10.2165/11209320-000000000-00000
– volume: 336
  start-page: 215
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  ident: 940_CR166
  publication-title: J Pharmacol Exp Ther
  doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.173591
– volume: 43
  start-page: 168
  issue: S31
  year: 1967
  ident: 940_CR114
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand
  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1967.tb02102.x
– volume: 73
  start-page: 975
  issue: 11
  year: 2006
  ident: 940_CR130
  publication-title: Indian J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1007/BF02758299
– volume: 68
  start-page: 120
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  ident: 940_CR138
  publication-title: Arch Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.337
– ident: 940_CR55
– volume: 72
  start-page: 667
  issue: 8
  year: 2005
  ident: 940_CR123
  publication-title: Indian J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1007/BF02724074
– volume: 87
  start-page: 137
  issue: 2–3
  year: 2009
  ident: 940_CR27
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.08.006
– volume: 37
  start-page: 83
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR180
  publication-title: Adv Emerg Nurs J.
  doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000064
– volume: 34
  start-page: 1376
  issue: 12
  year: 2008
  ident: 940_CR152
  publication-title: Drug Dev Ind Pharm
  doi: 10.1080/03639040802122977
– ident: 940_CR202
– volume: 62
  start-page: 795
  issue: 3
  year: 2021
  ident: 940_CR23
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.16825
– volume: 1
  start-page: 133
  issue: 2
  year: 1973
  ident: 940_CR173
  publication-title: J Perinat Med
  doi: 10.1515/jpme.1973.1.2.133
– volume: 91
  start-page: 856
  issue: 5
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR78
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.316
– volume: 110
  start-page: 163
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR88
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Belg
– volume: 69
  start-page: 117
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: 940_CR139
  publication-title: Ann Emerg Med
  doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.449
– volume: 37
  start-page: 190
  issue: 2
  year: 1987
  ident: 940_CR193
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.37.2.190
– volume: 120
  start-page: 353
  issue: 5
  year: 2009
  ident: 940_CR99
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand
  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01170.x
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1602
  issue: 8
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR164
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.16279
– volume: 60
  start-page: 975
  issue: 6
  year: 2003
  ident: 940_CR30
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000053748.83309.28
– volume: 24
  start-page: 105
  year: 1987
  ident: 940_CR95
  publication-title: Clin Exp Neurol
– volume: 102
  start-page: 373
  issue: 3
  year: 1990
  ident: 940_CR158
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1007/BF02244106
– volume: 260
  start-page: 470
  issue: 2
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR15
  publication-title: J Neurol
  doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6659-3
– volume: 45
  start-page: 356
  issue: 4
  year: 1989
  ident: 940_CR156
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  doi: 10.1038/clpt.1989.41
– volume: 263
  start-page: 1303
  issue: 7
  year: 2016
  ident: 940_CR159
  publication-title: J Neurol
  doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8140-1
– volume: 49
  start-page: 29
  year: 1973
  ident: 940_CR207
  publication-title: Sem Hop Paris
– volume: 12
  start-page: 530
  issue: 7
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR119
  publication-title: Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi
– volume: 321
  start-page: 83
  issue: 7253
  year: 2000
  ident: 940_CR125
  publication-title: BMJ
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7253.83
– volume: 53
  start-page: 47
  year: 1973
  ident: 940_CR204
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand Suppl.
– volume: 28
  start-page: 143
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR26
  publication-title: Curr Opin Neurol
  doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000177
– volume: 124
  start-page: 99
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  ident: 940_CR77
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand
  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01474.x
– volume: 34
  start-page: 355
  issue: 5
  year: 2006
  ident: 940_CR135
  publication-title: Pediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.09.006
– volume: 3
  start-page: 364
  issue: 3
  year: 2018
  ident: 940_CR35
  publication-title: Epilepsia Open.
  doi: 10.1002/epi4.12237
– volume: 79
  start-page: 604
  issue: 6
  year: 2022
  ident: 940_CR2
  publication-title: JAMA Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0609
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR127
  publication-title: Iran J Pediatr
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1809
  issue: 9
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR80
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.16300
– volume: 29
  start-page: 895
  issue: 7
  year: 2014
  ident: 940_CR137
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/0883073813493501
– volume: 42
  start-page: 332
  issue: 6
  year: 2006
  ident: 940_CR73
  publication-title: Rev Neurologia.
  doi: 10.33588/rn.4206.2004365
– ident: 940_CR89
– volume: 35
  start-page: 356
  issue: 2
  year: 1994
  ident: 940_CR165
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02444.x
– volume: 40
  start-page: 1610
  issue: 11
  year: 1999
  ident: 940_CR109
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02047.x
– volume: 13
  start-page: 23
  issue: 1
  year: 1998
  ident: 940_CR113
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/088307389801300104
– volume: 84
  start-page: 120
  issue: 2–3
  year: 2009
  ident: 940_CR98
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.01.001
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1797
  issue: 9
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR197
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.15159
– volume: 108
  start-page: 771
  issue: 5 Pt 1
  year: 1986
  ident: 940_CR192
  publication-title: J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(86)81065-4
– volume: 5
  start-page: 253
  issue: 2
  year: 2004
  ident: 940_CR126
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.01.003
– volume: 98
  start-page: 161
  issue: Pt A
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR84
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07.021
– volume: 5
  start-page: 253
  issue: 4
  year: 2014
  ident: 940_CR86
  publication-title: ACS Chem Neurosci
  doi: 10.1021/cn5000056
– volume: 14
  start-page: 434
  issue: 5
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR132
  publication-title: Eur J Paediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.05.009
– volume: 22
  start-page: 425
  issue: 4
  year: 1999
  ident: 940_CR97
  publication-title: Biol Pharm Bull
  doi: 10.1248/bpb.22.425
– volume: 11
  start-page: 357
  issue: 3
  year: 2007
  ident: 940_CR107
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.05.014
– volume: 49
  start-page: 173
  issue: 3
  year: 2003
  ident: 940_CR151
  publication-title: Eur Neurol
  doi: 10.1159/000069089
– volume: 121
  start-page: e58
  issue: 1
  year: 2008
  ident: 940_CR131
  publication-title: Pediatrics
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0930
– volume: 56
  start-page: 1515
  issue: 10
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR16
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13121
– volume: 83
  start-page: 124
  issue: 2–3
  year: 2009
  ident: 940_CR59
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.10.005
– volume: 7
  start-page: 493
  issue: 5
  year: 1980
  ident: 940_CR191
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.410070521
– ident: 940_CR201
– ident: 940_CR61
– volume: 76
  start-page: 897
  issue: 8
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR20
  publication-title: JAMA Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1268
– volume: 30
  start-page: S4
  issue: Suppl 2
  year: 1989
  ident: 940_CR40
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05824.x
– volume: 84
  start-page: 452
  issue: 4
  year: 1984
  ident: 940_CR169
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1007/BF00431449
– volume: 12
  start-page: 321
  issue: 5
  year: 1976
  ident: 940_CR144
  publication-title: Drugs
  doi: 10.2165/00003495-197612050-00001
– volume: 78
  start-page: 588
  issue: 5
  year: 2021
  ident: 940_CR161
  publication-title: JAMA Neurol
  doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0520
– volume: 249
  start-page: 1452
  issue: 11
  year: 1983
  ident: 940_CR46
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.1983.03330350028021
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1288
  issue: 11
  year: 2005
  ident: 940_CR153
  publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1177/0091270005280861
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1191
  issue: 10
  year: 2007
  ident: 940_CR117
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/0883073807306248
– volume: 111
  start-page: 1789
  issue: 47
  year: 1981
  ident: 940_CR94
  publication-title: Schweiz Med Wochenschr
– volume: 19
  start-page: 149
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR74
  publication-title: Eur J Paediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.11.007
– volume: 52
  start-page: 788
  issue: 4
  year: 2011
  ident: 940_CR43
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02949.x
– volume: 311
  start-page: 1652
  issue: 16
  year: 2014
  ident: 940_CR50
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.2625
– volume: 56
  start-page: 1408
  issue: 9
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR67
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13088
– volume: 11
  start-page: 141
  issue: 3
  year: 2002
  ident: 940_CR49
  publication-title: Seizure.
  doi: 10.1053/seiz.2001.0635
– volume: 34
  start-page: 555
  issue: 5
  year: 2020
  ident: 940_CR85
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-020-00724-6
– volume: 103
  start-page: 344
  issue: 2
  year: 2006
  ident: 940_CR60
  publication-title: Anesth Analg.
  doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000226150.90317.16
– volume: 61
  start-page: 186
  issue: 2
  year: 1986
  ident: 940_CR150
  publication-title: Arch Dis Child
  doi: 10.1136/adc.61.2.186
– volume: 93
  start-page: 11
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  ident: 940_CR100
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.10.001
– volume: 38
  start-page: 202
  issue: 2
  year: 1988
  ident: 940_CR122
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.38.2.202
– volume: 3
  start-page: 73
  issue: 2
  year: 1999
  ident: 940_CR188
  publication-title: Eur J Paediatr Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/S1090-3798(99)80016-6
– volume: 14
  start-page: 615
  issue: 6
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR1
  publication-title: Lancet Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00042-3
– ident: 940_CR56
– volume: 33
  start-page: 353
  issue: 2
  year: 1992
  ident: 940_CR108
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02327.x
– volume: 47
  start-page: 235
  issue: 3
  year: 1984
  ident: 940_CR110
  publication-title: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1136/jnnp.47.3.235
– volume: 58
  start-page: 1533
  issue: 9
  year: 2017
  ident: 940_CR19
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13837
– volume: 13
  start-page: 92
  issue: 2
  year: 1997
  ident: 940_CR72
  publication-title: Pediatr Emerg Care
  doi: 10.1097/00006565-199704000-00002
– volume: 6
  start-page: 89
  issue: 2
  year: 1981
  ident: 940_CR42
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet.
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-198106020-00001
– volume: 6
  start-page: 539
  issue: 4–6
  year: 1982
  ident: 940_CR146
  publication-title: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/S0278-5846(82)80146-2
– volume: 79
  start-page: 327
  issue: 3
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR120
  publication-title: Indian J Pediatr
  doi: 10.1007/s12098-011-0505-y
– ident: 940_CR136
  doi: 10.1016/S0022-510X(09)70969-4
– volume: 25
  start-page: 1468
  issue: 12
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR148
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/0883073810368312
– volume: 56
  start-page: 254
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR52
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.12905
– volume: 22
  start-page: 303
  issue: 3
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR129
  publication-title: Iran J Pediatr
– volume: 259
  start-page: 645
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR195
  publication-title: J Neurol
  doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-6227-2
– ident: 940_CR199
– volume: 367
  start-page: 1591
  issue: 9522
  year: 2006
  ident: 940_CR187
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68696-0
– volume: 43
  start-page: 53
  issue: Suppl 3
  year: 2002
  ident: 940_CR172
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.3.5.x
– volume: 18
  start-page: 1391
  issue: 12
  year: 2011
  ident: 940_CR116
  publication-title: Eur J Neurol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03420.x
– volume: 53
  start-page: 1489
  issue: 9
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR160
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03576.x
– volume: 15
  start-page: 357
  issue: 3
  year: 1997
  ident: 940_CR54
  publication-title: J Emerg Med.
  doi: 10.1016/S0736-4679(97)00022-X
– volume: 75
  start-page: 219
  issue: 5
  year: 1975
  ident: 940_CR44
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Belg.
– volume: 21
  start-page: 162
  issue: 3
  year: 1981
  ident: 940_CR41
  publication-title: Drugs
  doi: 10.2165/00003495-198121030-00001
– volume: 11
  start-page: 418
  issue: 4
  year: 2011
  ident: 940_CR4
  publication-title: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep
  doi: 10.1007/s11910-011-0207-x
– ident: 940_CR62
– volume: 18
  start-page: 79
  issue: 2
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR5
  publication-title: J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther
– volume: 17
  start-page: 7532
  issue: 19
  year: 1997
  ident: 940_CR11
  publication-title: J Neurosci
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07532.1997
– volume: 55
  start-page: 1444
  issue: 9
  year: 2014
  ident: 940_CR104
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.12685
– volume: 2
  start-page: 1
  year: 2020
  ident: 940_CR189
  publication-title: J Pak Med Assoc
– volume: 53
  start-page: 60
  year: 1973
  ident: 940_CR205
  publication-title: Acta Neurol Scand Suppl.
– volume: 4
  start-page: 326
  issue: 4
  year: 1981
  ident: 940_CR147
  publication-title: Clin Ther
– volume: 127
  issue: 27
  year: 2021
  ident: 940_CR198
  publication-title: Phys Rev Lett
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.272001
– volume: 160
  start-page: 667
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR176
  publication-title: J Pediatr.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.09.048
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1274
  issue: 5
  year: 1998
  ident: 940_CR29
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.51.5.1274
– volume: 83
  start-page: 345
  issue: 4
  year: 2014
  ident: 940_CR33
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000623
– volume: 16
  start-page: 345
  issue: 7
  year: 1976
  ident: 940_CR93
  publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1976.tb01531.x
– volume: 7
  start-page: 696
  issue: 8
  year: 2008
  ident: 940_CR196
  publication-title: Lancet Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70141-8
– volume: 60
  start-page: 911
  issue: 5
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR3
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.14729
– volume: 123
  start-page: 486
  issue: 3
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR32
  publication-title: Clin Neurophysiol
  doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.08.011
– volume: 6
  start-page: 51
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR63
  publication-title: Clin Med Insights Pediatr.
  doi: 10.4137/CMPed.S8330
– volume: 105
  start-page: 362
  issue: 3
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR96
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.02.018
– volume: 43
  start-page: 483
  issue: 3 Pt 1
  year: 1993
  ident: 940_CR21
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.43.3_Part_1.483
– volume: 23
  start-page: 177
  issue: 4
  year: 2002
  ident: 940_CR69
  publication-title: Neurol Sci
  doi: 10.1007/s100720200058
– volume: 199
  start-page: 67
  issue: 1
  year: 1976
  ident: 940_CR91
  publication-title: J Pharmacol Exp Ther
– volume: 17
  start-page: 106
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  ident: 940_CR118
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/088307380201700203
– ident: 940_CR64
– volume: 44
  start-page: 771
  issue: 9
  year: 2005
  ident: 940_CR133
  publication-title: Clin Pediatr (Phila).
  doi: 10.1177/000992280504400904
– ident: 940_CR171
– volume: 75
  start-page: 1499
  issue: 13
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR181
  publication-title: Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0454-2
– volume: 35
  start-page: 37
  issue: 1
  year: 1998
  ident: 940_CR174
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-199835010-00003
– ident: 940_CR24
  doi: 10.1002/ana.25416
– volume: 53
  start-page: 501
  issue: 5
  year: 2002
  ident: 940_CR58
  publication-title: Br J Clin Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01588.x
– ident: 940_CR177
– volume: 41
  start-page: 1225
  issue: 11
  year: 2001
  ident: 940_CR183
  publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1177/00912700122012779
– volume: 54
  start-page: 1968
  issue: 11
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR103
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.12373
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1797
  issue: 9
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR79
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.15159
– volume: 25
  start-page: 638
  issue: 6
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR182
  publication-title: Curr Opin Crit Care
  doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000661
– volume: 40
  start-page: 120
  issue: 1
  year: 1999
  ident: 940_CR17
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02000.x
– volume: 339
  start-page: 792
  issue: 12
  year: 1998
  ident: 940_CR47
  publication-title: N Engl J Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM199809173391202
– volume: 250
  start-page: 134
  issue: 1
  year: 1989
  ident: 940_CR157
  publication-title: J Pharmacol Exp Ther
– volume: 3
  start-page: 31
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR163
  publication-title: J Parkinsons Dis
  doi: 10.3233/JPD-120142
– volume: 25
  start-page: 275
  issue: 4
  year: 2003
  ident: 940_CR76
  publication-title: Brain Develop
  doi: 10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00230-9
– volume: 1
  start-page: 182
  year: 1970
  ident: 940_CR200
  publication-title: EEG EMG
– volume: 366
  start-page: 591
  issue: 7
  year: 2012
  ident: 940_CR48
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107494
– volume: 39
  start-page: 290
  issue: 3
  year: 1998
  ident: 940_CR13
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01375.x
– volume: 20
  start-page: 282
  issue: 4
  year: 1999
  ident: 940_CR112
  publication-title: Pediatr Neurol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0887-8994(98)00156-8
– volume: 51
  start-page: 478
  issue: 3
  year: 2010
  ident: 940_CR83
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02333.x
– ident: 940_CR37
  doi: 10.1007/s10309-018-0204-z
– volume: 71
  start-page: 248
  issue: 2
  year: 1982
  ident: 940_CR39
  publication-title: J Pharm Sci
  doi: 10.1002/jps.2600710227
– volume: 56
  start-page: 1275
  issue: 8
  year: 2015
  ident: 940_CR53
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13056
– volume: 59
  start-page: e73
  issue: 5
  year: 2018
  ident: 940_CR36
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.14076
– volume: 27
  start-page: 479
  issue: 6
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR162
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-013-0075-9
– volume: 37
  start-page: 682
  issue: 8
  year: 1995
  ident: 940_CR51
  publication-title: Dev Med Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb15014.x
– volume: 25
  start-page: 275
  issue: 4
  year: 2003
  ident: 940_CR190
  publication-title: Brain Dev
  doi: 10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00230-9
– volume: 108
  start-page: 1204
  issue: 7
  year: 2014
  ident: 940_CR102
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.04.007
– volume: 21
  start-page: 97
  issue: 1
  year: 1980
  ident: 940_CR141
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1980.tb04049.x
– volume: 6
  start-page: 2413
  issue: 12
  year: 2019
  ident: 940_CR66
  publication-title: Ann Clin Transl Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/acn3.50932
– volume: 36
  start-page: 409
  issue: 6
  year: 1999
  ident: 940_CR6
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet.
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-199936060-00003
– volume: 65
  start-page: 1313
  issue: 8
  year: 2005
  ident: 940_CR31
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000180685.84547.7f
– volume: 4
  start-page: 358
  issue: 6
  year: 1988
  ident: 940_CR194
  publication-title: Pediatr Neurol.
  doi: 10.1016/0887-8994(88)90083-5
– volume: 107
  start-page: 156
  issue: 1–2
  year: 2013
  ident: 940_CR145
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.001
– volume: 338
  start-page: 1869
  issue: 26
  year: 1998
  ident: 940_CR28
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM199806253382602
– ident: 940_CR87
  doi: 10.5633/amm.2011.0214
– volume: 56
  start-page: 941
  issue: 8
  year: 2017
  ident: 940_CR175
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacokinet
  doi: 10.1007/s40262-016-0486-0
– volume: 126
  start-page: 241
  issue: 3
  year: 1996
  ident: 940_CR184
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1007/BF02246454
– volume: 12
  start-page: 197
  issue: 3
  year: 1971
  ident: 940_CR142
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1971.tb04928.x
– volume: 31
  start-page: 585
  issue: 8
  year: 2011
  ident: 940_CR101
  publication-title: Clin Drug Investig
  doi: 10.2165/11590250-000000000-00000
– volume: 31
  start-page: 11
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: 940_CR9
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.1007/s40263-016-0398-4
– volume: 15
  start-page: 47
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: 940_CR143
  publication-title: Lancet Neurol
  doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00296-3
SSID ssj0004366
Score 2.607464
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Status epilepticus (SE) is an acute, life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate, effective therapy. Therefore, the acute care of prolonged...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
springer
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 951
SubjectTerms Allosteric properties
Anesthesia
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants - adverse effects
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines - adverse effects
Caregivers
Clonazepam
Clonazepam - therapeutic use
Convulsions & seizures
Diazepam
Diazepam - therapeutic use
Drug dosages
Epilepsy
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - therapeutic use
Humans
Intranasal administration
Intravenous administration
Lorazepam
Lorazepam - therapeutic use
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolism
Midazolam
Mortality
Neurology
Neurosciences
Patients
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotherapy
Psychiatry
Psychopharmacology
Review
Review Article
Seizures
Seizures - drug therapy
Status Epilepticus - drug therapy
γ-Aminobutyric acid
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3db9MwELeg44EXvj8CGzIS2gu1SBw3rnlB2-jEA6oqKGhvkZM4WkWVZEs7qf0z9hfvznESlYm98FYpV3_E5_Nd7uffEfIhS6VUUZIyJcOQCZXlLBEjiFozCe64r3xjweO_v8vpdHx2pmbug1vtYJWtTbSGOitT_Eb-icsAzsoQ9O1LdcGwahRmV10JjftkD5nKxIDsHU-msx_9zcjQZisDOKaZ9IV012bs5TmInGwOkzOE1_mM7x5Nt_zN27DJv3Kn9kg6ffy_k3lCHjlnlB412vOU3DPFM3I4a9isN0M67y9n1UN6SGc9z_XmObk-NsW2BP3amgrB83RRUHAnaY-ooWVOf5rFdg0xPdVFRtG1Xdd0UoEtqpD2o_5Mj2iTn0BhxCeBKPz6apaIGIFBtJ3-gT6agUyQ9sIOENucl0sYpcX4bl6QX6eT-ck35ko8sFRIsWKZDnJuchWN9DjPIuOPTJjIkY5SCcupIVbMpAwhptPCjHnim0invuGZAkMNzooMX5JBURbmNWK0tODacCSoERD1wvv1tQog5IJmxonvkaBd3Th1_OdYhmMZd8zNViNi0IjYakTMPfKx-0_VsH_cKb3frnbsLEEd90vtkffdY9jDmJjRhSnXKIMlxMB3hiZeNTrWdRdCxAdOoPCI3NG-TgD5wXefFItzyxOuBOxDHnhk2OppP6x_z-LN3bN4Sx5yu2cQZrdPBqvLtTkgD9Kr1aK-fOf23w13Hja1
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Benzodiazepines in the Management of Seizures and Status Epilepticus: A Review of Routes of Delivery, Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Tolerability
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40263-022-00940-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35971024
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2715843488
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2702975402
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9477921
Volume 36
WOSCitedRecordID wos000840616100001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Health & Medical Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1179-1934
  dateEnd: 20241209
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0004366
  issn: 1172-7047
  databaseCode: 7X7
  dateStart: 20080101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1179-1934
  dateEnd: 20241209
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0004366
  issn: 1172-7047
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 20080101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Psychology Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1179-1934
  dateEnd: 20241209
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0004366
  issn: 1172-7047
  databaseCode: M2M
  dateStart: 20080101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/psychology
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVAVX
  databaseName: SpringerLINK Contemporary 1997-Present
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1179-1934
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0004366
  issn: 1172-7047
  databaseCode: RSV
  dateStart: 19970101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://link.springer.com/search?facet-content-type=%22Journal%22
  providerName: Springer Nature
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3db9MwED_BhhAvDMZXYFRGQnuhkRzHjWPe9tGJB1pVW5n6FjmJo1VUSbW0SO2fwV_M2flS2UCCl6pVrueLfHe-0_3uDPAxTYSQQZy4Uvi-y2WauTEfYNaaCgzHqaTagsevv4rxOJzN5KRuCisbtHtTkrSeum12w0zH1hyZa-Bw1EXHu4_cQmOOl1fXXTekbyuUHh7NrqBc1K0y9_PYPY7uxJh3oZK_1UvtMXRx8H8v8Aye1mEnOan05Dk80PkhPB7VhfVDOJ5UI6w3fTLtOrLKPjkmk2649eYF_DzV-bZApdrqpUHMk3lOMIYkHYyGFBm50vPtGhN5ovKUmHh2XZLhEh3Q0sz6KD-TE1IVJQyxASUhKX471wsDE0EhmkW_4xqVIEMz68IKaHhOiwVKaYG9m5fw7WI4Pfvi1vc6uAkXfOWmysuYzmQwUGGWBpoOtB-LgQoS4UmuMEFMhfAxkVNchyymOlAJ1SyV6J0xQhH-K9jLi1y_McAsxZnSzEyl4ZjqhtynSnqYZyGbMKYOeM32Rkk99NzcvbGI2nHNdlci3JXI7krEHPjU_mdZjfz4K_VRozVRbf5lxISHgZ2PztGBD-1jNFxTjVG5LtaGxtwbhgEzsnhdKVm7nI9pHkZ-3AGxo34tgRkKvvskn9_Y4eCSo_Exz4F-o4SdWH9-i7f_Rv4OnjCrxwZrdwR7q9u1fg-Pkh-reXnbg4diJuxn2IP90-F4com_RmzUs4b6C_QBMro
linkProvider Springer Nature
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9NAEB6VggQX3g9DgUWCXsgKe-14YySECk3VqiGKREC5mbW9FhGRHeIElPwMfgi_kZn1S6Gitx64Wdrx7tqemZ3xfDMD8DyJpQz8KOaBdF3uBUnKI6-LXmsi0Ry3A1sb8PjngRwOe5NJMNqB33UuDMEqa51oFHWSx_SP_JWQDp6VLvLb2_l3Tl2jKLpat9Ao2eJUr3-iy1a8OTnE7_tCiKP--P0xr7oK8NiT3pInykmFTgO_q3pp4mu7q91IdpUfS3ToFboniZQuuhHK0z0R2dpXsa1FEqBuwPNRujjvJbiMelwShExOZJuH6ZrYqINGAZe2J6skHZOqh36aiZgKTmA-m4vtg_CMdXsWpPlXpNYcgEc3_rdXdxOuV6Y2Oyhl4xbs6Ow27I_KWt3rDhu3qWdFh-2zUVvFe30Hfr3T2SZH6dnoOaUGsGnG0FhmLV6I5Sn7qKeb1QJHVZYwMtxXBevPUdPOqahJ8ZodsDL6QsSEvkJSvDrUM8LD4CbqRb_hGuVG-lTUw2yQ5hznM9ylQTCv78KnC3lf92A3yzP9gBBoyhNKCyq_46FPj9_TVoGDDiVO04tsC5yam8K4qu5OTUZmYVOX2nBgiBwYGg4MhQUvm3vmZW2Tc6n3au4KKz1XhC1rWfCsGUYNRWEnlel8RTTUIA09A5zifsnTzXIu-rNo4noWyC1ubwio-vn2SDb9aqqgBx5qGeFY0Knlot3Wv5_i4flP8RSuHo8_DMLByfD0EVwTRl4JULgHu8vFSj-GK_GP5bRYPDGSz-DLRcvLH23-kVw
linkToPdf http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1fb9MwELfGQIgX_sMCA4wEe6HWEsepGySEBm3FtK2qRJn2FpzE0SqqJDQtqP0YfBw-HXfOP5WJve2Bt0i-2E5yd77L_e6OkFdxJKXfDSPmS9dlwo8TFgoPvNZYgjlu-7Y24PHTYzka9c7O_PEW-V3nwiCsstaJRlHHWYT_yPe5dOCsdIHf9pMKFjHuD9_n3xl2kMJIa91Oo2SRI736Ce5b8e6wD9_6NefDweTjJ1Z1GGCRkGLBYuUkXCd-11O9JO5q29NuKD3VjSQ49wpclVhKF1wKJXSPh7buqsjWPPZBT8BZKV2Y9xq5LoXnYfeEE37S5mS6Jk7qgIHApC1klbBj0vbAZzPRU84Q2GczvnkoXrB0LwI2_4ramsNweOd_fo13ye3KBKcHpczcI1s6vU_2xmUN71WHTtqUtKJD9-i4re69ekB-fdDpOgOpWuscUwboNKVgRNMWR0SzhH7W0_VyDqMqjSka9MuCDnLQwDkWOyne0gNaRmWQGFFZQApXfT1DnAxsol70G6xRbmSAxT7MBnHOSTaDXRpk8-oh-XIl7-sR2U6zVO8gMk0JrjTHsjwCfH34trbyHXA0YZpeaFvEqTkriKqq79h8ZBY09aoNNwbAjYHhxoBb5E1zT17WPLmUerfmtKDSf0XQsplFXjbDoLkwHKVSnS2RBhungccAUzwu-btZzgU_F0xfYRG5wfkNAVZF3xxJp-emOrovQPtwxyKdWkbabf37KZ5c_hQvyE0Qk-D4cHT0lNziRnQRZ7hLthfzpX5GbkQ_FtNi_twoAUq-XrW4_AEV9pof
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Benzodiazepines+in+the+Management+of+Seizures+and+Status+Epilepticus%3A+A+Review+of+Routes+of+Delivery%2C+Pharmacokinetics%2C+Efficacy%2C+and+Tolerability&rft.jtitle=CNS+drugs&rft.au=Kienitz%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Kay%2C+Lara&rft.au=Beuchat%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Gelhard%2C+Sarah&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.issn=1179-1934&rft.eissn=1179-1934&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=951&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs40263-022-00940-2&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1172-7047&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1172-7047&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1172-7047&client=summon