Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Team-Ball Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis by Sex, Age, Sport, Participation Level, and Exposure Type

Background Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL...

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Published in:Sports medicine (Auckland) Vol. 52; no. 10; pp. 2447 - 2467
Main Authors: Chia, Lionel, De Oliveira Silva, Danilo, Whalan, Matthew, McKay, Marnee J., Sullivan, Justin, Fuller, Colin W., Pappas, Evangelos
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.10.2022
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:
Age
Anterior cruciate ligament
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - epidemiology
Athletes
Athletic Injuries - epidemiology
Athletic recruitment
Australian football
Cohort analysis
Competition
Epidemiology
Female
Female athletes
Females
High school basketball
Humans
Joint and ligament injuries
Jumping
Knee
Knee Injuries - epidemiology
Male
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Meta-analysis
Resource allocation
Rugby
Sports
Sports injuries
Sports Medicine
Surveillance
Systematic Review
Volleyball
United States > US
ISSN:0112-1642, 1179-2035, 1179-2035
Online Access:Get full text
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Abstract Background Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL injuries commonly occur in team ball-sports that involve jumping, landing and cutting manoeuvres, accurate information about the epidemiology of non-contact ACL injuries in these sports is needed to quantify their extent and burden to guide resource allocation for risk-reduction efforts. Objective To synthesize the evidence on the incidence and proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries by sex, age, sport, participation level and exposure type in team ball-sports. Methods Six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2021. Cohort studies of team ball-sports reporting number of knee injuries as a function of exposure and injury mechanism were included. Results Forty-five studies covering 13 team ball-sports were included. The overall proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries was 55% (95% CI 48–62, I 2  = 82%; females: 63%, 95% CI 53–71, I 2  = 84%; males: 50%, 95% CI 42–58, I 2  = 86%). The overall incidence of non-contact ACL injuries was 0.07 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI 0.05–0.10, I 2  = 77%), and 0.05 per 1000 player-exposures (95% CI 0.03–0.07, I 2  = 97%). Injury incidence was higher in female athletes (0.14 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.10–0.19, I 2  = 40%) than male athletes (0.05 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.03–0.07, I 2  = 48%), and this difference was significant. Injury incidence during competition was higher (0.48 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.32–0.72, I 2  = 77%; 0.32 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.15–0.70, I 2  = 96%) than during training (0.04 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.02–0.07, I 2  = 63%; 0.02 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.01–0.05, I 2  = 86%) and these differences were significant. Heterogeneity across studies was generally high. Conclusion This study quantifies several key epidemiological findings for ACL injuries in team ball-sports. Non-contact ACL injuries represented over half of all ACL injuries sustained. The proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries and injury incidence were higher in female than in male athletes. Injuries mostly occurred in competition settings.
AbstractList Background Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL injuries commonly occur in team ball-sports that involve jumping, landing and cutting manoeuvres, accurate information about the epidemiology of non-contact ACL injuries in these sports is needed to quantify their extent and burden to guide resource allocation for risk-reduction efforts. Objective To synthesize the evidence on the incidence and proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries by sex, age, sport, participation level and exposure type in team ball-sports. Methods Six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2021. Cohort studies of team ball-sports reporting number of knee injuries as a function of exposure and injury mechanism were included. Results Forty-five studies covering 13 team ball-sports were included. The overall proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries was 55% (95% CI 48-62, I2 = 82%; females: 63%, 95% CI 53-71, I2 = 84%; males: 50%, 95% CI 42-58, I2 = 86%). The overall incidence of non-contact ACL injuries was 0.07 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI 0.05-0.10, I2=77%), and 0.05 per 1000 player-exposures (95% CI 0.03-0.07, I2 = 97%). Injury incidence was higher in female athletes (0.14 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.10-0.19, I2=40%) than male athletes (0.05 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.03-0.07, I2 = 48%), and this difference was significant. Injury incidence during competition was higher (0.48 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.32-0.72, I2=77%; 0.32 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.15-0.70, I2 = 96%) than during training (0.04 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.02-0.07, I2=63%; 0.02 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.01-0.05, I2 = 86%) and these differences were significant. Heterogeneity across studies was generally high. Conclusion This study quantifies several key epidemiological findings for ACL injuries in team ball-sports. Non-contact ACL injuries represented over half of all ACL injuries sustained. The proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries and injury incidence were higher in female than in male athletes. Injuries mostly occurred in competition settings.
Background Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL injuries commonly occur in team ball-sports that involve jumping, landing and cutting manoeuvres, accurate information about the epidemiology of non-contact ACL injuries in these sports is needed to quantify their extent and burden to guide resource allocation for risk-reduction efforts. Objective To synthesize the evidence on the incidence and proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries by sex, age, sport, participation level and exposure type in team ball-sports. Methods Six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2021. Cohort studies of team ball-sports reporting number of knee injuries as a function of exposure and injury mechanism were included. Results Forty-five studies covering 13 team ball-sports were included. The overall proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries was 55% (95% CI 48–62, I 2  = 82%; females: 63%, 95% CI 53–71, I 2  = 84%; males: 50%, 95% CI 42–58, I 2  = 86%). The overall incidence of non-contact ACL injuries was 0.07 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI 0.05–0.10, I 2  = 77%), and 0.05 per 1000 player-exposures (95% CI 0.03–0.07, I 2  = 97%). Injury incidence was higher in female athletes (0.14 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.10–0.19, I 2  = 40%) than male athletes (0.05 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.03–0.07, I 2  = 48%), and this difference was significant. Injury incidence during competition was higher (0.48 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.32–0.72, I 2  = 77%; 0.32 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.15–0.70, I 2  = 96%) than during training (0.04 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.02–0.07, I 2  = 63%; 0.02 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.01–0.05, I 2  = 86%) and these differences were significant. Heterogeneity across studies was generally high. Conclusion This study quantifies several key epidemiological findings for ACL injuries in team ball-sports. Non-contact ACL injuries represented over half of all ACL injuries sustained. The proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries and injury incidence were higher in female than in male athletes. Injuries mostly occurred in competition settings.
Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL injuries commonly occur in team ball-sports that involve jumping, landing and cutting manoeuvres, accurate information about the epidemiology of non-contact ACL injuries in these sports is needed to quantify their extent and burden to guide resource allocation for risk-reduction efforts. To synthesize the evidence on the incidence and proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries by sex, age, sport, participation level and exposure type in team ball-sports. Six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2021. Cohort studies of team ball-sports reporting number of knee injuries as a function of exposure and injury mechanism were included. Forty-five studies covering 13 team ball-sports were included. The overall proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries was 55% (95% CI 48-62, I  = 82%; females: 63%, 95% CI 53-71, I  = 84%; males: 50%, 95% CI 42-58, I  = 86%). The overall incidence of non-contact ACL injuries was 0.07 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI 0.05-0.10, I  = 77%), and 0.05 per 1000 player-exposures (95% CI 0.03-0.07, I  = 97%). Injury incidence was higher in female athletes (0.14 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.10-0.19, I  = 40%) than male athletes (0.05 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.03-0.07, I  = 48%), and this difference was significant. Injury incidence during competition was higher (0.48 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.32-0.72, I  = 77%; 0.32 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.15-0.70, I  = 96%) than during training (0.04 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.02-0.07, I  = 63%; 0.02 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.01-0.05, I  = 86%) and these differences were significant. Heterogeneity across studies was generally high. This study quantifies several key epidemiological findings for ACL injuries in team ball-sports. Non-contact ACL injuries represented over half of all ACL injuries sustained. The proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries and injury incidence were higher in female than in male athletes. Injuries mostly occurred in competition settings.
Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL injuries commonly occur in team ball-sports that involve jumping, landing and cutting manoeuvres, accurate information about the epidemiology of non-contact ACL injuries in these sports is needed to quantify their extent and burden to guide resource allocation for risk-reduction efforts.BACKGROUNDNot all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL injuries commonly occur in team ball-sports that involve jumping, landing and cutting manoeuvres, accurate information about the epidemiology of non-contact ACL injuries in these sports is needed to quantify their extent and burden to guide resource allocation for risk-reduction efforts.To synthesize the evidence on the incidence and proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries by sex, age, sport, participation level and exposure type in team ball-sports.OBJECTIVETo synthesize the evidence on the incidence and proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries by sex, age, sport, participation level and exposure type in team ball-sports.Six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2021. Cohort studies of team ball-sports reporting number of knee injuries as a function of exposure and injury mechanism were included.METHODSSix databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2021. Cohort studies of team ball-sports reporting number of knee injuries as a function of exposure and injury mechanism were included.Forty-five studies covering 13 team ball-sports were included. The overall proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries was 55% (95% CI 48-62, I2 = 82%; females: 63%, 95% CI 53-71, I2 = 84%; males: 50%, 95% CI 42-58, I2 = 86%). The overall incidence of non-contact ACL injuries was 0.07 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI 0.05-0.10, I2 = 77%), and 0.05 per 1000 player-exposures (95% CI 0.03-0.07, I2 = 97%). Injury incidence was higher in female athletes (0.14 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.10-0.19, I2 = 40%) than male athletes (0.05 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.03-0.07, I2 = 48%), and this difference was significant. Injury incidence during competition was higher (0.48 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.32-0.72, I2 = 77%; 0.32 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.15-0.70, I2 = 96%) than during training (0.04 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.02-0.07, I2 = 63%; 0.02 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.01-0.05, I2 = 86%) and these differences were significant. Heterogeneity across studies was generally high.RESULTSForty-five studies covering 13 team ball-sports were included. The overall proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries was 55% (95% CI 48-62, I2 = 82%; females: 63%, 95% CI 53-71, I2 = 84%; males: 50%, 95% CI 42-58, I2 = 86%). The overall incidence of non-contact ACL injuries was 0.07 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI 0.05-0.10, I2 = 77%), and 0.05 per 1000 player-exposures (95% CI 0.03-0.07, I2 = 97%). Injury incidence was higher in female athletes (0.14 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.10-0.19, I2 = 40%) than male athletes (0.05 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.03-0.07, I2 = 48%), and this difference was significant. Injury incidence during competition was higher (0.48 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.32-0.72, I2 = 77%; 0.32 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.15-0.70, I2 = 96%) than during training (0.04 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.02-0.07, I2 = 63%; 0.02 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.01-0.05, I2 = 86%) and these differences were significant. Heterogeneity across studies was generally high.This study quantifies several key epidemiological findings for ACL injuries in team ball-sports. Non-contact ACL injuries represented over half of all ACL injuries sustained. The proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries and injury incidence were higher in female than in male athletes. Injuries mostly occurred in competition settings.CONCLUSIONThis study quantifies several key epidemiological findings for ACL injuries in team ball-sports. Non-contact ACL injuries represented over half of all ACL injuries sustained. The proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries and injury incidence were higher in female than in male athletes. Injuries mostly occurred in competition settings.
Author Sullivan, Justin
Pappas, Evangelos
Fuller, Colin W.
Whalan, Matthew
De Oliveira Silva, Danilo
McKay, Marnee J.
Chia, Lionel
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-3164-8809
  surname: Chia
  fullname: Chia, Lionel
  email: lclionelchia@gmail.com
  organization: Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney, Cleveland Guardians Baseball Company
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  givenname: Danilo
  surname: De Oliveira Silva
  fullname: De Oliveira Silva, Danilo
  organization: La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University
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  givenname: Matthew
  surname: Whalan
  fullname: Whalan, Matthew
  organization: Research and Development Department, Football Australia, Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, University of Wollongong
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Marnee J.
  surname: McKay
  fullname: McKay, Marnee J.
  organization: Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney
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  givenname: Justin
  surname: Sullivan
  fullname: Sullivan, Justin
  organization: Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney
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  givenname: Colin W.
  surname: Fuller
  fullname: Fuller, Colin W.
  organization: Colin Fuller Consultancy Ltd
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  givenname: Evangelos
  surname: Pappas
  fullname: Pappas, Evangelos
  organization: Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney, School of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, The University of Wollongong
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35622227$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet Background Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle,...
Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that...
Background Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle,...
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SubjectTerms Age
Anterior cruciate ligament
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - epidemiology
Athletes
Athletic Injuries - epidemiology
Athletic recruitment
Australian football
Cohort analysis
Competition
Epidemiology
Female
Female athletes
Females
High school basketball
Humans
Joint and ligament injuries
Jumping
Knee
Knee Injuries - epidemiology
Male
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Meta-analysis
Resource allocation
Rugby
Sports
Sports injuries
Sports Medicine
Surveillance
Systematic Review
Volleyball
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Title Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Team-Ball Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis by Sex, Age, Sport, Participation Level, and Exposure Type
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