Carbon dots: surface engineering and applications

Carbon dots have attracted a great deal of attention because of their high performance, cheap and facile preparation, and potential applications in a wide area. In order to broaden their applications, especially to meet specific requirements, surface engineering, including tailoring surface function...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of materials chemistry. B, Materials for biology and medicine Vol. 4; no. 35; p. 5772
Main Authors: Liu, Weijian, Li, Chun, Ren, Yanjing, Sun, Xiaobo, Pan, Wei, Li, Yanhua, Wang, Jinping, Wang, Weijun
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: England 01.01.2016
ISSN:2050-7518, 2050-7518
Online Access:Get more information
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Abstract Carbon dots have attracted a great deal of attention because of their high performance, cheap and facile preparation, and potential applications in a wide area. In order to broaden their applications, especially to meet specific requirements, surface engineering, including tailoring surface functional group coating and subsequent chemical modification as required, is an effective strategy for further functionalization of carbon dots. In this article, representative approaches to coating the surface with various functional groups, and strategies for conjugating specific materials onto the surface of carbon dots for functional modification via covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds are highlighted, as well as the results from explorations of their various applications in target modulated sensing, accurate drug delivery and bioimaging at high resolution.
AbstractList Carbon dots have attracted a great deal of attention because of their high performance, cheap and facile preparation, and potential applications in a wide area. In order to broaden their applications, especially to meet specific requirements, surface engineering, including tailoring surface functional group coating and subsequent chemical modification as required, is an effective strategy for further functionalization of carbon dots. In this article, representative approaches to coating the surface with various functional groups, and strategies for conjugating specific materials onto the surface of carbon dots for functional modification via covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds are highlighted, as well as the results from explorations of their various applications in target modulated sensing, accurate drug delivery and bioimaging at high resolution.Carbon dots have attracted a great deal of attention because of their high performance, cheap and facile preparation, and potential applications in a wide area. In order to broaden their applications, especially to meet specific requirements, surface engineering, including tailoring surface functional group coating and subsequent chemical modification as required, is an effective strategy for further functionalization of carbon dots. In this article, representative approaches to coating the surface with various functional groups, and strategies for conjugating specific materials onto the surface of carbon dots for functional modification via covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds are highlighted, as well as the results from explorations of their various applications in target modulated sensing, accurate drug delivery and bioimaging at high resolution.
Carbon dots have attracted a great deal of attention because of their high performance, cheap and facile preparation, and potential applications in a wide area. In order to broaden their applications, especially to meet specific requirements, surface engineering, including tailoring surface functional group coating and subsequent chemical modification as required, is an effective strategy for further functionalization of carbon dots. In this article, representative approaches to coating the surface with various functional groups, and strategies for conjugating specific materials onto the surface of carbon dots for functional modification via covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds are highlighted, as well as the results from explorations of their various applications in target modulated sensing, accurate drug delivery and bioimaging at high resolution.
Author Li, Chun
Wang, Weijun
Pan, Wei
Sun, Xiaobo
Ren, Yanjing
Wang, Jinping
Li, Yanhua
Liu, Weijian
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Weijian
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Weijian
  email: jpwang@qau.edu.cn
  organization: College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China. jpwang@qau.edu.cn
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Chun
  surname: Li
  fullname: Li, Chun
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Yanjing
  surname: Ren
  fullname: Ren, Yanjing
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Xiaobo
  surname: Sun
  fullname: Sun, Xiaobo
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Wei
  surname: Pan
  fullname: Pan, Wei
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Yanhua
  surname: Li
  fullname: Li, Yanhua
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Jinping
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Jinping
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Weijun
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Weijun
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32263748$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNpNj71OwzAYRS1UREvpwgOgjCwB_8V22FDEn1SJpXv02f5SpUrtYCcDb08lisRdzh2OrnSvySLEgITcMvrAqKgfnZospbVWhwuy4rSipa6YWfzrS7LJ-UBPMUwZIa_IUnCuhJZmRVgDycZQ-DjlpyLPqQOHBYZ9HxBTH_YFBF_AOA69g6mPId-Qyw6GjJsz12T3-rJr3svt59tH87wtndRyKi0KZIZ3gkrLO9tp8JZLVStLHWVgUWqhOXDlq9oZrIQGxn0lasDaGsfX5P53dkzxa8Y8tcc-OxwGCBjn3HJhtJK60vSk3p3V2R7Rt2Pqj5C-27-X_AdNAlUz
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1007_s11051_023_05701_w
crossref_primary_10_1002_jccs_202000545
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jlumin_2021_118246
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcis_2021_02_112
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2019_06_046
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodchem_2020_128817
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_colsurfa_2021_126792
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mseb_2019_02_014
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procbio_2019_10_003
crossref_primary_10_1088_2050_6120_ab0bfa
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_microc_2022_107753
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms232113283
crossref_primary_10_1002_poc_4387
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optmat_2023_114057
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10853_022_07531_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jlumin_2018_08_007
crossref_primary_10_1039_C9NR01224A
crossref_primary_10_1039_D5NR01226K
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11244_025_02095_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_saa_2018_06_082
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_addr_2025_115644
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trac_2023_116957
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano11030611
crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2431_1_012014
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2017_10_013
crossref_primary_10_1002_smll_201800612
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2024_153729
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2022_113283
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_talanta_2019_120649
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_diamond_2024_111135
crossref_primary_10_13005_ojc_360514
crossref_primary_10_3389_fchem_2022_881495
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0216230
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11696_021_02043_6
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_flatc_2021_100271
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mtsust_2024_100827
crossref_primary_10_1002_bio_3467
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcis_2021_07_034
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apmt_2021_101331
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_colsurfb_2020_111362
crossref_primary_10_1002_app_55566
crossref_primary_10_1039_C7CS00235A
crossref_primary_10_1007_s42823_025_00922_6
crossref_primary_10_1088_2043_6262_acc453
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2QM01287A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matchemphys_2021_124596
crossref_primary_10_3390_inorganics11060262
crossref_primary_10_1039_D3RA02519E
crossref_primary_10_1246_bcsj_20200269
crossref_primary_10_1039_D3NR00377A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotochem_2023_114809
crossref_primary_10_1039_D1RA01318A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optmat_2017_08_006
crossref_primary_10_1080_09205063_2020_1780681
crossref_primary_10_4028_p_t8yxr6
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12274_023_5873_x
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0RA05957A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2022_02_054
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotochem_2019_112204
crossref_primary_10_1002_ppsc_201900430
crossref_primary_10_1515_ntrev_2024_0128
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccr_2021_214010
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_saa_2024_124459
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclepro_2020_124319
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jiec_2023_07_055
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_est_2024_113608
crossref_primary_10_1038_s42004_023_00983_6
crossref_primary_10_1080_1536383X_2021_1926452
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2025_121724
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jlumin_2021_118202
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_colsurfa_2025_137657
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_snb_2017_01_009
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10854_020_03894_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_saa_2022_121456
crossref_primary_10_1039_C9RA01521C
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0RA08041A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_saa_2021_119541
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_colsurfa_2022_129361
crossref_primary_10_1002_elan_202200541
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2NR01306A
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jpclett_5c02377
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2020_01_177
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mattod_2019_05_003
crossref_primary_10_1002_bio_4870
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2021_133633
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_colsurfa_2020_124445
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jallcom_2017_04_204
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmats_2020_594686
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ceramint_2018_12_052
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano12152515
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seppur_2019_116404
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12040972
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotobiol_2017_11_010
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18052282
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nantod_2020_100953
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0NR09131F
crossref_primary_10_1007_s41061_020_0296_6
crossref_primary_10_1039_D5RA01797A
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano9040529
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arabjc_2023_105067
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cartre_2024_100440
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00604_017_2277_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2023_163565
crossref_primary_10_1002_bio_3671
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0RA04958A
crossref_primary_10_3390_c10030057
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcis_2019_05_086
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jlumin_2017_09_007
crossref_primary_10_3390_batteries9030162
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_201911342
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cis_2024_103178
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsabm_5c01207
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2020_127245
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apt_2021_02_024
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccr_2017_06_001
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13205_024_04135_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccr_2024_216323
crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_201803584
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apsusc_2024_160294
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0NR06999J
crossref_primary_10_1039_C9RA05689K
crossref_primary_10_3389_fchem_2020_580033
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_201911342
crossref_primary_10_1002_tcr_202200048
crossref_primary_10_3390_bios13020226
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10876_020_01959_5
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano13142103
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jiec_2025_04_049
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtice_2019_07_018
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2024_118838
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optlastec_2021_106928
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0QM00090F
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00604_022_05253_1
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00604_018_2798_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2025_120510
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10854_024_13454_y
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano15080625
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dyepig_2019_02_029
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotochem_2019_112070
crossref_primary_10_1039_D4NR04476B
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matchemphys_2022_126616
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms22041803
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trac_2021_116430
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_snb_2017_06_036
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12598_020_01506_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_snb_2017_02_017
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0RA06636B
crossref_primary_10_1039_D1NR01295A
crossref_primary_10_1039_D3EW00220A
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12274_017_1616_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_diamond_2019_107617
crossref_primary_10_3390_pr9071095
crossref_primary_10_1002_advs_202305797
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matlet_2021_131397
crossref_primary_10_1002_chem_202101662
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trac_2024_117914
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10876_024_02710_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drudis_2018_01_006
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dyepig_2021_109478
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0SC05743F
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gee_2025_09_007
crossref_primary_10_1039_C8NR09459D
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_snb_2018_07_024
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trac_2019_05_051
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ultsonch_2019_104921
crossref_primary_10_3390_en14040986
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_diamond_2020_107813
crossref_primary_10_1080_17425247_2025_2513439
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano10122446
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2019_10_013
crossref_primary_10_1186_s11671_019_3206_5
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano13101689
crossref_primary_10_3390_polym17030365
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00604_019_3338_4
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotochem_2022_114059
crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2243_1_012043
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2020_06_011
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano10081508
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2022_11_042
crossref_primary_10_3390_ph15040487
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12668_024_01686_5
crossref_primary_10_1002_cphc_201700038
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10971_017_4371_6
crossref_primary_10_1002_adhm_201901495
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_electacta_2021_138805
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsanm_5c02198
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2017_07_165
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotochem_2020_112711
crossref_primary_10_1002_nano_202100183
crossref_primary_10_3390_jnt1010006
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aca_2021_339122
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jiec_2024_07_063
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jlumin_2020_117465
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_electacta_2018_11_167
crossref_primary_10_3390_app10248845
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chemosphere_2022_134815
crossref_primary_10_1080_01932691_2024_2444974
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jphotochemrev_2018_08_001
crossref_primary_10_1186_s11671_021_03478_2
crossref_primary_10_3390_bios12121158
crossref_primary_10_1002_jccs_202100472
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma14051313
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apmt_2020_100677
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2024_150819
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jece_2021_106821
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2NR00120A
crossref_primary_10_3390_bios10060068
crossref_primary_10_1002_tcr_201800172
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_4c10119
crossref_primary_10_1002_adsu_202100152
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_watres_2023_120506
crossref_primary_10_1080_14328917_2023_2240165
crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_202501399
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optmat_2024_115610
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jelechem_2019_113518
crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6528_aa900b
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_carbon_2020_06_024
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccr_2024_215754
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fm_2025_104802
crossref_primary_10_1002_smll_201700983
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00216_025_05876_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apcatb_2019_118299
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mtsust_2022_100137
crossref_primary_10_1039_D4OB01559B
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11581_024_05368_w
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10311_020_00984_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_snb_2018_02_050
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0RE00069H
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_29674_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jlumin_2019_03_064
crossref_primary_10_1039_C9QM00578A
ContentType Journal Article
DBID NPM
7X8
DOI 10.1039/c6tb00976j
DatabaseName PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: 7X8
  name: MEDLINE - Academic
  url: https://search.proquest.com/medline
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod no_fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 2050-7518
ExternalDocumentID 32263748
Genre Journal Article
GroupedDBID -JG
0-7
0R~
4.4
53G
705
AAEMU
AAIWI
AAJAE
AANOJ
AAWGC
AAXHV
ABASK
ABDVN
ABEMK
ABJNI
ABPDG
ABRYZ
ABXOH
ACGFS
ACIWK
ACLDK
ACPRK
ADMRA
ADSRN
AEFDR
AENEX
AENGV
AESAV
AETIL
AFLYV
AFOGI
AFRAH
AFRDS
AFRZK
AFVBQ
AGEGJ
AGRSR
AGSTE
AHGCF
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ANBJS
ANUXI
APEMP
ASKNT
AUDPV
AUNWK
BLAPV
BSQNT
C6K
D0L
EBS
ECGLT
EE0
EF-
EJD
GGIMP
GNO
H13
HZ~
H~N
J3I
NPM
O-G
O9-
R7C
RAOCF
RCNCU
RNS
ROL
RPMJG
RRC
RSCEA
SKA
SKF
SLH
UCJ
7X8
AKMSF
ALUYA
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-be3e182f304b2fbf7adb24696b0c01abe47372a26d59c8e537a12d539ae9b8c2
IEDL.DBID 7X8
ISICitedReferencesCount 322
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000382763900001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 2050-7518
IngestDate Fri Jul 11 09:20:59 EDT 2025
Wed Feb 19 02:30:55 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 35
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c474t-be3e182f304b2fbf7adb24696b0c01abe47372a26d59c8e537a12d539ae9b8c2
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
PMID 32263748
PQID 2387647570
PQPubID 23479
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_2387647570
pubmed_primary_32263748
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2016-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2016-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2016
  text: 2016-01-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace England
PublicationPlace_xml – name: England
PublicationTitle Journal of materials chemistry. B, Materials for biology and medicine
PublicationTitleAlternate J Mater Chem B
PublicationYear 2016
SSID ssj0000816834
Score 2.5568864
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Carbon dots have attracted a great deal of attention because of their high performance, cheap and facile preparation, and potential applications in a wide...
SourceID proquest
pubmed
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
StartPage 5772
Title Carbon dots: surface engineering and applications
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32263748
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2387647570
Volume 4
WOSCitedRecordID wos000382763900001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV25TsNAEB0BoYCC-wiXjES7ytq767VpEIqIaIhSpEhn7SlBYYc44fuZdRySBgmJxo1tyRqPZ96bsd4DeNCGekTyhqSUc8KNtERJiVQlozqPc6WF8I3ZhBwOs8kkH7UDt7r9rXJVE5tCbSsTZuQ9bC0y5VJI-jT9JME1KmxXWwuNbegwhDIhq-Uk-5mxNKYSzWI5oYKSsGFYKZSyvGfSMBXFdvzxO7psuszg8L_PdwQHLb6MnpcJcQxbrjyB_Q3VwVOI-2qmqzJCPlo_RvVi5pVxkVtfEqnSRpub7TMYD17G_VfSOicQwyWfE-2YQ-LgGeU68dpLZXWCRDjV1NBYaceDO41KUitykznBpIoTK1hQ6taZSc5hp6xKdwmR5Sx1InaKBeW3GE9ahRRKKOetZkJ24X4VjgITM2wbVOmqRV2sA9KFi2VMi-lSQaPAKpIG3ZurP9x9DXsIUtqxxw10PH6W7hZ2zdf8vZ7dNW8cj8PR2zeAO7Wa
linkProvider ProQuest
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Carbon+dots%3A+surface+engineering+and+applications&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+materials+chemistry.+B%2C+Materials+for+biology+and+medicine&rft.au=Liu%2C+Weijian&rft.au=Li%2C+Chun&rft.au=Ren%2C+Yanjing&rft.au=Sun%2C+Xiaobo&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.issn=2050-7518&rft.eissn=2050-7518&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=35&rft.spage=5772&rft_id=info:doi/10.1039%2Fc6tb00976j&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2050-7518&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2050-7518&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2050-7518&client=summon