Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control

Objective: The aim of this study was to review existing research into driver control transitions and to determine the time it takes drivers to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in noncritical scenarios. Background: Contemporary research has moved from an inclusive design approach to adh...

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Vydáno v:Human factors Ročník 59; číslo 4; s. 689 - 705
Hlavní autoři: Eriksson, Alexander, Stanton, Neville A.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01.06.2017
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Témata:
Adult
Attention
Automatic control
Automation
Automobile Driving - psychology
Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data
Autonomous vehicles
Computer Simulation
Control systems
Design engineering
Drivers
Driving
Female
Humans
Male
Manual control
Middle Aged
Optimization
Safety
Studies
Task Performance and Analysis
Time Factors
Universal design
Variance
Vehicles
Workload
Workload - psychology
Workload - statistics & numerical data
Workloads
Young Adult
driving performance
takeover requests
automation
control transitions
task regulation
automated driving
ISSN:0018-7208, 1547-8181, 1547-8181
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Shrnutí:Objective: The aim of this study was to review existing research into driver control transitions and to determine the time it takes drivers to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in noncritical scenarios. Background: Contemporary research has moved from an inclusive design approach to adhering only to mean/median values when designing control transitions in automated driving. Research into control transitions in highly automated driving has focused on urgent scenarios where drivers are given a relatively short time span to respond to a request to resume manual control. We found a paucity in research into more frequent scenarios for control transitions, such as planned exits from highway systems. Method: Twenty-six drivers drove two scenarios with an automated driving feature activated. Drivers were asked to read a newspaper, or to monitor the system, and to relinquish, or resume, control from the automation when prompted by vehicle systems. Results: Significantly longer control transition times were found between driving with and without secondary tasks. Control transition times were substantially longer than those reported in the peer-reviewed literature. Conclusion: We found that drivers take longer to resume control when under no time pressure compared with that reported in the literature. Moreover, we found that drivers occupied by a secondary task exhibit larger variance and slower responses to requests to resume control. Workload scores implied optimal workload. Application: Intra- and interindividual differences need to be accommodated by vehicle manufacturers and policy makers alike to ensure inclusive design of contemporary systems and safety during control transitions.
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ISSN:0018-7208
1547-8181
1547-8181
DOI:10.1177/0018720816685832