Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited 'FAO estimate' of 25

Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is largely unknown. To assess the rationale for it, the relevant literature was reviewed and data of around 500,000 analyses from the European Fo...

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Vydáno v:	Critical reviews in food science and nutrition Ročník 60; číslo 16; s. 2773 - 2789
Hlavní autoři:	Eskola, Mari, Kos, Gregor, Elliott, Christopher T., Hajšlová, Jana, Mayar, Sultan, Krska, Rudolf
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	United States Taylor & Francis 07.09.2020 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Témata:	Aflatoxins Agricultural pollution analysis Cereals Chemical contaminant Climate change Codex Alimentarius Contamination data Deoxynivalenol detection limit Environmental impact European Union Food Food and Agriculture Organization Food contamination food crops food safety Fumonisins Health risks Legislation Mycotoxins Nuts occurrence Ochratoxin A surveys Toxins uncertainty Zearalenone cereals occurrence data analysis uncertainty Chemical contaminant
ISSN:	1040-8398, 1549-7852, 1549-7852
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
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Abstract	Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is largely unknown. To assess the rationale for it, the relevant literature was reviewed and data of around 500,000 analyses from the European Food Safety Authority and large global survey for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in cereals and nuts were examined. Using different thresholds, i.e. limit of detection, the lower and upper regulatory limits of European Union (EU) legislation and Codex Alimentarius standards, the mycotoxin occurrence was estimated. Impact of different aspects on uncertainty of the occurrence estimates presented in literature and related to our results are critically discussed. Current mycotoxin occurrence above the EU and Codex limits appears to confirm the FAO 25% estimate, while this figure greatly underestimates the occurrence above the detectable levels (up to 60-80%). The high occurrence is likely explained by a combination of the improved sensitivity of analytical methods and impact of climate change. It is of immense importance that the detectable levels are not overlooked as through diets, humans are exposed to mycotoxin mixtures which can induce combined adverse health effects.
AbstractList	Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is largely unknown. To assess the rationale for it, the relevant literature was reviewed and data of around 500,000 analyses from the European Food Safety Authority and large global survey for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in cereals and nuts were examined. Using different thresholds, i.e. limit of detection, the lower and upper regulatory limits of European Union (EU) legislation and Codex Alimentarius standards, the mycotoxin occurrence was estimated. Impact of different aspects on uncertainty of the occurrence estimates presented in literature and related to our results are critically discussed. Current mycotoxin occurrence above the EU and Codex limits appears to confirm the FAO 25% estimate, while this figure greatly underestimates the occurrence above the detectable levels (up to 60-80%). The high occurrence is likely explained by a combination of the improved sensitivity of analytical methods and impact of climate change. It is of immense importance that the detectable levels are not overlooked as through diets, humans are exposed to mycotoxin mixtures which can induce combined adverse health effects. Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is largely unknown. To assess the rationale for it, the relevant literature was reviewed and data of around 500,000 analyses from the European Food Safety Authority and large global survey for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in cereals and nuts were examined. Using different thresholds, i.e. limit of detection, the lower and upper regulatory limits of European Union (EU) legislation and Codex Alimentarius standards, the mycotoxin occurrence was estimated. Impact of different aspects on uncertainty of the occurrence estimates presented in literature and related to our results are critically discussed. Current mycotoxin occurrence above the EU and Codex limits appears to confirm the FAO 25% estimate, while this figure greatly underestimates the occurrence above the detectable levels (up to 60-80%). The high occurrence is likely explained by a combination of the improved sensitivity of analytical methods and impact of climate change. It is of immense importance that the detectable levels are not overlooked as through diets, humans are exposed to mycotoxin mixtures which can induce combined adverse health effects.Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is largely unknown. To assess the rationale for it, the relevant literature was reviewed and data of around 500,000 analyses from the European Food Safety Authority and large global survey for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in cereals and nuts were examined. Using different thresholds, i.e. limit of detection, the lower and upper regulatory limits of European Union (EU) legislation and Codex Alimentarius standards, the mycotoxin occurrence was estimated. Impact of different aspects on uncertainty of the occurrence estimates presented in literature and related to our results are critically discussed. Current mycotoxin occurrence above the EU and Codex limits appears to confirm the FAO 25% estimate, while this figure greatly underestimates the occurrence above the detectable levels (up to 60-80%). The high occurrence is likely explained by a combination of the improved sensitivity of analytical methods and impact of climate change. It is of immense importance that the detectable levels are not overlooked as through diets, humans are exposed to mycotoxin mixtures which can induce combined adverse health effects.
Author	Elliott, Christopher T. Eskola, Mari Hajšlová, Jana Kos, Gregor Krska, Rudolf Mayar, Sultan
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mari orcidid: 0000-0002-5298-8976 surname: Eskola fullname: Eskola, Mari organization: Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) – sequence: 2 givenname: Gregor orcidid: 0000-0001-8223-7308 surname: Kos fullname: Kos, Gregor organization: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University – sequence: 3 givenname: Christopher T. orcidid: 0000-0003-0495-2909 surname: Elliott fullname: Elliott, Christopher T. organization: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast – sequence: 4 givenname: Jana surname: Hajšlová fullname: Hajšlová, Jana organization: Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology – sequence: 5 givenname: Sultan orcidid: 0000-0002-2396-0114 surname: Mayar fullname: Mayar, Sultan organization: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University – sequence: 6 givenname: Rudolf orcidid: 0000-0001-6843-9755 surname: Krska fullname: Krska, Rudolf email: rudolf.krska@boku.ac.at organization: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31478403$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is...
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SubjectTerms	Aflatoxins Agricultural pollution analysis Cereals Chemical contaminant Climate change Codex Alimentarius Contamination data Deoxynivalenol detection limit Environmental impact European Union Food Food and Agriculture Organization Food contamination food crops food safety Fumonisins Health risks Legislation Mycotoxins Nuts occurrence Ochratoxin A surveys Toxins uncertainty Zearalenone
Title	Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited 'FAO estimate' of 25
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