Advantages of multi-arm non-randomised sequentially allocated cohort designs for Phase II oncology trials
Efficient trial designs are required to prioritise promising drugs within Phase II trials. Adaptive designs are examples of such designs, but their efficiency is reduced if there is a delay in assessing patient responses to treatment. Motivated by the WIRE trial in renal cell carcinoma (NCT03741426)...
Uložené v:
| Vydané v: | British journal of cancer Ročník 126; číslo 2; s. 204 - 210 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Vydavateľské údaje: |
England
Nature Publishing Group
01.02.2022
|
| Predmet: | |
| ISSN: | 0007-0920, 1532-1827, 1532-1827 |
| On-line prístup: | Získať plný text |
| Tagy: |
Pridať tag
Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!
|
| Abstract | Efficient trial designs are required to prioritise promising drugs within Phase II trials. Adaptive designs are examples of such designs, but their efficiency is reduced if there is a delay in assessing patient responses to treatment.
Motivated by the WIRE trial in renal cell carcinoma (NCT03741426), we compare three trial approaches to testing multiple treatment arms: (1) single-arm trials in sequence with interim analyses; (2) a parallel multi-arm multi-stage trial and (3) the design used in WIRE, which we call the Multi-Arm Sequential Trial with Efficient Recruitment (MASTER) design. The MASTER design recruits patients to one arm at a time, pausing recruitment to an arm when it has recruited the required number for an interim analysis. We conduct a simulation study to compare how long the three different trial designs take to evaluate a number of new treatment arms.
The parallel multi-arm multi-stage and the MASTER design are much more efficient than separate trials. The MASTER design provides extra efficiency when there is endpoint delay, or recruitment is very quick.
We recommend the MASTER design as an efficient way of testing multiple promising cancer treatments in non-comparative Phase II trials. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Efficient trial designs are required to prioritise promising drugs within Phase II trials. Adaptive designs are examples of such designs, but their efficiency is reduced if there is a delay in assessing patient responses to treatment.
Motivated by the WIRE trial in renal cell carcinoma (NCT03741426), we compare three trial approaches to testing multiple treatment arms: (1) single-arm trials in sequence with interim analyses; (2) a parallel multi-arm multi-stage trial and (3) the design used in WIRE, which we call the Multi-Arm Sequential Trial with Efficient Recruitment (MASTER) design. The MASTER design recruits patients to one arm at a time, pausing recruitment to an arm when it has recruited the required number for an interim analysis. We conduct a simulation study to compare how long the three different trial designs take to evaluate a number of new treatment arms.
The parallel multi-arm multi-stage and the MASTER design are much more efficient than separate trials. The MASTER design provides extra efficiency when there is endpoint delay, or recruitment is very quick.
We recommend the MASTER design as an efficient way of testing multiple promising cancer treatments in non-comparative Phase II trials. Efficient trial designs are required to prioritise promising drugs within Phase II trials. Adaptive designs are examples of such designs, but their efficiency is reduced if there is a delay in assessing patient responses to treatment.BACKGROUNDEfficient trial designs are required to prioritise promising drugs within Phase II trials. Adaptive designs are examples of such designs, but their efficiency is reduced if there is a delay in assessing patient responses to treatment.Motivated by the WIRE trial in renal cell carcinoma (NCT03741426), we compare three trial approaches to testing multiple treatment arms: (1) single-arm trials in sequence with interim analyses; (2) a parallel multi-arm multi-stage trial and (3) the design used in WIRE, which we call the Multi-Arm Sequential Trial with Efficient Recruitment (MASTER) design. The MASTER design recruits patients to one arm at a time, pausing recruitment to an arm when it has recruited the required number for an interim analysis. We conduct a simulation study to compare how long the three different trial designs take to evaluate a number of new treatment arms.METHODSMotivated by the WIRE trial in renal cell carcinoma (NCT03741426), we compare three trial approaches to testing multiple treatment arms: (1) single-arm trials in sequence with interim analyses; (2) a parallel multi-arm multi-stage trial and (3) the design used in WIRE, which we call the Multi-Arm Sequential Trial with Efficient Recruitment (MASTER) design. The MASTER design recruits patients to one arm at a time, pausing recruitment to an arm when it has recruited the required number for an interim analysis. We conduct a simulation study to compare how long the three different trial designs take to evaluate a number of new treatment arms.The parallel multi-arm multi-stage and the MASTER design are much more efficient than separate trials. The MASTER design provides extra efficiency when there is endpoint delay, or recruitment is very quick.RESULTSThe parallel multi-arm multi-stage and the MASTER design are much more efficient than separate trials. The MASTER design provides extra efficiency when there is endpoint delay, or recruitment is very quick.We recommend the MASTER design as an efficient way of testing multiple promising cancer treatments in non-comparative Phase II trials.CONCLUSIONSWe recommend the MASTER design as an efficient way of testing multiple promising cancer treatments in non-comparative Phase II trials. BackgroundEfficient trial designs are required to prioritise promising drugs within Phase II trials. Adaptive designs are examples of such designs, but their efficiency is reduced if there is a delay in assessing patient responses to treatment.MethodsMotivated by the WIRE trial in renal cell carcinoma (NCT03741426), we compare three trial approaches to testing multiple treatment arms: (1) single-arm trials in sequence with interim analyses; (2) a parallel multi-arm multi-stage trial and (3) the design used in WIRE, which we call the Multi-Arm Sequential Trial with Efficient Recruitment (MASTER) design. The MASTER design recruits patients to one arm at a time, pausing recruitment to an arm when it has recruited the required number for an interim analysis. We conduct a simulation study to compare how long the three different trial designs take to evaluate a number of new treatment arms.ResultsThe parallel multi-arm multi-stage and the MASTER design are much more efficient than separate trials. The MASTER design provides extra efficiency when there is endpoint delay, or recruitment is very quick.ConclusionsWe recommend the MASTER design as an efficient way of testing multiple promising cancer treatments in non-comparative Phase II trials. |
| Author | Wason, James M S Stewart, Grant D Gallagher, Ferdia A Welsh, Sarah J Mossop, Helen Grayling, Michael J |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Helen surname: Mossop fullname: Mossop, Helen organization: Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Michael J orcidid: 0000-0002-0680-6668 surname: Grayling fullname: Grayling, Michael J organization: Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Ferdia A orcidid: 0000-0003-4784-5230 surname: Gallagher fullname: Gallagher, Ferdia A organization: Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Sarah J orcidid: 0000-0001-5690-2677 surname: Welsh fullname: Welsh, Sarah J organization: Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: Grant D orcidid: 0000-0003-3188-9140 surname: Stewart fullname: Stewart, Grant D organization: Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: James M S orcidid: 0000-0002-4691-126X surname: Wason fullname: Wason, James M S email: james.wason@newcastle.ac.uk organization: Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. james.wason@newcastle.ac.uk |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34750494$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNpdkE1LxDAQhoMouqv-AQ8S8OIlOvlqmuMifiws6EHPJU3StdIma9IK--8NqBcv8zLDMzPvzBIdhhg8QhcUbijw-jYLKmhFgFECtKKcyAO0oJIzQmumDtECABQBzeAELXP-KKmGWh2jEy6UBKHFAvUr92XCZLY-49jhcR6mnpg04rKLJBNcHPvsHc7-c_Zh6s0w7HEJ0ZqplG18j2nCzud-GzLuYsIv7yZ7vF7jGGwc4naPp1Ta8hk66or48189RW8P9693T2Tz_Li-W22IFUpMhINrK9dJ50Trpe1aQ0WrWtVxycFrqinn0ghNreYdr2vLOm2plRYqplQF_BRd_8zdpVg856kpF1g_DCb4OOeGSS1lpXktCnr1D_2IcwrFXcMqRilALXmhLn-puR29a3apH03aN39P5N-PMXY2 |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_023_02049_6 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_025_02575_5 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2021. The Author(s). The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2021. The Author(s). – notice: The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| DBID | CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7RV 7TO 7U9 7X7 7XB 88E 8AO 8C1 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AN0 AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BHPHI CCPQU DWQXO FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ H94 HCIFZ K9. KB0 LK8 M0S M1P M7P NAPCQ PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41416-021-01613-5 |
| DatabaseName | Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Nursing & Allied Health Database Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts Virology and AIDS Abstracts Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Pharma Collection Public Health Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland British Nursing Database ProQuest Central Essentials - QC Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Natural Science Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) Biological Sciences ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database Biological Science Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest Central Student Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Pharma Collection ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea Health & Medical Research Collection Biological Science Collection AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest Public Health Virology and AIDS Abstracts ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition British Nursing Index with Full Text ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic ProQuest Central Student |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7RV name: ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Journals - PSU access expires 11/30/25. url: https://search.proquest.com/nahs sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EISSN | 1532-1827 |
| EndPage | 210 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 34750494 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Cancer Research UK grantid: 27150 – fundername: Cancer Research UK grantid: 16628 – fundername: Medical Research Council grantid: MC_UU_00002/6 – fundername: Medical Research Council grantid: MR/T024097/1 |
| GroupedDBID | --- -Q- .55 .GJ 0R~ 23N 36B 39C 4.4 406 53G 5GY 5RE 6J9 70F 7RV 7X7 88E 8AO 8C1 8FI 8FJ 8R4 8R5 8WZ A6W AACDK AAFWJ AANZL AASML AATNV AAWTL AAYZH ABAKF ABAWZ ABBRH ABDBE ABDBF ABFSG ABLJU ABOCM ABRTQ ABUWG ABZZP ACAOD ACGFO ACGFS ACKTT ACPRK ACRQY ACSTC ACUHS ACZOJ ADBBV ADFRT AEFQL AEJRE AEMSY AENEX AEVLU AEXYK AEZWR AFBBN AFDZB AFHIU AFKRA AFRAH AFSHS AGAYW AGHAI AGQEE AHMBA AHSBF AHWEU AI. AIGIU AILAN AIXLP AJRNO ALFFA ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMYLF AN0 AOIJS ASPBG ATHPR AVWKF AXYYD AYFIA AZFZN B0M BAWUL BBNVY BENPR BHPHI BKEYQ BKKNO BNQBC BPHCQ BVXVI CAG CCPQU CGR COF CS3 CUY CVF DIK DNIVK DPUIP DU5 E3Z EAD EAP EAS EBC EBD EBLON EBS ECM EE. EIF EIOEI EJD EMB EMK EMOBN EPL ESX EX3 F5P FDQFY FEDTE FERAY FIGPU FIZPM FRJ FSGXE FYUFA GX1 HCIFZ HMCUK HVGLF HYE HZ~ IH2 IWAJR J5H JSO JZLTJ KQ8 M1P M41 M7P NAPCQ NPM NQJWS O9- OK1 P2P PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PPXIY PQGLB PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO Q2X RNT RNTTT ROL RPM SNX SNYQT SOHCF SOJ SRMVM SV3 SWTZT TAOOD TBHMF TDRGL TR2 TUS UDS UKHRP VH1 W2D WH7 WOW X7M Y6R ZGI ~02 ~8M 3V. 7TO 7U9 7XB 8FE 8FH 8FK AZQEC DWQXO GNUQQ H94 K9. LK8 PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS 7X8 PUEGO |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-30db6df5dd4be5cfba14b7b7f3530e9191335a491c93f388c2f9c1c5c06277603 |
| IEDL.DBID | M7P |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 2 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000715640900001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0007-0920 1532-1827 |
| IngestDate | Wed Oct 01 13:56:37 EDT 2025 Tue Oct 07 05:12:11 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 06:03:18 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 2 |
| Language | English |
| License | 2021. The Author(s). |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c474t-30db6df5dd4be5cfba14b7b7f3530e9191335a491c93f388c2f9c1c5c06277603 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0680-6668 0000-0003-4784-5230 0000-0001-5690-2677 0000-0002-4691-126X 0000-0003-3188-9140 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41416-021-01613-5 |
| PMID | 34750494 |
| PQID | 2621100853 |
| PQPubID | 41855 |
| PageCount | 7 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_2595569384 proquest_journals_2621100853 pubmed_primary_34750494 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2022-02-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-02-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 02 year: 2022 text: 2022-02-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England – name: London |
| PublicationTitle | British journal of cancer |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Br J Cancer |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| Publisher | Nature Publishing Group |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Nature Publishing Group |
| SSID | ssj0009087 |
| Score | 2.390586 |
| Snippet | Efficient trial designs are required to prioritise promising drugs within Phase II trials. Adaptive designs are examples of such designs, but their efficiency... BackgroundEfficient trial designs are required to prioritise promising drugs within Phase II trials. Adaptive designs are examples of such designs, but their... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 204 |
| SubjectTerms | Adaptive Clinical Trials as Topic - methods Cancer therapies Clinical trials Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic - methods Cohort Studies Computer Simulation - standards Efficiency Humans Hypotheses Kidney cancer Medical Oncology - methods Neoplasms - drug therapy Neoplasms - pathology Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - methods Oncology Patients Recruitment Renal cell carcinoma Research Design - standards Response rates Sample Size Simulation Surgery Treatment Outcome |
| Title | Advantages of multi-arm non-randomised sequentially allocated cohort designs for Phase II oncology trials |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34750494 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2621100853 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2595569384 |
| Volume | 126 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000715640900001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Lb9QwEB7RFiEuvB8LZWUkrladjJ3YJwRVKyrRVVQB2tsqsR1RqSRlkyL13zPjpPQEFy5ziWU5fsyMPd98A_COSb3IknjpyXpIHZWRTRGVpMZFU4dco02Jwp_L1cqu166aH9yGGVZ5oxOTog695zfyg7zgqwo5CPj-8qfkqlEcXZ1LaOzAHrMkYILuVbeku8pOnJn8HOdyNSfNKLQHg87IFZEMUGCnB6X5u4uZTM3xw_8d5CN4MDuZ4sO0Kx7Dndg9gXuncxj9KZynWsojqZJB9K1IoEJZb3-Iru8kGa_Q0-rHICacNemAi4trwRF6hk8FwUV1t6MICfwxCHJ7RfWdrKE4ORF9l2iwr0UqBzI8g6_HR18OP8m55oL0utSjRBWaIrQmBN1E49umznRTNmWLBlV0dLtDNLV2mXfYorU-b53PvPFMd1wWCp_DLo01vgQRbKCJzVxkBv3GtnQNzzE4hSVSH7ZewP7NJG7mgzNsbmdwAW__fKaf5jhG3cX-itoYZ0zh0OoFvJgWanM5cXNsUDNfvdOv_t35a7ifcx5Dgl_vw-64vYpv4K7_NZ4P2yXslGffWK7LJC1Je5gtYe_j0ao6W6ZdRnJVnf4GaUTVTg |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Nb9QwEB2VgoBL-SqwbQEjwdGqE9uJfUAIFaquul1VqKDeQmI7olJJyiYF7Z_iNzLjZOkJbj1wjmXZmdHM2H7zHsArIvXCTOK4w-zBVRCaV1kQHAdnVelTJU1sFJ7l87k5PbXHa_Br1QtDsMpVTIyB2reO7sh304yOKlggyLcX3zmpRtHr6kpCY3CLw7D8iUe27s30Pdr3dZrufzjZO-CjqgB3Klc9l8JXma-196oK2tVVmagqr_JaaimCxfOLlLpUNnFW1tIYl9bWJU47IvTNMyFx3htwE-N4QhCy_OPnK5JfYQaOTrr-s6kYm3SENLudSrD04QSIoCJLcv33kjamtv17_9tPuQ8bYxHN3g1e_wDWQvMQbh-NMIFHcBa1onsMlR1raxZBk7xcfGNN23BMzr5F7w6eDThyjHHn50tGCASCh3lGosGLnvkIbukYlvXs-CtmezadsraJNN9LFuVOuk34dC0bfQzruNbwFJg3Hg2Z2EAKAZWprchT6a2QucQ5TDmBnZXRijEwdMWVxSbw8s9n3DS905RNaC9xjLZaZ1YaNYEng2MUFwP3SCEV8fFbtfXvyV_AnYOTo1kxm84Pt-FuSj0bEWq-A-v94jI8g1vuR3_WLZ5HD2bw5bq94zeDcivc |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Nb9QwEB2VgioufFOWFjASHK11MnZiH1CFWlasWlZ7AKm3kNiOqNQmZZOC9q_x6xg7WXqCWw-cY1lx5mXm2X4zA_AmFPWiSGK5pejBpReKV5kXnAZnVelSiTomCp_ki4U-PTXLLfi1yYUJssqNT4yO2rU2nJFP0yxsVYgg4LQeZRHLo9nB5XceOkiFm9ZNO40BIsd-_ZO2b927-RHZ-m2azj58PvzIxw4D3Mpc9hyFqzJXK-dk5ZWtqzKRVV7lNSoU3tBeBlGV0iTWYI1a27Q2NrHKhuK-eSaQ5r0Ft3MkFIcs9cNreYkReqjXGY4CTSrGhB2BetrJhGgQD-KIQLiQq7_T2xjmZvf_5w_0AO6N5Jq9H_6Gh7Dlm0ew82mUDzyGs9hDuicX2rG2ZlFMycvVBWvahlPQdi2h3js26MvJ952fr1lQJgTZmGOhmfCqZy6KXjpGdJ8tvxELYPM5a5tY_nvNYhuU7gl8uZGFPoVtelf_DJjTjoyaGB86B1S6NiJP0RmBOdIcupzA_saAxegwuuLaehN4_ecxLTrc35SNb69ojDJKZQa1nMDuAJLicqhJUqAMdfqNfP7vyV_BDoGiOJkvjvfgbhpSOaICfR-2-9WVfwF37I_-rFu9jGBm8PWmwfEb7_E0Nw |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Advantages+of+multi-arm+non-randomised+sequentially+allocated+cohort+designs+for+Phase+II+oncology+trials&rft.jtitle=British+journal+of+cancer&rft.au=Mossop%2C+Helen&rft.au=Grayling%2C+Michael+J&rft.au=Gallagher+Ferdia+A&rft.au=Welsh%2C+Sarah+J&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group&rft.issn=0007-0920&rft.eissn=1532-1827&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=204&rft.epage=210&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fs41416-021-01613-5&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0007-0920&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0007-0920&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0007-0920&client=summon |