Investigation of probiotics in multiple sclerosis
None of the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) currently being used for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) are 100% effective. In addition, side effects associated with the use of these DMTs have limited the practice of combination therapy. Hence, there is a need for safe immunomodulatory age...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Multiple sclerosis Jg. 24; H. 1; S. 58 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
England
01.01.2018
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 1477-0970, 1477-0970 |
| Online-Zugang: | Weitere Angaben |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | None of the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) currently being used for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) are 100% effective. In addition, side effects associated with the use of these DMTs have limited the practice of combination therapy. Hence, there is a need for safe immunomodulatory agents to fine-tune the management of MS. The gut microbiome plays an important role in autoimmunity, and several studies have reported alterations in the gut microbiome of MS patients. Studies in animal model of MS have identified members of the gut commensal microflora that exacerbate or ameliorate neuroinflammation. Probiotics represent an oral, non-toxic immunomodulatory agent that could be used in combination with current MS therapy. We designed a pilot study to investigate the effect of VSL3 on the gut microbiome and peripheral immune system function in healthy controls and MS patients. VSL3 administration was associated with increased abundance of many taxa with enriched taxa predominated by Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium species. At the immune level, VSL3 administration induced an anti-inflammatory peripheral immune response characterized by decreased frequency of intermediate monocytes (CD14
CD16
), decreased mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD80 on classical monocytes as well as decreased human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR) MFI on dendritic cells. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | None of the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) currently being used for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) are 100% effective. In addition, side effects associated with the use of these DMTs have limited the practice of combination therapy. Hence, there is a need for safe immunomodulatory agents to fine-tune the management of MS. The gut microbiome plays an important role in autoimmunity, and several studies have reported alterations in the gut microbiome of MS patients. Studies in animal model of MS have identified members of the gut commensal microflora that exacerbate or ameliorate neuroinflammation. Probiotics represent an oral, non-toxic immunomodulatory agent that could be used in combination with current MS therapy. We designed a pilot study to investigate the effect of VSL3 on the gut microbiome and peripheral immune system function in healthy controls and MS patients. VSL3 administration was associated with increased abundance of many taxa with enriched taxa predominated by Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium species. At the immune level, VSL3 administration induced an anti-inflammatory peripheral immune response characterized by decreased frequency of intermediate monocytes (CD14
CD16
), decreased mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD80 on classical monocytes as well as decreased human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR) MFI on dendritic cells. None of the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) currently being used for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) are 100% effective. In addition, side effects associated with the use of these DMTs have limited the practice of combination therapy. Hence, there is a need for safe immunomodulatory agents to fine-tune the management of MS. The gut microbiome plays an important role in autoimmunity, and several studies have reported alterations in the gut microbiome of MS patients. Studies in animal model of MS have identified members of the gut commensal microflora that exacerbate or ameliorate neuroinflammation. Probiotics represent an oral, non-toxic immunomodulatory agent that could be used in combination with current MS therapy. We designed a pilot study to investigate the effect of VSL3 on the gut microbiome and peripheral immune system function in healthy controls and MS patients. VSL3 administration was associated with increased abundance of many taxa with enriched taxa predominated by Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium species. At the immune level, VSL3 administration induced an anti-inflammatory peripheral immune response characterized by decreased frequency of intermediate monocytes (CD14highCD16low), decreased mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD80 on classical monocytes as well as decreased human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR) MFI on dendritic cells.None of the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) currently being used for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) are 100% effective. In addition, side effects associated with the use of these DMTs have limited the practice of combination therapy. Hence, there is a need for safe immunomodulatory agents to fine-tune the management of MS. The gut microbiome plays an important role in autoimmunity, and several studies have reported alterations in the gut microbiome of MS patients. Studies in animal model of MS have identified members of the gut commensal microflora that exacerbate or ameliorate neuroinflammation. Probiotics represent an oral, non-toxic immunomodulatory agent that could be used in combination with current MS therapy. We designed a pilot study to investigate the effect of VSL3 on the gut microbiome and peripheral immune system function in healthy controls and MS patients. VSL3 administration was associated with increased abundance of many taxa with enriched taxa predominated by Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium species. At the immune level, VSL3 administration induced an anti-inflammatory peripheral immune response characterized by decreased frequency of intermediate monocytes (CD14highCD16low), decreased mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD80 on classical monocytes as well as decreased human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR) MFI on dendritic cells. |
| Author | Tankou, Stephanie K Healy, Brian C Vanande, Isabelle P Kivisakk, Pia Glanz, Bonnie Gandhi, Roopali Stankiewicz, James Tjon, Emily Weiner, Howard L Cook, Sandra Regev, Keren Cox, Laura M |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stephanie K surname: Tankou fullname: Tankou, Stephanie K organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Keren surname: Regev fullname: Regev, Keren organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Brian C surname: Healy fullname: Healy, Brian C organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Laura M surname: Cox fullname: Cox, Laura M organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Emily surname: Tjon fullname: Tjon, Emily organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Pia surname: Kivisakk fullname: Kivisakk, Pia organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Isabelle P surname: Vanande fullname: Vanande, Isabelle P organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Sandra surname: Cook fullname: Cook, Sandra organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Roopali surname: Gandhi fullname: Gandhi, Roopali organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Bonnie surname: Glanz fullname: Glanz, Bonnie organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: James surname: Stankiewicz fullname: Stankiewicz, James organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 12 givenname: Howard L surname: Weiner fullname: Weiner, Howard L organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29307299$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNpNj01LxDAYhIOsuB969yQ9eqnmzUeTHGVxdWHBi55L8jaRSNusTSv47y24gqcZmIdhZk0Wfeo9IddA7wCUugcumZBazp4rbugZWYFQqqRG0cU_vyTrnD8opTMnL8iSGU4VM2ZFYN9_-TzGdzvG1BcpFMchuZjGiLmIfdFN7RiPrS8ytn5IOeZLch5sm_3VSTfkbff4un0uDy9P--3DoUSh-Fg2QWHwEhsXHDpEw9AKWQXAispKuwY0KtAakVdhDqwTwldaS2XAGWHZhtz-9s6DPqd5Y93FjL5tbe_TlGsw2sgKlIAZvTmhk-t8Ux-H2Nnhu_67yX4Af5FWow |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_2147_DDDT_S489454 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms242115996 crossref_primary_10_1080_10408398_2021_1898336 crossref_primary_10_1172_JCI143774 crossref_primary_10_1002_ptr_7050 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2022_901846 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells13060497 crossref_primary_10_4103_1673_5374_387974 crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2020_00787 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2021_662807 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2025_1605434 crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms10030617 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11940_021_00693_1 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41577_022_00727_y crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2022_1095053 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneuroim_2023_578087 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clnu_2024_05_036 crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms7120663 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2020_573079 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28237766 crossref_primary_10_1080_19490976_2021_1943289 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms21114045 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41577_018_0113_4 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2023_1188750 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2021_02_044 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12223_023_01087_3 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40168_022_01408_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_biom12030433 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2002817117 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2024_122748 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12602_024_10438_6 crossref_primary_10_34172_apb_2022_057 crossref_primary_10_1111_ijcp_14724 crossref_primary_10_1080_10408398_2021_1920884 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12916_024_03303_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e33214 crossref_primary_10_1155_2020_2058272 crossref_primary_10_1055_a_1463_3303 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autrev_2019_03_016 crossref_primary_10_3748_wjg_v24_i37_4217 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2022_1002266 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_medcle_2018_08_012 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2025_1620185 crossref_primary_10_1111_imm_12933 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12017_024_08783_4 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12974_020_01959_2 crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms7040104 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph20054624 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jff_2022_105334 crossref_primary_10_1002_eji_201847807 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jff_2018_10_023 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ebiom_2025_105743 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40814_023_01306_1 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12974_019_1611_4 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms232214478 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbr_2022_113847 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ncl_2023_07_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_medcli_2018_08_019 crossref_primary_10_1097_CM9_0000000000002212 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12974_019_1434_3 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu11020324 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2024_122952 crossref_primary_10_1039_D0FO03203D crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopha_2022_114195 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_immuni_2019_12_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_msard_2019_101378 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nbd_2019_104714 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2023_1282431 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_46047_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neulet_2019_134574 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2021_586392 crossref_primary_10_1111_imr_13343 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_crmicr_2024_100324 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2023_1228754 crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci10020126 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2020_604179 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bcp_2018_08_037 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm12247610 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pharmthera_2021_107988 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2021_718220 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu14142970 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules25214891 crossref_primary_10_2174_0118715249315760240905043415 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2018_01040 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells12131760 crossref_primary_10_3892_br_2023_1675 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2023_1278479 crossref_primary_10_3390_medsci6030069 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12026_024_09471_y crossref_primary_10_1515_revneuro_2019_0005 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_59250_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroscience_2025_07_024 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12016_023_08958_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clnu_2021_02_015 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells9040906 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroscience_2024_05_013 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autrev_2021_102845 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| DBID | NPM 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1177/1352458517737390 |
| DatabaseName | PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | no_fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EISSN | 1477-0970 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 29307299 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- -TM .2E .2F .2G .2J .2N 01A 0R~ 123 18M 1~K 29M 31R 31S 31U 31X 31Y 31Z 36B 39C 4.4 53G 54M 5VS 7X7 88E 8FI 8FJ 8R4 8R5 AABMB AABOD AACKU AACMV AACTG AADUE AAEWN AAGGD AAGMC AAJIQ AAJOX AAJPV AAKGS AANSI AAPEO AAQDB AAQXH AAQXI AARDL AARIX AATAA AATBZ AAUAS AAXOT AAYTG AAZBJ ABAFQ ABAWC ABAWP ABCCA ABCJG ABDWY ABEIX ABFWQ ABHFT ABHKI ABHQH ABJIS ABJNI ABKRH ABLUO ABNCE ABPGX ABPNF ABQKF ABQXT ABRHV ABUJY ABUWG ABVFX ABVVC ABYTW ACARO ACDSZ ACDXX ACFEJ ACFMA ACFYK ACGBL ACGFO ACGFS ACGZU ACJER ACJTF ACLFY ACLHI ACLZU ACNXM ACOFE ACOXC ACPRK ACROE ACRPL ACSIQ ACUAV ACUIR ACXKE ACXMB ADBBV ADDLC ADEIA ADMPF ADNBR ADNMO ADNON ADRRZ ADTBJ ADUCT ADUKL ADVBO ADYCS ADZYD ADZZY AECGH AECVZ AEDTQ AEKYL AENEX AEPTA AEQLS AERKM AESZF AEUHG AEWDL AEWHI AEXFG AEXNY AFEET AFKBI AFKRA AFKRG AFMOU AFQAA AFUIA AFVCE AFWMB AGHKR AGKLV AGNHF AGPXR AGWFA AGWNL AHDMH AHHFK AHMBA AIGRN AJABX AJEFB AJMMQ AJSCY AJUZI AJXAJ AJXGE ALIPV ALKWR ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALTZF AMCVQ ANDLU ARTOV ASPBG AUTPY AVWKF AYAKG AZFZN AZQEC B3H B8M B8O B8R B8Z B93 B94 BBRGL BDDNI BENPR BKIIM BKNYI BKSCU BPACV BPHCQ BSEHC BVXVI BWJAD BYIEH CAG CBRKF CCPQU CDWPY CFDXU COF CORYS CQQTX CS3 CUTAK DB0 DC- DC0 DD- DD0 DE- DF0 DO- DOPDO DU5 DV7 DV9 D~Y EBS EJD EMOBN F5P FD6 FEDTE FHBDP FYUFA GROUPED_SAGE_PREMIER_JOURNAL_COLLECTION H13 HF~ HMCUK HVGLF HZ~ J8X K.F K.J K9- M0R M1P M4V N9A NPM O9- P.B P2P PHGZT PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO Q1R Q2X Q7K Q7L Q7R Q7U Q7X Q82 Q83 ROL S01 SAUOL SCNPE SDB SFB SFC SFK SFN SFT SGA SGO SGP SGR SGV SGX SGZ SHG SNB SPJ SPQ SPV SQCSI STM UKHRP XJT ZONMY ZPPRI ZRKOI ZSSAH 7X8 AAPII ABIDT ABJZC ADEBD AJGYC AJHME AJVBE SASJQ |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c473t-df7cfe5cdbfbcbcc92ca456f1c60568bd18c7188cc36f456ab44e6885791b94a2 |
| IEDL.DBID | 7X8 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 110 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000419576400011&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1477-0970 |
| IngestDate | Sun Sep 28 02:45:37 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 03 07:00:04 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 1 |
| Keywords | Probiotic gut microbiome peripheral immune response MS |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c473t-df7cfe5cdbfbcbcc92ca456f1c60568bd18c7188cc36f456ab44e6885791b94a2 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1352458517737390 |
| PMID | 29307299 |
| PQID | 1989561741 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_1989561741 pubmed_primary_29307299 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2018-01-00 20180101 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2018-01-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 2018 text: 2018-01-00 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England |
| PublicationTitle | Multiple sclerosis |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Mult Scler |
| PublicationYear | 2018 |
| References | 30480470 - Mult Scler. 2019 Jan;25(1):176 |
| References_xml | – reference: 30480470 - Mult Scler. 2019 Jan;25(1):176 |
| SSID | ssj0007735 |
| Score | 2.5321434 |
| Snippet | None of the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) currently being used for the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) are 100% effective. In addition, side effects... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 58 |
| Title | Investigation of probiotics in multiple sclerosis |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29307299 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1989561741 |
| Volume | 24 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000419576400011&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LS8QwEB7UFfHi-7G-iOC12LRpk5xExMXLLntQ2FtJpgnspV3t6u930nZZL4LgpZc2UCaTzDcPvg_gjhstpAp82rmgBCUxeaS9tpErXZaZ3CTcl63YhJxM1Gymp33BrenHKld3YntRlzWGGvl9mO2hWE8B8GHxHgXVqNBd7SU0NmGQEpQJXi1na7ZwKVuBTS6kjGIt43Wb8p4T8BChJUbfyFTHvwPMNtCM9v_7iwew10NM9tj5xCFsuOoIdsZ9E_0Y-A9ujbpitWeLlowpEDazecVWM4asoeUUROfNCbyNnl-fXqJeOSFCIdNlVHqJ3mVYWm_RIuoEDSElz5Gyl1zZkiukoKQQ09zTC2OFcLlSmdTcamGSU9iq6sqdA6P0L3fGx5ZwiKCN087rUnODXkh0wg3hdmWMgjwztBtM5erPplibYwhnnUWLRUehURDICJTl-uIPqy9hl1CK6uoeVzDwdC7dNWzj13LefNy0W07PyXT8DZ5ztkY |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+probiotics+in+multiple+sclerosis&rft.jtitle=Multiple+sclerosis&rft.au=Tankou%2C+Stephanie+K&rft.au=Regev%2C+Keren&rft.au=Healy%2C+Brian+C&rft.au=Cox%2C+Laura+M&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.eissn=1477-0970&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=58&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F1352458517737390&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29307299&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29307299&rft.externalDocID=29307299 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1477-0970&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1477-0970&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1477-0970&client=summon |