Tracking the SDGs in an ‘integrated’ manner: A proposal for a new index to capture synergies and trade-offs between and within goals

•Agenda 2030 requires tracking progress towards the SDGs in an ‘integrated’ way.•The SDG Index does not allow for the ‘integrated’ nature of the SDGs.•The MSI overcomes problems associated with the arithmetic and geometric means.•The new MSI inspired I-SDI embraces synergies between and within goals...

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Published in:	World development Vol. 122; pp. 628 - 647
Main Authors:	Biggeri, Mario, Clark, David A., Ferrannini, Andrea, Mauro, Vincenzo
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.10.2019 Pergamon Press Inc
Subjects:	Agenda 2030 Aggregation method Arithmetic Beneficiaries Collapse Comparative studies Composite index Economic development Economics Heterogeneity Indexes Indicators Interest groups Mathematics Multidimensional Synthesis of Indicators Objectives Policy making Ratings & rankings Sustainability Sustainable development Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Index Tracking Tradeoffs World problems Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Index Aggregation method Sustainable Development Goals Multidimensional Synthesis of Indicators Composite index
ISSN:	0305-750X, 1873-5991
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Abstract	•Agenda 2030 requires tracking progress towards the SDGs in an ‘integrated’ way.•The SDG Index does not allow for the ‘integrated’ nature of the SDGs.•The MSI overcomes problems associated with the arithmetic and geometric means.•The new MSI inspired I-SDI embraces synergies between and within goals.•The I-SDI provide new monitoring tools for global, national and local policy. Monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an important challenge and strategic opportunity for stakeholders and beneficiaries involved with Agenda 2030 at all levels. To monitor progress across a diverse set of goals with multiple targets and indicators and to track overall progress, Jeffrey Sachs and associates have developed the SDG Index. Although their index is robust and permits comparisons across countries, it neglects the ‘balanced’ and ‘integrated’ nature of the SDGs (set out in Transforming Our World), and exhibits well-known problems associated with the use of an arithmetic mean (which assumes perfect substitution between dimensions). To overcome these difficulties, this paper introduces an adjusted ‘Integrated Sustainable Development Index’ (I-SDI) that can take account of trade-offs and synergies between goals and targets as well as across the economic, social and environmental spheres of sustainable development. This is accomplished by introducing a new aggregation method based on the Multidimensional Synthesis of Indicators (MSI) approach. This approach overcomes well-known problems associated with replacing the arithmetic mean with the geometric mean (a difficulty encountered by the post-2010 HDI). Specifically, it makes an allowance for the heterogeneity of dimensions, while avoiding the tendency of the geometric mean to collapse to zero. In this paper, the I-SDI scores and rankings are compared with those generated by the SDG Index and the geometric mean. Moreover, to capture the heterogeneity within goals, the I-SDI2 is introduced (which applies the MSI method within as well as between goals). By taking account of heterogeneity within and between goals as well as across the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, and by capturing synergies and trade-offs among indicators, our study reveals crucial differences in I-SDI scores and rankings that illustrate the value of a more flexible and integrated measure for guiding policymakers and monitor overall progress.
AbstractList	Monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an important challenge and strategic opportunity for stakeholders and beneficiaries involved with Agenda 2030 at all levels. To monitor progress across a diverse set of goals with multiple targets and indicators and to track overall progress, Jeffrey Sachs and associates have developed the SDG Index. Although their index is robust and permits comparisons across countries, it neglects the 'balanced' and 'integrated' nature of the SDGs (set out in Transforming Our World), and exhibits well-known problems associated with the use of an arithmetic mean (which assumes perfect substitution between dimensions). To overcome these difficulties, this paper introduces an adjusted 'Integrated Sustainable Development Index' (I-SDI) that can take account of trade-offs and synergies between goals and targets as well as across the economic, social and environmental spheres of sustainable development. This is accomplished by introducing a new aggregation method based on the Multidimensional Synthesis of Indicators (MSI) approach. This approach overcomes well-known problems associated with replacing the arithmetic mean with the geometric mean (a difficulty encountered by the post-2010 HDI). Specifically, it makes an allowance for the heterogeneity of dimensions, while avoiding the tendency of the geometric mean to collapse to zero. In this paper, the I-SDI scores and rankings are compared with those generated by the SDG Index and the geometric mean. Moreover, to capture the heterogeneity within goals, the I-SDI2 is introduced (which applies the MSI method within as well as between goals). By taking account of heterogeneity within and between goals as well as across the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, and by capturing synergies and trade-offs among indicators, our study reveals crucial differences in I-SDI scores and rankings that illustrate the value of a more flexible and integrated measure for guiding policymakers and monitor overall progress. •Agenda 2030 requires tracking progress towards the SDGs in an ‘integrated’ way.•The SDG Index does not allow for the ‘integrated’ nature of the SDGs.•The MSI overcomes problems associated with the arithmetic and geometric means.•The new MSI inspired I-SDI embraces synergies between and within goals.•The I-SDI provide new monitoring tools for global, national and local policy. Monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an important challenge and strategic opportunity for stakeholders and beneficiaries involved with Agenda 2030 at all levels. To monitor progress across a diverse set of goals with multiple targets and indicators and to track overall progress, Jeffrey Sachs and associates have developed the SDG Index. Although their index is robust and permits comparisons across countries, it neglects the ‘balanced’ and ‘integrated’ nature of the SDGs (set out in Transforming Our World), and exhibits well-known problems associated with the use of an arithmetic mean (which assumes perfect substitution between dimensions). To overcome these difficulties, this paper introduces an adjusted ‘Integrated Sustainable Development Index’ (I-SDI) that can take account of trade-offs and synergies between goals and targets as well as across the economic, social and environmental spheres of sustainable development. This is accomplished by introducing a new aggregation method based on the Multidimensional Synthesis of Indicators (MSI) approach. This approach overcomes well-known problems associated with replacing the arithmetic mean with the geometric mean (a difficulty encountered by the post-2010 HDI). Specifically, it makes an allowance for the heterogeneity of dimensions, while avoiding the tendency of the geometric mean to collapse to zero. In this paper, the I-SDI scores and rankings are compared with those generated by the SDG Index and the geometric mean. Moreover, to capture the heterogeneity within goals, the I-SDI2 is introduced (which applies the MSI method within as well as between goals). By taking account of heterogeneity within and between goals as well as across the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, and by capturing synergies and trade-offs among indicators, our study reveals crucial differences in I-SDI scores and rankings that illustrate the value of a more flexible and integrated measure for guiding policymakers and monitor overall progress.
Author	Ferrannini, Andrea Biggeri, Mario Clark, David A. Mauro, Vincenzo
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mario surname: Biggeri fullname: Biggeri, Mario email: mario.biggeri@unifi.it organization: Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: David A. surname: Clark fullname: Clark, David A. email: David_A_Clark@hotmail.com organization: Action Research for CO-development (ARCO), PIN-Educational and Scientific Services for the University of Florence, Florence, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Andrea surname: Ferrannini fullname: Ferrannini, Andrea email: andrea.ferrannini@arcolab.org organization: Action Research for CO-development (ARCO), PIN-Educational and Scientific Services for the University of Florence, Florence, Italy – sequence: 4 givenname: Vincenzo surname: Mauro fullname: Mauro, Vincenzo email: vincenzo.mauro@unipi.it organization: Action Research for CO-development (ARCO), PIN-Educational and Scientific Services for the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Snippet	•Agenda 2030 requires tracking progress towards the SDGs in an ‘integrated’ way.•The SDG Index does not allow for the ‘integrated’ nature of the SDGs.•The MSI... Monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an important challenge and strategic opportunity for stakeholders and beneficiaries involved with Agenda...
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SubjectTerms	Agenda 2030 Aggregation method Arithmetic Beneficiaries Collapse Comparative studies Composite index Economic development Economics Heterogeneity Indexes Indicators Interest groups Mathematics Multidimensional Synthesis of Indicators Objectives Policy making Ratings & rankings Sustainability Sustainable development Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Index Tracking Tradeoffs World problems
Title	Tracking the SDGs in an ‘integrated’ manner: A proposal for a new index to capture synergies and trade-offs between and within goals
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