Research on Lightweight Dynamic Security Protocol for Intelligent In-Vehicle CAN Bus
With the integration of an increasing number of outward-facing components in intelligent and connected vehicles, the open controller area network (CAN) bus environment faces increasingly severe security threats. However, existing security measures remain inadequate, and CAN bus messages lack effecti...
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| Published in: | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 11; p. 3380 |
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| Language: | English |
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| Abstract | With the integration of an increasing number of outward-facing components in intelligent and connected vehicles, the open controller area network (CAN) bus environment faces increasingly severe security threats. However, existing security measures remain inadequate, and CAN bus messages lack effective security mechanisms and are vulnerable to malicious attacks. Although encryption algorithms can enhance system security, their high bandwidth consumption negatively impacts the real-time performance of intelligent and connected vehicles. Moreover, the message authentication mechanism of the CAN bus requires lengthy authentication codes, further exacerbating the bandwidth burden. To address these issues, we propose an improved dynamic compression algorithm that achieves higher compression rates and efficiency by optimizing header information processing during data reorganization. Additionally, we have proposed a novel dynamic key management approach, incorporating a dynamic key distribution mechanism, which effectively resolves the challenges associated with key management. Each Electronic Control Unit (ECU) node independently performs compression, encryption, and authentication while periodically updating its keys to enhance system security and strengthen defense capabilities. Experimental results show that the proposed dynamic compression algorithm improves the average compression rate by 2.24% and enhances compression time efficiency by 10% compared to existing solutions. The proposed security protocol effectively defends against four different types of attacks. In hardware tests, using an ECU operating at a frequency of 30 MHz, the computation time for the security algorithm on a single message was 0.85 ms, while at 400 MHz, the computation time was reduced to 0.064 ms. Additionally, for different vehicle models, the average CAN bus load rate was reduced by 8.28%. The proposed security mechanism ensures the security, real-time performance, and freshness of CAN bus messages while reducing bus load, providing a more efficient and reliable solution for the cybersecurity of intelligent and connected vehicles. |
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| AbstractList | With the integration of an increasing number of outward-facing components in intelligent and connected vehicles, the open controller area network (CAN) bus environment faces increasingly severe security threats. However, existing security measures remain inadequate, and CAN bus messages lack effective security mechanisms and are vulnerable to malicious attacks. Although encryption algorithms can enhance system security, their high bandwidth consumption negatively impacts the real-time performance of intelligent and connected vehicles. Moreover, the message authentication mechanism of the CAN bus requires lengthy authentication codes, further exacerbating the bandwidth burden. To address these issues, we propose an improved dynamic compression algorithm that achieves higher compression rates and efficiency by optimizing header information processing during data reorganization. Additionally, we have proposed a novel dynamic key management approach, incorporating a dynamic key distribution mechanism, which effectively resolves the challenges associated with key management. Each Electronic Control Unit (ECU) node independently performs compression, encryption, and authentication while periodically updating its keys to enhance system security and strengthen defense capabilities. Experimental results show that the proposed dynamic compression algorithm improves the average compression rate by 2.24% and enhances compression time efficiency by 10% compared to existing solutions. The proposed security protocol effectively defends against four different types of attacks. In hardware tests, using an ECU operating at a frequency of 30 MHz, the computation time for the security algorithm on a single message was 0.85 ms, while at 400 MHz, the computation time was reduced to 0.064 ms. Additionally, for different vehicle models, the average CAN bus load rate was reduced by 8.28%. The proposed security mechanism ensures the security, real-time performance, and freshness of CAN bus messages while reducing bus load, providing a more efficient and reliable solution for the cybersecurity of intelligent and connected vehicles. With the integration of an increasing number of outward-facing components in intelligent and connected vehicles, the open controller area network (CAN) bus environment faces increasingly severe security threats. However, existing security measures remain inadequate, and CAN bus messages lack effective security mechanisms and are vulnerable to malicious attacks. Although encryption algorithms can enhance system security, their high bandwidth consumption negatively impacts the real-time performance of intelligent and connected vehicles. Moreover, the message authentication mechanism of the CAN bus requires lengthy authentication codes, further exacerbating the bandwidth burden. To address these issues, we propose an improved dynamic compression algorithm that achieves higher compression rates and efficiency by optimizing header information processing during data reorganization. Additionally, we have proposed a novel dynamic key management approach, incorporating a dynamic key distribution mechanism, which effectively resolves the challenges associated with key management. Each Electronic Control Unit (ECU) node independently performs compression, encryption, and authentication while periodically updating its keys to enhance system security and strengthen defense capabilities. Experimental results show that the proposed dynamic compression algorithm improves the average compression rate by 2.24% and enhances compression time efficiency by 10% compared to existing solutions. The proposed security protocol effectively defends against four different types of attacks. In hardware tests, using an ECU operating at a frequency of 30 MHz, the computation time for the security algorithm on a single message was 0.85 ms, while at 400 MHz, the computation time was reduced to 0.064 ms. Additionally, for different vehicle models, the average CAN bus load rate was reduced by 8.28%. The proposed security mechanism ensures the security, real-time performance, and freshness of CAN bus messages while reducing bus load, providing a more efficient and reliable solution for the cybersecurity of intelligent and connected vehicles.With the integration of an increasing number of outward-facing components in intelligent and connected vehicles, the open controller area network (CAN) bus environment faces increasingly severe security threats. However, existing security measures remain inadequate, and CAN bus messages lack effective security mechanisms and are vulnerable to malicious attacks. Although encryption algorithms can enhance system security, their high bandwidth consumption negatively impacts the real-time performance of intelligent and connected vehicles. Moreover, the message authentication mechanism of the CAN bus requires lengthy authentication codes, further exacerbating the bandwidth burden. To address these issues, we propose an improved dynamic compression algorithm that achieves higher compression rates and efficiency by optimizing header information processing during data reorganization. Additionally, we have proposed a novel dynamic key management approach, incorporating a dynamic key distribution mechanism, which effectively resolves the challenges associated with key management. Each Electronic Control Unit (ECU) node independently performs compression, encryption, and authentication while periodically updating its keys to enhance system security and strengthen defense capabilities. Experimental results show that the proposed dynamic compression algorithm improves the average compression rate by 2.24% and enhances compression time efficiency by 10% compared to existing solutions. The proposed security protocol effectively defends against four different types of attacks. In hardware tests, using an ECU operating at a frequency of 30 MHz, the computation time for the security algorithm on a single message was 0.85 ms, while at 400 MHz, the computation time was reduced to 0.064 ms. Additionally, for different vehicle models, the average CAN bus load rate was reduced by 8.28%. The proposed security mechanism ensures the security, real-time performance, and freshness of CAN bus messages while reducing bus load, providing a more efficient and reliable solution for the cybersecurity of intelligent and connected vehicles. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Liu, Zhiquan Wang, Yuanhao Liu, Suya Xu, Yinan Wu, Yujing |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 The College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; davidwang0214@outlook.com (Y.W.); ynxu@ybu.edu.cn (Y.X.); 1224022474@ybu.edu.cn (S.L.) 2 The College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; zqliucom@gmail.com |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 The College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; davidwang0214@outlook.com (Y.W.); ynxu@ybu.edu.cn (Y.X.); 1224022474@ybu.edu.cn (S.L.) – name: 2 The College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; zqliucom@gmail.com |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1109/TIFS.2022.3152405 10.1016/j.asoc.2019.106017 10.1109/TITS.2021.3078740 10.1109/TIFS.2020.2983285 10.1145/3056506 10.5772/intechopen.92469 10.3390/electronics10060637 10.1109/TIFS.2019.2895957 10.1109/RTSS52674.2021.00051 10.1109/TVT.2022.3187469 10.1007/978-3-319-72359-4_38 10.1109/COMST.2016.2521642 10.1109/TITS.2024.3377179 10.1109/TNSE.2023.3312545 10.1109/CCNC.2018.8319180 10.1109/TVT.2022.3143708 10.1109/ISOCC.2018.8649946 10.1109/TVT.2019.2961765 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2948775 10.3390/s20082364 10.14722/autosec.2021.23016 10.1109/ICACITE53722.2022.9823662 |
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| Keywords | dynamic encryption and authentication dynamic compression algorithm intelligent and connected vehicles CAN bus defense capability dynamic key management |
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| SubjectTerms | Access control Air conditioning Algorithms Automobile safety Braking systems CAN bus Collaboration Communication Data compression Data encryption Data transmission defense capability dynamic compression algorithm dynamic encryption and authentication dynamic key management Feedback intelligent and connected vehicles Investment analysis Network security Performance evaluation Powertrain Protocol Security management Sensors Telematics Vehicles |
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