Vaccination using mutated receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2: Evidence for partial immune escape but not serotype formation

SARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Extended studies of other viruses have shown that strong and broad viral escape from ne...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Frontiers in immunology Jg. 14; S. 1114396
Hauptverfasser:	Chang, Xinyue, Liu, Xuelan, Martina, Byron, Zeltins, Andris, Augusto, Gilles, Vogel, Monique, Mohsen, Mona O., Speiser, Daniel E., Bachmann, Martin F.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 10.02.2023
Schlagworte:	Animals Antibodies, Neutralizing antibody COVID-19 - prevention & control immune escape Immunization Immunology Mice SARS-CoV-2 - genetics SARS–CoV–2 serotype Vaccination variants SARS–CoV–2 immune escape antibody variants serotype
ISSN:	1664-3224, 1664-3224
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Abstract	SARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Extended studies of other viruses have shown that strong and broad viral escape from neutralizing serum antibodies is typically associated with the formation of serotypes. To address the question of serotype formation for SARS-CoV-2 in detail, we generated recombinant RBDs of VOCs and displayed them on virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccination and specific antibody responses. As expected, mice immunized with wild type (wt) RBD generated antibodies that recognized wt RBD well but displayed reduced binding to VOC RBDs, in particular those with the E484K mutation. Unexpectedly, however, antibodies induced by the VOC vaccines typically recognized best the wt RBDs, often more than the homologous VOC RBDs used for immunization. Hence, these data do not reveal different serotypes but represent a newly observed viral evolution, suggesting a unique situation where inherent differences of RBDs are responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, besides antibody (fine) specificity, other qualities of antibodies (e.g. their affinity) determine neutralizing capability. Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs only affects a fraction of an individual's serum antibodies. Consequently, many neutralizing serum antibodies are cross-reactive and thus protective against multiple current and future VOCs. Besides considering variant sequences for next generation vaccines, broader protection will be achieved with vaccines that induce elevated titers of high-quality antibodies.
AbstractList	SARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Extended studies of other viruses have shown that strong and broad viral escape from neutralizing serum antibodies is typically associated with the formation of serotypes. To address the question of serotype formation for SARS-CoV-2 in detail, we generated recombinant RBDs of VOCs and displayed them on virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccination and specific antibody responses. As expected, mice immunized with wild type (wt) RBD generated antibodies that recognized wt RBD well but displayed reduced binding to VOC RBDs, in particular those with the E484K mutation. Unexpectedly, however, antibodies induced by the VOC vaccines typically recognized best the wt RBDs, often more than the homologous VOC RBDs used for immunization. Hence, these data do not reveal different serotypes but represent a newly observed viral evolution, suggesting a unique situation where inherent differences of RBDs are responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, besides antibody (fine) specificity, other qualities of antibodies (e.g. their affinity) determine neutralizing capability. Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs only affects a fraction of an individual's serum antibodies. Consequently, many neutralizing serum antibodies are cross-reactive and thus protective against multiple current and future VOCs. Besides considering variant sequences for next generation vaccines, broader protection will be achieved with vaccines that induce elevated titers of high-quality antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Extended studies of other viruses have shown that strong and broad viral escape from neutralizing serum antibodies is typically associated with the formation of serotypes.IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Extended studies of other viruses have shown that strong and broad viral escape from neutralizing serum antibodies is typically associated with the formation of serotypes.To address the question of serotype formation for SARS-CoV-2 in detail, we generated recombinant RBDs of VOCs and displayed them on virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccination and specific antibody responses.MethodsTo address the question of serotype formation for SARS-CoV-2 in detail, we generated recombinant RBDs of VOCs and displayed them on virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccination and specific antibody responses.As expected, mice immunized with wild type (wt) RBD generated antibodies that recognized wt RBD well but displayed reduced binding to VOC RBDs, in particular those with the E484K mutation. Unexpectedly, however, antibodies induced by the VOC vaccines typically recognized best the wt RBDs, often more than the homologous VOC RBDs used for immunization. Hence, these data do not reveal different serotypes but represent a newly observed viral evolution, suggesting a unique situation where inherent differences of RBDs are responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies.ResultsAs expected, mice immunized with wild type (wt) RBD generated antibodies that recognized wt RBD well but displayed reduced binding to VOC RBDs, in particular those with the E484K mutation. Unexpectedly, however, antibodies induced by the VOC vaccines typically recognized best the wt RBDs, often more than the homologous VOC RBDs used for immunization. Hence, these data do not reveal different serotypes but represent a newly observed viral evolution, suggesting a unique situation where inherent differences of RBDs are responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies.Therefore, besides antibody (fine) specificity, other qualities of antibodies (e.g. their affinity) determine neutralizing capability. Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs only affects a fraction of an individual's serum antibodies. Consequently, many neutralizing serum antibodies are cross-reactive and thus protective against multiple current and future VOCs. Besides considering variant sequences for next generation vaccines, broader protection will be achieved with vaccines that induce elevated titers of high-quality antibodies.DiscussionTherefore, besides antibody (fine) specificity, other qualities of antibodies (e.g. their affinity) determine neutralizing capability. Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs only affects a fraction of an individual's serum antibodies. Consequently, many neutralizing serum antibodies are cross-reactive and thus protective against multiple current and future VOCs. Besides considering variant sequences for next generation vaccines, broader protection will be achieved with vaccines that induce elevated titers of high-quality antibodies. IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Extended studies of other viruses have shown that strong and broad viral escape from neutralizing serum antibodies is typically associated with the formation of serotypes.MethodsTo address the question of serotype formation for SARS-CoV-2 in detail, we generated recombinant RBDs of VOCs and displayed them on virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccination and specific antibody responses. ResultsAs expected, mice immunized with wild type (wt) RBD generated antibodies that recognized wt RBD well but displayed reduced binding to VOC RBDs, in particular those with the E484K mutation. Unexpectedly, however, antibodies induced by the VOC vaccines typically recognized best the wt RBDs, often more than the homologous VOC RBDs used for immunization. Hence, these data do not reveal different serotypes but represent a newly observed viral evolution, suggesting a unique situation where inherent differences of RBDs are responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies. DiscussionTherefore, besides antibody (fine) specificity, other qualities of antibodies (e.g. their affinity) determine neutralizing capability. Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs only affects a fraction of an individual’s serum antibodies. Consequently, many neutralizing serum antibodies are cross-reactive and thus protective against multiple current and future VOCs. Besides considering variant sequences for next generation vaccines, broader protection will be achieved with vaccines that induce elevated titers of high-quality antibodies.
Author	Chang, Xinyue Zeltins, Andris Bachmann, Martin F. Mohsen, Mona O. Martina, Byron Augusto, Gilles Vogel, Monique Speiser, Daniel E. Liu, Xuelan
AuthorAffiliation	2 Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern , Bern , Switzerland 3 Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland 5 Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, University of Riga , Riga , Latvia 6 Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom 4 Artemis Bio-Support , Delft , Netherlands 1 International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China 7 Saiba GmbH , Pfäffikon , Switzerland
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 7 Saiba GmbH , Pfäffikon , Switzerland – name: 2 Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern , Bern , Switzerland – name: 5 Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, University of Riga , Riga , Latvia – name: 3 Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland – name: 6 Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom – name: 4 Artemis Bio-Support , Delft , Netherlands – name: 1 International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
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Cites_doi	10.1111/all.14893 10.1111/all.15002 10.1126/science.abq0203 10.1126/science.adc9448 10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2 10.1038/s41392-021-00863-2 10.3390/v14092020 10.1038/s41423-022-00897-8 10.1080/14760584.2017.1322514 10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.009 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.037 10.1038/s41392-022-01135-3 10.1111/imr.12863 10.3390/vaccines10020307 10.1038/d41586-022-01771-3 10.1038/s41577-022-00676-6 10.3390/vaccines8030404 10.3390/vaccines9040395 10.15252/embj.2021108944 10.1126/science.abm0829 10.1038/s41541-017-0030-8 10.1038/s41586-022-04980-y 10.1111/all.15065 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.038 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100529 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00068-9 10.1128/CVI.00131-10 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.036 10.1111/risa.13555 10.1056/NEJMc2119443 10.1080/22221751.2022.2125348 10.1126/science.abn7591 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32560-1 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105185 10.1038/s41579-022-00708-x 10.1002/ctm2.924
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Copyright	Copyright © 2023 Chang, Liu, Martina, Zeltins, Augusto, Vogel, Mohsen, Speiser and Bachmann. Copyright © 2023 Chang, Liu, Martina, Zeltins, Augusto, Vogel, Mohsen, Speiser and Bachmann 2023 Chang, Liu, Martina, Zeltins, Augusto, Vogel, Mohsen, Speiser and Bachmann
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Keywords	SARS–CoV–2 immune escape antibody variants serotype
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Edited by: Daniela Hozbor, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (IBBM), Argentina These authors have contributed equally to this work Reviewed by: Cesar Lopez-Camacho, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Eva Gizella Rakasz, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States This article was submitted to Vaccines and Molecular Therapeutics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
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References	Cao (B30) 2022; 608 Mohsen (B43) 2022; 19 Speiser (B40) 2020; 8 Wang (B8) 2021; 593 Zeltins (B20) 2017; 2 Goel (B37) 2022; 185 Gagne (B35) 2022; 185 Chang (B7) 2021; 76 Cascella (B6) 2020; 19 Zha (B24) 2021; 9 Chang (B23) 2022; 10 Qi (B33) 2022; 12 Mandal (B44) 2021; 54 Muik (B10) 2022; 375 Reynolds (B29) 2022; 1841 Zinkernagel (B17) 1996 Rambaut (B32) 2020; 5 Edara (B34) 2022; 3 Bowen (B4) 2022; 203 B15 Simon-Loriere (B28) 2022; 20 Kalkowska (B18) 2021; 41 Mohsen (B21) 2020; 296 Vogel (B31) 2022; 376 Zhang (B11) 2022; 7 Huang (B12) 2022; 11 Duintjer Tebbens (B26) 2017; 16 Wang (B39) 2021; 195 Zhang (B25) 2022; 14 Ying (B36) 2022; 185 Augusto (B1) 2021; 77 Vogel (B2) 2021; 77 Callaway (B38) 2022; 607 Rajah (B5) 2021; 40 Jangra (B16) 2021; 2 Hoffmann (B9) 2021; 184 Bachmann (B14) 2022; 386 Flemming (B22) 2022; 22 Food (B13) 2022; 214 Wu (B3) 2022; 7 (B27) 2019 Goel (B41) 2021; 374 Wilder-Smith (B19) 2019; 393 Plotkin (B42) 2010; 17
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Snippet	SARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies specific for... IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 has developed a number of Variants of Concern (VOC) with increased infectivity and/or reduced recognition by neutralizing antibodies...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Antibodies, Neutralizing antibody COVID-19 - prevention & control immune escape Immunization Immunology Mice SARS-CoV-2 - genetics SARS–CoV–2 serotype Vaccination variants
Title	Vaccination using mutated receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2: Evidence for partial immune escape but not serotype formation
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Volume	14
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