Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity
•Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread tick-borne viral disease of humans.•Its incidence in Turkey and Iran has markedly increased in the past decade.•The broad sequence diversity of the virus reflects prolonged genetic drift and reassortment between strains.•Until recently,...
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| Vydáno v: | Antiviral research Ročník 100; číslo 1; s. 159 - 189 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Kidlington
Elsevier B.V
01.10.2013
Elsevier |
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 0166-3542, 1872-9096, 1872-9096 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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| Abstract | •Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread tick-borne viral disease of humans.•Its incidence in Turkey and Iran has markedly increased in the past decade.•The broad sequence diversity of the virus reflects prolonged genetic drift and reassortment between strains.•Until recently, vaccine and drug development have been hindered by the lack of animal models.•Research is needed to develop effective countermeasures against CCHF.
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank. |
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| AbstractList | Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank. •Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread tick-borne viral disease of humans.•Its incidence in Turkey and Iran has markedly increased in the past decade.•The broad sequence diversity of the virus reflects prolonged genetic drift and reassortment between strains.•Until recently, vaccine and drug development have been hindered by the lack of animal models.•Research is needed to develop effective countermeasures against CCHF. Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank.Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank. |
| Author | Forrester, Naomi L. Whitehouse, Chris A. Watts, Douglas M. Bray, Mike McAuley, Alexander J. Bente, Dennis A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dennis A. surname: Bente fullname: Bente, Dennis A. email: dabente@utmb.edu organization: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Naomi L. surname: Forrester fullname: Forrester, Naomi L. organization: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Douglas M. surname: Watts fullname: Watts, Douglas M. organization: Department of Veterinary Services, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Alexander J. surname: McAuley fullname: McAuley, Alexander J. organization: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Chris A. surname: Whitehouse fullname: Whitehouse, Chris A. organization: National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, WI 53711, United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Mike surname: Bray fullname: Bray, Mike organization: Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27994900$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23906741$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | Nairovirus Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Arbovirus Viral hemorrhagic fever Bunyavirus Tick-borne virus Hemorrhagic fever Pathogenesis Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever History Epidemiology Case history Acari Bunyaviridae Arbovirus disease Ixodidae Public health Parasitiformes Human Crimean―Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Genetic diversity Genetic disease Infection Virus Arachnida Ixodida Arthropoda Viral disease Invertebrata Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus |
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| Snippet | •Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most widespread tick-borne viral disease of humans.•Its incidence in Turkey and Iran has markedly increased in... Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Antiviral agents Arboviral haemorrhagic fevers Arboviroses Arbovirus Biological and medical sciences Bunyavirus Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Genetic Variation Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo - classification Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo - genetics Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo - isolation & purification Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo - pathogenicity Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - diagnosis Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - drug therapy Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - epidemiology Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - history History, 20th Century History, 21st Century Human viral diseases Humans Infectious diseases Medical sciences Nairovirus Pharmacology. Drug treatments Phylogeny Tick-borne virus Tropical viral diseases Viral diseases Viral hemorrhagic fever |
| Title | Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity |
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