Evidence of counter-gradient growth in western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) across thermal gradients
Summary Counter‐gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across environmental gradients. Understanding how ectothermic species respond to changing temperatures is essential to their conservation and ma...
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| Vydáno v: | Freshwater biology Ročník 60; číslo 9; s. 1944 - 1963 |
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Oxford
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.09.2015
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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| ISSN: | 0046-5070, 1365-2427 |
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| Abstract | Summary
Counter‐gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across environmental gradients. Understanding how ectothermic species respond to changing temperatures is essential to their conservation and management due to human‐altered habitats and changing climates.
Here, we use two contrasting populations of western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) to model the effect of artificial and variable temperature regimes on growth and age at reproductive maturity. The two populations occur on forks of the Trinity River in northern California, U.S.A. The South Fork Trinity River (South Fork) is unregulated, while the main stem of the Trinity River (Main Stem) is dammed and has peak seasonal temperatures that are approximately 10 °C colder than the South Fork.
Consistent with other studies, we found reduced annual growth rates for turtles in the colder Main Stem compared to the warmer South Fork. The South Fork population matured approximately 9 year earlier, on average, and at a larger body size than the Main Stem population.
When we normalised growth rates for the thermal opportunity for growth using water‐growing degree‐days (GDD), we found the reverse for growth rates and age at reproductive maturity. Main Stem turtles grew approximately twice as fast as South Fork turtles per GDD. Main Stem turtles also required approximately 50% fewer GDD to reach their smaller size at reproductive maturity compared to the larger South Fork turtles.
We found we could accurately hindcast growth rates based on water temperatures estimated from the total volume of discharge from the dam into the Main Stem, providing a management tool for predicting the impacts of the dam on turtle growth rates.
Given the importance of size and age at reproductive maturity to population dynamics, this information on counter‐gradient growth will improve our ability to understand and predict the consequences of dam operations for downstream turtle populations. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | 1. Counter-gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across environmental gradients. Understanding how ectothermic species respond to changing temperatures is essential to their conservation and management due to human-altered habitats and changing climates. 2. Here, we use two contrasting populations of western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) to model the effect of artificial and variable temperature regimes on growth and age at reproductive maturity. The two populations occur on forks of the Trinity River in northern California, U.S.A. The South Fork Trinity River (South Fork) is unregulated, while the main stem of the Trinity River (Main Stem) is dammed and has peak seasonal temperatures that are approximately 10 degree C colder than the South Fork. 3. Consistent with other studies, we found reduced annual growth rates for turtles in the colder Main Stem compared to the warmer South Fork. The South Fork population matured approximately 9 year earlier, on average, and at a larger body size than the Main Stem population. 4. When we normalised growth rates for the thermal opportunity for growth using water-growing degree-days (GDD), we found the reverse for growth rates and age at reproductive maturity. Main Stem turtles grew approximately twice as fast as South Fork turtles per GDD. Main Stem turtles also required approximately 50% fewer GDD to reach their smaller size at reproductive maturity compared to the larger South Fork turtles. 5. We found we could accurately hindcast growth rates based on water temperatures estimated from the total volume of discharge from the dam into the Main Stem, providing a management tool for predicting the impacts of the dam on turtle growth rates. 6. Given the importance of size and age at reproductive maturity to population dynamics, this information on counter-gradient growth will improve our ability to understand and predict the consequences of dam operations for downstream turtle populations. Counter‐gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across environmental gradients. Understanding how ectothermic species respond to changing temperatures is essential to their conservation and management due to human‐altered habitats and changing climates. Here, we use two contrasting populations of western pond turtles ( Actinemys marmorata ) to model the effect of artificial and variable temperature regimes on growth and age at reproductive maturity. The two populations occur on forks of the Trinity River in northern California, U.S.A. The South Fork Trinity River (South Fork) is unregulated, while the main stem of the Trinity River (Main Stem) is dammed and has peak seasonal temperatures that are approximately 10 °C colder than the South Fork. Consistent with other studies, we found reduced annual growth rates for turtles in the colder Main Stem compared to the warmer South Fork. The South Fork population matured approximately 9 year earlier, on average, and at a larger body size than the Main Stem population. When we normalised growth rates for the thermal opportunity for growth using water‐growing degree‐days ( GDD ), we found the reverse for growth rates and age at reproductive maturity. Main Stem turtles grew approximately twice as fast as South Fork turtles per GDD . Main Stem turtles also required approximately 50% fewer GDD to reach their smaller size at reproductive maturity compared to the larger South Fork turtles. We found we could accurately hindcast growth rates based on water temperatures estimated from the total volume of discharge from the dam into the Main Stem, providing a management tool for predicting the impacts of the dam on turtle growth rates. Given the importance of size and age at reproductive maturity to population dynamics, this information on counter‐gradient growth will improve our ability to understand and predict the consequences of dam operations for downstream turtle populations. Summary Counter‐gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across environmental gradients. Understanding how ectothermic species respond to changing temperatures is essential to their conservation and management due to human‐altered habitats and changing climates. Here, we use two contrasting populations of western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) to model the effect of artificial and variable temperature regimes on growth and age at reproductive maturity. The two populations occur on forks of the Trinity River in northern California, U.S.A. The South Fork Trinity River (South Fork) is unregulated, while the main stem of the Trinity River (Main Stem) is dammed and has peak seasonal temperatures that are approximately 10 °C colder than the South Fork. Consistent with other studies, we found reduced annual growth rates for turtles in the colder Main Stem compared to the warmer South Fork. The South Fork population matured approximately 9 year earlier, on average, and at a larger body size than the Main Stem population. When we normalised growth rates for the thermal opportunity for growth using water‐growing degree‐days (GDD), we found the reverse for growth rates and age at reproductive maturity. Main Stem turtles grew approximately twice as fast as South Fork turtles per GDD. Main Stem turtles also required approximately 50% fewer GDD to reach their smaller size at reproductive maturity compared to the larger South Fork turtles. We found we could accurately hindcast growth rates based on water temperatures estimated from the total volume of discharge from the dam into the Main Stem, providing a management tool for predicting the impacts of the dam on turtle growth rates. Given the importance of size and age at reproductive maturity to population dynamics, this information on counter‐gradient growth will improve our ability to understand and predict the consequences of dam operations for downstream turtle populations. Counter‐gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across environmental gradients. Understanding how ectothermic species respond to changing temperatures is essential to their conservation and management due to human‐altered habitats and changing climates. Here, we use two contrasting populations of western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) to model the effect of artificial and variable temperature regimes on growth and age at reproductive maturity. The two populations occur on forks of the Trinity River in northern California, U.S.A. The South Fork Trinity River (South Fork) is unregulated, while the main stem of the Trinity River (Main Stem) is dammed and has peak seasonal temperatures that are approximately 10 °C colder than the South Fork. Consistent with other studies, we found reduced annual growth rates for turtles in the colder Main Stem compared to the warmer South Fork. The South Fork population matured approximately 9 year earlier, on average, and at a larger body size than the Main Stem population. When we normalised growth rates for the thermal opportunity for growth using water‐growing degree‐days (GDD), we found the reverse for growth rates and age at reproductive maturity. Main Stem turtles grew approximately twice as fast as South Fork turtles per GDD. Main Stem turtles also required approximately 50% fewer GDD to reach their smaller size at reproductive maturity compared to the larger South Fork turtles. We found we could accurately hindcast growth rates based on water temperatures estimated from the total volume of discharge from the dam into the Main Stem, providing a management tool for predicting the impacts of the dam on turtle growth rates. Given the importance of size and age at reproductive maturity to population dynamics, this information on counter‐gradient growth will improve our ability to understand and predict the consequences of dam operations for downstream turtle populations. Summary Counter-gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across environmental gradients. Understanding how ectothermic species respond to changing temperatures is essential to their conservation and management due to human-altered habitats and changing climates. Here, we use two contrasting populations of western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) to model the effect of artificial and variable temperature regimes on growth and age at reproductive maturity. The two populations occur on forks of the Trinity River in northern California, U.S.A. The South Fork Trinity River (South Fork) is unregulated, while the main stem of the Trinity River (Main Stem) is dammed and has peak seasonal temperatures that are approximately 10 °C colder than the South Fork. Consistent with other studies, we found reduced annual growth rates for turtles in the colder Main Stem compared to the warmer South Fork. The South Fork population matured approximately 9 year earlier, on average, and at a larger body size than the Main Stem population. When we normalised growth rates for the thermal opportunity for growth using water-growing degree-days (GDD), we found the reverse for growth rates and age at reproductive maturity. Main Stem turtles grew approximately twice as fast as South Fork turtles per GDD. Main Stem turtles also required approximately 50% fewer GDD to reach their smaller size at reproductive maturity compared to the larger South Fork turtles. We found we could accurately hindcast growth rates based on water temperatures estimated from the total volume of discharge from the dam into the Main Stem, providing a management tool for predicting the impacts of the dam on turtle growth rates. Given the importance of size and age at reproductive maturity to population dynamics, this information on counter-gradient growth will improve our ability to understand and predict the consequences of dam operations for downstream turtle populations. |
| Author | Adams, Michael J. Ashton, Donald T. Welsh Jr, Hartwell H. Bettaso, Jamie B. Snover, Melissa L. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Melissa L. surname: Snover fullname: Snover, Melissa L. email: Correspondence: Melissa L. Snover, USGS, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A., melissa.snover@gmail.com organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, OR, Corvallis, U.S.A – sequence: 2 givenname: Michael J. surname: Adams fullname: Adams, Michael J. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, OR, Corvallis, U.S.A – sequence: 3 givenname: Donald T. surname: Ashton fullname: Ashton, Donald T. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A – sequence: 4 givenname: Jamie B. surname: Bettaso fullname: Bettaso, Jamie B. organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing Field Office, MI, East Lansing, U.S.A – sequence: 5 givenname: Hartwell H. surname: Welsh Jr fullname: Welsh Jr, Hartwell H. organization: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, CA, Arcata, U.S.A |
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(2001) Evolution of intrinsic growth and energy acquisition rates. II. Trade-offs with vulnerability to predation in Menida menida. Evolution, 55, 1873-1881. Venturelli P.A., Lester N.P., Marshall T.R. & Shuter B.J. (2010) Consistent patterns of maturity and density-dependent growth among populations of walleye (Sander vitreus): application of the growing degree-day metric. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 67, 1057-1067. Billerbeck J.M., Lankford T.E. Jr & Conover D.O. (2001) Evolution of intrinsic growth and energy acquisition rates. I. Trade-offs with swimming performance in Menida menida. Evolution, 55, 1863-1872. Scott N.J., Rathbun G.B., Murphey T.G. & Harker M.B. (2008) Reproduction of Pacific pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) in coastal streams of central California. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 3, 143-148. Frazer N.B., Greene J.L. & Gibbons J.W. (1993) Temporal variation in growth rate and age at maturity of male painted turtles, Chrysemys picta. American Midland Naturalist, 130, 314-324. Walters R.J. & Hassall M. (2006) The temperature-size rule in ectotherms: may a general explanation exist after all? The American Naturalist, 167, 510-523. Zhang Z., Lessard J. & Campbell A. (2009) Use of Bayesian hierarchical models to estimate northern abalone, Haliotis kamtschatkana, growt 2010; 55 2011; 158 1995; 72 2009; 43 1989; 1989 2013; 123 2005; 62 2010; 143 2002; 159 2008; 7 2013; 169 2012; 18 2008; 3 2013; 8 1979; 33 2005; 28 2014; 23 1979 2009; 1168 2010; 67 1992; 7 2001; 255 2009; 95 1986; 40 2000 2000; 54 1993; 130 1998b; 62 2012b 2012a 2012; 26 1994; 70 2001; 55 2007; 64 2012; 68 1965; 29 2006; 167 1989; 39 2011; 165 2012a; 69 2004; 85 2010; 2010 2012 2002; 256 1995; 10 2009 2008 1997 2007 2004 2003 1983; 39 2000; 2000 1993; 142 2012b; 21 1990; 83 1998a; 32 1999 2015; 24 1997; 126 2012; 113 1986; 20 2010; 650 1998; 3 2013; 250 2015 2013 2008; 42 2014; 71 1994; 4 e_1_2_6_51_1 e_1_2_6_74_1 Ashton D.T. (e_1_2_6_4_1) 2012 e_1_2_6_53_1 e_1_2_6_76_1 Scott N.J. (e_1_2_6_59_1) 2008; 3 Fabens A.J. (e_1_2_6_29_1) 1965; 29 e_1_2_6_70_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 e_1_2_6_72_1 Snover M.L. (e_1_2_6_63_1) 2007 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_36_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_34_1 e_1_2_6_55_1 e_1_2_6_38_1 e_1_2_6_57_1 Bury R.B. (e_1_2_6_17_1) 2012 e_1_2_6_62_1 e_1_2_6_64_1 e_1_2_6_43_1 e_1_2_6_20_1 e_1_2_6_41_1 e_1_2_6_60_1 Pilliod D.S. (e_1_2_6_49_1) 2013; 8 Bury R.B. (e_1_2_6_14_1) 2012 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_5_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_66_1 e_1_2_6_28_1 e_1_2_6_45_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 e_1_2_6_47_1 e_1_2_6_68_1 e_1_2_6_73_1 e_1_2_6_54_1 e_1_2_6_75_1 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 e_1_2_6_50_1 e_1_2_6_71_1 Gelman A. (e_1_2_6_32_1) 2004 Conover D.O. (e_1_2_6_22_1) 2009; 1168 Germano D.J. (e_1_2_6_35_1) 1998; 3 Bury R.B. (e_1_2_6_15_1) 1998; 3 Reese D.A. (e_1_2_6_52_1) 1997 Congdon J.D. (e_1_2_6_21_1) 1983; 39 Heppell S.S. (e_1_2_6_39_1) 2008 e_1_2_6_33_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_56_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 e_1_2_6_37_1 e_1_2_6_58_1 e_1_2_6_42_1 Bury R.B. (e_1_2_6_12_1) 1979 e_1_2_6_65_1 e_1_2_6_61_1 Heppell S.S. (e_1_2_6_40_1) 2003 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_48_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_44_1 e_1_2_6_67_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_46_1 e_1_2_6_69_1 |
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Counter‐gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates... Counter‐gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across... Summary Counter-gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates... 1. Counter-gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across... |
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| SubjectTerms | Body size California Climate change counter-gradient growth Dams Environmental gradient Growth rate habitats heat sums Maturity phenotypic plasticity Ponds population dynamics prediction Rivers sexual maturity temperature profiles Turtles Water temperature western pond turtle |
| Title | Evidence of counter-gradient growth in western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) across thermal gradients |
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