Simultaneous Versus Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cannabis in the National Alcohol Survey

Background Cannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously versus concurrently (i.e., separately) in the adult general population. Here, we assess differences in demographics, alcohol‐related social c...

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Veröffentlicht in:Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research Jg. 39; H. 5; S. 872 - 879
Hauptverfasser: Subbaraman, Meenakshi S., Kerr, William C.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.05.2015
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ISSN:0145-6008, 1530-0277, 1530-0277
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Abstract Background Cannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously versus concurrently (i.e., separately) in the adult general population. Here, we assess differences in demographics, alcohol‐related social consequences, harms to self, and drunk driving across simultaneous, concurrent, and alcohol‐only using groups. Methods Secondary analyses of the 2005 and 2010 National Alcohol Survey (N = 8,626; 4,522 female, 4,104 male), a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview survey of individuals aged 18 and older from all 50 states and DC. Blacks and Hispanics are over‐sampled. Data were collected using list‐assisted Random Digit Dialing. Multinomial and multivariable logistic regressions were used for analyses. Results The prevalence of simultaneous use was almost twice as high as concurrent use, implying that individuals who use both cannabis and alcohol tend to use them at the same time. Furthermore, simultaneous use was associated with increased frequency and quantity of alcohol use. Simultaneous use was also the most detrimental: compared to alcohol only, simultaneous use approximately doubled the odds of drunk driving, social consequences, and harms to self. The magnitudes of differences in problems remained when comparing drunk driving among simultaneous users to concurrent users. Conclusions The overall set of results is particularly important to bear in mind when studying and/or treating problems among alcohol/cannabis co‐users because they demonstrate that in the general population, co‐users are a heterogeneous group who experience different likelihoods of problems relative to co‐use patterns.
AbstractList Cannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously versus concurrently (i.e., separately) in the adult general population. Here, we assess differences in demographics, alcohol-related social consequences, harms to self, and drunk driving across simultaneous, concurrent, and alcohol-only using groups. Secondary analyses of the 2005 and 2010 National Alcohol Survey (N = 8,626; 4,522 female, 4,104 male), a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview survey of individuals aged 18 and older from all 50 states and DC. Blacks and Hispanics are over-sampled. Data were collected using list-assisted Random Digit Dialing. Multinomial and multivariable logistic regressions were used for analyses. The prevalence of simultaneous use was almost twice as high as concurrent use, implying that individuals who use both cannabis and alcohol tend to use them at the same time. Furthermore, simultaneous use was associated with increased frequency and quantity of alcohol use. Simultaneous use was also the most detrimental: compared to alcohol only, simultaneous use approximately doubled the odds of drunk driving, social consequences, and harms to self. The magnitudes of differences in problems remained when comparing drunk driving among simultaneous users to concurrent users. The overall set of results is particularly important to bear in mind when studying and/or treating problems among alcohol/cannabis co-users because they demonstrate that in the general population, co-users are a heterogeneous group who experience different likelihoods of problems relative to co-use patterns.
Cannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously versus concurrently (i.e., separately) in the adult general population. Here, we assess differences in demographics, alcohol-related social consequences, harms to self, and drunk driving across simultaneous, concurrent, and alcohol-only using groups. Secondary analyses of the 2005 and 2010 National Alcohol Survey (N = 8,626; 4,522 female, 4,104 male), a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview survey of individuals aged 18 and older from all 50 states and DC. Blacks and Hispanics are over-sampled. Data were collected using list-assisted Random Digit Dialing. Multinomial and multivariable logistic regressions were used for analyses. The prevalence of simultaneous use was almost twice as high as concurrent use, implying that individuals who use both cannabis and alcohol tend to use them at the same time. Furthermore, simultaneous use was associated with increased frequency and quantity of alcohol use. Simultaneous use was also the most detrimental: compared to alcohol only, simultaneous use approximately doubled the odds of drunk driving, social consequences, and harms to self. The magnitudes of differences in problems remained when comparing drunk driving among simultaneous users to concurrent users. The overall set of results is particularly important to bear in mind when studying and/or treating problems among alcohol/cannabis co-users because they demonstrate that in the general population, co-users are a heterogeneous group who experience different likelihoods of problems relative to co-use patterns.
Background Cannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously versus concurrently (i.e., separately) in the adult general population. Here, we assess differences in demographics, alcohol‐related social consequences, harms to self, and drunk driving across simultaneous, concurrent, and alcohol‐only using groups. Methods Secondary analyses of the 2005 and 2010 National Alcohol Survey (N = 8,626; 4,522 female, 4,104 male), a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview survey of individuals aged 18 and older from all 50 states and DC. Blacks and Hispanics are over‐sampled. Data were collected using list‐assisted Random Digit Dialing. Multinomial and multivariable logistic regressions were used for analyses. Results The prevalence of simultaneous use was almost twice as high as concurrent use, implying that individuals who use both cannabis and alcohol tend to use them at the same time. Furthermore, simultaneous use was associated with increased frequency and quantity of alcohol use. Simultaneous use was also the most detrimental: compared to alcohol only, simultaneous use approximately doubled the odds of drunk driving, social consequences, and harms to self. The magnitudes of differences in problems remained when comparing drunk driving among simultaneous users to concurrent users. Conclusions The overall set of results is particularly important to bear in mind when studying and/or treating problems among alcohol/cannabis co‐users because they demonstrate that in the general population, co‐users are a heterogeneous group who experience different likelihoods of problems relative to co‐use patterns.
Cannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously versus concurrently (i.e., separately) in the adult general population. Here, we assess differences in demographics, alcohol-related social consequences, harms to self, and drunk driving across simultaneous, concurrent, and alcohol-only using groups.BACKGROUNDCannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously versus concurrently (i.e., separately) in the adult general population. Here, we assess differences in demographics, alcohol-related social consequences, harms to self, and drunk driving across simultaneous, concurrent, and alcohol-only using groups.Secondary analyses of the 2005 and 2010 National Alcohol Survey (N = 8,626; 4,522 female, 4,104 male), a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview survey of individuals aged 18 and older from all 50 states and DC. Blacks and Hispanics are over-sampled. Data were collected using list-assisted Random Digit Dialing. Multinomial and multivariable logistic regressions were used for analyses.METHODSSecondary analyses of the 2005 and 2010 National Alcohol Survey (N = 8,626; 4,522 female, 4,104 male), a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview survey of individuals aged 18 and older from all 50 states and DC. Blacks and Hispanics are over-sampled. Data were collected using list-assisted Random Digit Dialing. Multinomial and multivariable logistic regressions were used for analyses.The prevalence of simultaneous use was almost twice as high as concurrent use, implying that individuals who use both cannabis and alcohol tend to use them at the same time. Furthermore, simultaneous use was associated with increased frequency and quantity of alcohol use. Simultaneous use was also the most detrimental: compared to alcohol only, simultaneous use approximately doubled the odds of drunk driving, social consequences, and harms to self. The magnitudes of differences in problems remained when comparing drunk driving among simultaneous users to concurrent users.RESULTSThe prevalence of simultaneous use was almost twice as high as concurrent use, implying that individuals who use both cannabis and alcohol tend to use them at the same time. Furthermore, simultaneous use was associated with increased frequency and quantity of alcohol use. Simultaneous use was also the most detrimental: compared to alcohol only, simultaneous use approximately doubled the odds of drunk driving, social consequences, and harms to self. The magnitudes of differences in problems remained when comparing drunk driving among simultaneous users to concurrent users.The overall set of results is particularly important to bear in mind when studying and/or treating problems among alcohol/cannabis co-users because they demonstrate that in the general population, co-users are a heterogeneous group who experience different likelihoods of problems relative to co-use patterns.CONCLUSIONSThe overall set of results is particularly important to bear in mind when studying and/or treating problems among alcohol/cannabis co-users because they demonstrate that in the general population, co-users are a heterogeneous group who experience different likelihoods of problems relative to co-use patterns.
Author Subbaraman, Meenakshi S.
Kerr, William C.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Meenakshi S.
  surname: Subbaraman
  fullname: Subbaraman, Meenakshi S.
  email: msubbaraman@arg.org
  organization: Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, California, Emeryville
– sequence: 2
  givenname: William C.
  surname: Kerr
  fullname: Kerr, William C.
  organization: Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, California, Emeryville
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25872596$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords Co-Use
Concurrent Use
Alcohol
Cannabis
Simultaneous Use
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References Ramaekers JG, Robbe HWJ, O'Hanlon JF (2000) Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Hum Psychopharmacol 15:551-558.
Martin CS, Kaczynski NA, Maisto SA, Tarter RE (1996) Polydrug use in adolescent drinkers with and without DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:1099-1108.
Höhne B, Pabst A, Hannemann T-V, Kraus L (2014) Patterns of concurrent alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use in Germany: prevalence and correlates. Drugs 21:102-109.
Bramness JG, Khiabani HZ, Mørland J (2010) Impairment due to cannabis and ethanol: clinical signs and additive effects. Addiction 105:1080-1087.
Downey LA, King R, Papafotiou K, Swann P, Ogden E, Boorman M, Stough C (2013) The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: influences of dose and experience. Accid Anal Prev 50:870-886.
Midanik LT, Clark WB (1995) Drinking-related problems in the United States: description and trends, 1984-1990. J Stud Alcohol 56:395-402.
Midanik LT, Tam TW, Weisner C (2007) Concurrent and simultaneous drug and alcohol use: results of the 2000 National Alcohol Survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 90: 72-80.
McGue M, Iacono WG, Krueger R (2006) The association of early adolescent problem behavior and adult psychopathology: a multivariate behavior genetic perspective. Behav Genet 36: 591-602.
Ballard ME, de Wit H (2011) Combined effects of acute, very-low-dose ethanol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy human volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 97: 627-631.
Lenné MG, Dietze PM, Triggs TJ, Walmsley S, Murphy B, Redman JR (2010) The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated arterial driving: influences of driving experience and task demand. Accid Anal Prev 42:859-866.
Harrington M, Baird J, Lee C, Nirenberg T, Longabaugh R, Mello MJ, Wollard R (2012) Identifying subtypes of dual alcohol and marijuana users: a methodological approach using cluster analysis. Addict Behav 37: 119-123.
Liguori A, Gatto CP, Jarrett DB (2002) Separate and combined effects of marijuana and alcohol on mood, equilibrium and simulated driving. Psychopharmacology 163:399-405.
Collins RL, Ellickson PL, Bell RM (1998) Simultaneous polydrug use among teens: prevalence and predictors. J Subst Abuse 10:233-253.
Lukas SE, Benedikt R, Mendelson JH, Kouri E, Sholar M, Amass L (1992) Marihuana attenuates the rise in plasma ethanol levels in human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 7:77-81.
Jackson KM, Sher KJ, Schulenberg JE (2008) Conjoint developmental trajectories of young adult substance use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 723-737.
Norton R, Colliver J (1988) Prevalence and patterns of combined alcohol and marijuana use. J Stud Alcohol 49:378-380.
Pakula B, Macdonald S, Stockwell T, Sharma R (2009) Simultaneous use of alcohol and cocaine: a qualitative evaluation. J Subst Use 14:101-112.
Booth BM, Fortney SM, Fortney JC, Curran GM, Kirchner JE (2001) Short-term course of drinking in an untreated sample of at-risk drinkers. J Stud Alcohol 62:580-588.
Brière FN, Fallu J-S, Descheneaux A, Janosz M (2011) Predictors and consequences of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis. Addict Behav 36:785-788.
Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD (2014) Alcohol and marijuana use patterns associated with unsafe driving among U.S. high school seniors: high use frequency, concurrent use, and simultaneous use. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 75: 378-389.
Pape H, Rossow I, Storvoll EE (2009) Under double influence: assessment of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in general youth populations. Drug Alcohol Depend 101:69-73.
Adamson SJ, Sellman JD, Frampton CMA (2009) Patient predictors of alcohol treatment outcome: a systematic review. J Subst Abuse Treat 36:75-86.
Lukas SE, Orozco S (2001) Ethanol increases plasma Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels and subjective effects after marihuana smoking in human volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend 64:143-149.
Midanik LT, Greenfield TK (2000) Trends in social consequences and dependence symptoms in the United States: the National Alcohol Surveys, 1984-1995. Am J Public Health 90: 53-56.
Greenfield TK (2000) Ways of measuring drinking patterns and the difference they make: experience with graduated frequencies. J Subst Abuse 12:33-49.
Chait LD, Perry JL (1994) Acute and residual effects of alcohol and marijuana, alone and in combination, on mood and performance. Psychopharmacology 115:340-349.
Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD (2013) Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among US high school seniors from 1976 to 2011: trends, reasons, and situations. Drug Alcohol Depend 133: 71-79.
Stata Corp. (2009) Stata Statistical Software: Release 11.0. Stata Corporation, College Station, TX.
Zucker RA (2006) The developmental behavior genetics of drug involvement: overview and comments. Behav Genet 36: 616-625.
Ronen A, Chassidim HS, Gershon P, Parmet Y, Rabinovich A, Bar-Hamburger R, Cassuto Y, Shinar D (2010) The effect of alcohol, THC and their combination on perceived effects, willingness to drive and performance of driving and non-driving tasks. Accid Anal Prev 42:1855-1865.
McGue M, Iacono WG (2005) The association of early adolescent problem behavior with adult psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 162:1118-1124.
1994; 115
2011
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22871272 - Accid Anal Prev. 2013 Jan;50:879-86
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23806871 - Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Nov 1;133(1):71-9
11288473 - J Subst Abuse. 2000;12(1-2):33-49
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20728636 - Accid Anal Prev. 2010 Nov;42(6):1855-65
20380913 - Accid Anal Prev. 2010 May;42(3):859-66
References_xml – reference: Liguori A, Gatto CP, Jarrett DB (2002) Separate and combined effects of marijuana and alcohol on mood, equilibrium and simulated driving. Psychopharmacology 163:399-405.
– reference: Midanik LT, Clark WB (1995) Drinking-related problems in the United States: description and trends, 1984-1990. J Stud Alcohol 56:395-402.
– reference: Adamson SJ, Sellman JD, Frampton CMA (2009) Patient predictors of alcohol treatment outcome: a systematic review. J Subst Abuse Treat 36:75-86.
– reference: Collins RL, Ellickson PL, Bell RM (1998) Simultaneous polydrug use among teens: prevalence and predictors. J Subst Abuse 10:233-253.
– reference: Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD (2014) Alcohol and marijuana use patterns associated with unsafe driving among U.S. high school seniors: high use frequency, concurrent use, and simultaneous use. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 75: 378-389.
– reference: McGue M, Iacono WG (2005) The association of early adolescent problem behavior with adult psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 162:1118-1124.
– reference: Pape H, Rossow I, Storvoll EE (2009) Under double influence: assessment of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in general youth populations. Drug Alcohol Depend 101:69-73.
– reference: Bramness JG, Khiabani HZ, Mørland J (2010) Impairment due to cannabis and ethanol: clinical signs and additive effects. Addiction 105:1080-1087.
– reference: Midanik LT, Tam TW, Weisner C (2007) Concurrent and simultaneous drug and alcohol use: results of the 2000 National Alcohol Survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 90: 72-80.
– reference: Stata Corp. (2009) Stata Statistical Software: Release 11.0. Stata Corporation, College Station, TX.
– reference: Brière FN, Fallu J-S, Descheneaux A, Janosz M (2011) Predictors and consequences of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis. Addict Behav 36:785-788.
– reference: Lukas SE, Orozco S (2001) Ethanol increases plasma Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels and subjective effects after marihuana smoking in human volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend 64:143-149.
– reference: Ramaekers JG, Robbe HWJ, O'Hanlon JF (2000) Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Hum Psychopharmacol 15:551-558.
– reference: Midanik LT, Greenfield TK (2000) Trends in social consequences and dependence symptoms in the United States: the National Alcohol Surveys, 1984-1995. Am J Public Health 90: 53-56.
– reference: Höhne B, Pabst A, Hannemann T-V, Kraus L (2014) Patterns of concurrent alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use in Germany: prevalence and correlates. Drugs 21:102-109.
– reference: Greenfield TK (2000) Ways of measuring drinking patterns and the difference they make: experience with graduated frequencies. J Subst Abuse 12:33-49.
– reference: Lenné MG, Dietze PM, Triggs TJ, Walmsley S, Murphy B, Redman JR (2010) The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated arterial driving: influences of driving experience and task demand. Accid Anal Prev 42:859-866.
– reference: Ballard ME, de Wit H (2011) Combined effects of acute, very-low-dose ethanol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy human volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 97: 627-631.
– reference: Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD (2013) Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among US high school seniors from 1976 to 2011: trends, reasons, and situations. Drug Alcohol Depend 133: 71-79.
– reference: Lukas SE, Benedikt R, Mendelson JH, Kouri E, Sholar M, Amass L (1992) Marihuana attenuates the rise in plasma ethanol levels in human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 7:77-81.
– reference: Jackson KM, Sher KJ, Schulenberg JE (2008) Conjoint developmental trajectories of young adult substance use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 723-737.
– reference: Ronen A, Chassidim HS, Gershon P, Parmet Y, Rabinovich A, Bar-Hamburger R, Cassuto Y, Shinar D (2010) The effect of alcohol, THC and their combination on perceived effects, willingness to drive and performance of driving and non-driving tasks. Accid Anal Prev 42:1855-1865.
– reference: McGue M, Iacono WG, Krueger R (2006) The association of early adolescent problem behavior and adult psychopathology: a multivariate behavior genetic perspective. Behav Genet 36: 591-602.
– reference: Pakula B, Macdonald S, Stockwell T, Sharma R (2009) Simultaneous use of alcohol and cocaine: a qualitative evaluation. J Subst Use 14:101-112.
– reference: Harrington M, Baird J, Lee C, Nirenberg T, Longabaugh R, Mello MJ, Wollard R (2012) Identifying subtypes of dual alcohol and marijuana users: a methodological approach using cluster analysis. Addict Behav 37: 119-123.
– reference: Zucker RA (2006) The developmental behavior genetics of drug involvement: overview and comments. Behav Genet 36: 616-625.
– reference: Downey LA, King R, Papafotiou K, Swann P, Ogden E, Boorman M, Stough C (2013) The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: influences of dose and experience. Accid Anal Prev 50:870-886.
– reference: Martin CS, Kaczynski NA, Maisto SA, Tarter RE (1996) Polydrug use in adolescent drinkers with and without DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:1099-1108.
– reference: Booth BM, Fortney SM, Fortney JC, Curran GM, Kirchner JE (2001) Short-term course of drinking in an untreated sample of at-risk drinkers. J Stud Alcohol 62:580-588.
– reference: Chait LD, Perry JL (1994) Acute and residual effects of alcohol and marijuana, alone and in combination, on mood and performance. Psychopharmacology 115:340-349.
– reference: Norton R, Colliver J (1988) Prevalence and patterns of combined alcohol and marijuana use. J Stud Alcohol 49:378-380.
– volume: 62
  start-page: 580
  year: 2001
  end-page: 588
  article-title: Short‐term course of drinking in an untreated sample of at‐risk drinkers
  publication-title: J Stud Alcohol
– volume: 21
  start-page: 102
  year: 2014
  end-page: 109
  article-title: Patterns of concurrent alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use in Germany: prevalence and correlates
  publication-title: Drugs
– year: 2009
– volume: 64
  start-page: 143
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Snippet Background Cannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously...
Cannabis is the most commonly used drug among those who drink, yet no study has directly compared those who use cannabis and alcohol simultaneously versus...
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StartPage 872
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
Alcohol
Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology
Alcoholic Intoxication - epidemiology
Cannabis
Co-Use
Concurrent Use
Driving Under the Influence - statistics & numerical data
Female
Herb-Drug Interactions
Humans
Male
Marijuana Abuse - epidemiology
Middle Aged
Prevalence
Self-Injurious Behavior - epidemiology
Simultaneous Use
Surveys and Questionnaires
United States - epidemiology
Young Adult
Title Simultaneous Versus Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cannabis in the National Alcohol Survey
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Facer.12698
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25872596
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1673791774
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1842512163
Volume 39
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