An investigation of pulsatile flow in a model cavo-pulmonary vascular system

The complexities in the flow pattern in a cavo‐pulmonary vascular system—after application of the Fontan procedure in the vicinity of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the confluence at the T‐junction—are analysed. A characteristic‐based split (CBS) finite element scheme involving the...

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Vydáno v:	Communications in numerical methods in engineering Ročník 25; číslo 11; s. 1061 - 1083
Hlavní autoři:	Chitra, K., Vengadesan, S., Sundararajan, T., Nithiarasu, P.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.11.2009 Wiley
Témata:	Biological and medical sciences blood flow CFD Computational techniques Exact sciences and technology finite element method flow visualization Fluid dynamics Fontan procedure Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications) General theory Hemodynamics. Rheology inferior vena cava Mathematical methods in physics Physics superior vena cava total cavo-pulmonary connection Vertebrates: cardiovascular system CFD Compressibility Scale models Steady flow Transient flow Finite element method Energy dissipation Scaling laws Qualitative chemical analysis Modelling Quantitative chemical analysis Method of characteristics Energy analysis Fontan procedure Computational fluid dynamics Fractional step method Experimental study Long term Blood flow total cavo-pulmonary connection inferior vena cava Blood circulation Pulsatile flow Flow visualization Energy losses superior vena cava Circulatory system Man
ISSN:	1069-8299, 1099-0887
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Abstract	The complexities in the flow pattern in a cavo‐pulmonary vascular system—after application of the Fontan procedure in the vicinity of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the confluence at the T‐junction—are analysed. A characteristic‐based split (CBS) finite element scheme involving the artificial compressibility approach is employed to compute the resulting flow. Benchmarking of the CBS scheme is carried out using standard problems and with the flow features observed in an experimental model with the help of a dye visualization technique in model scale. The transient flow variations in a total cavo‐pulmonary connection (TCPC) under pulsatile conditions are investigated and compared with flow visualization studies. In addition to such qualitative flow investigations, quantitative analysis of energy loss and haemodynamic stresses have also been performed. The comparisons show good agreement between the numerical and experimental flow patterns. The numerically predicted shear stress values indicate that the pulsatile flow condition is likely to be more severe than steady flow, with regard to the long‐term health of the surgically corrected TCPC. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AbstractList	The complexities in the flow pattern in a cavo‐pulmonary vascular system—after application of the Fontan procedure in the vicinity of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the confluence at the T‐junction—are analysed. A characteristic‐based split (CBS) finite element scheme involving the artificial compressibility approach is employed to compute the resulting flow. Benchmarking of the CBS scheme is carried out using standard problems and with the flow features observed in an experimental model with the help of a dye visualization technique in model scale. The transient flow variations in a total cavo‐pulmonary connection (TCPC) under pulsatile conditions are investigated and compared with flow visualization studies. In addition to such qualitative flow investigations, quantitative analysis of energy loss and haemodynamic stresses have also been performed. The comparisons show good agreement between the numerical and experimental flow patterns. The numerically predicted shear stress values indicate that the pulsatile flow condition is likely to be more severe than steady flow, with regard to the long‐term health of the surgically corrected TCPC. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Author	Chitra, K. Nithiarasu, P. Vengadesan, S. Sundararajan, T.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: K. surname: Chitra fullname: Chitra, K. email: muralikmc@gmail.com, vengades@iitm.ac.in organization: Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India – sequence: 2 givenname: S. surname: Vengadesan fullname: Vengadesan, S. organization: Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India – sequence: 3 givenname: T. surname: Sundararajan fullname: Sundararajan, T. organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India – sequence: 4 givenname: P. surname: Nithiarasu fullname: Nithiarasu, P. organization: School of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K
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Cites_doi	10.1098/rspb.1971.0019 10.1002/nme.1697 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)35174-8 10.1016/S0045-7930(98)00018-8 10.1002/cnm.463 10.1136/thx.26.3.240 10.1007/978-1-4757-3884-1 10.1115/1.2834303 10.1002/nme.1698 10.1016/0021-9290(95)95273-8 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70130-8 10.1002/fld.1626 10.1002/cnm.1012 10.1136/heart.87.6.554 10.1063/1.4822390 10.1002/cnm.1117 10.1115/1.2891384 10.1115/1.1487880 10.1002/fld.1805 10.1016/0021-9150(81)90027-7 10.1002/cnm.981 10.1115/1.2796002 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)33815-2 10.1002/fld.1832 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70311-3 10.1007/BF02058520 10.1115/1.1800553 10.1114/1.1511239 10.1115/1.1824126 10.1007/BF02367081 10.1002/nme.712 10.1002/cnm.939 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.12.028 10.1115/1.2794203
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Keywords	CFD Compressibility Scale models Steady flow Transient flow Finite element method Energy dissipation Scaling laws Qualitative chemical analysis Modelling Quantitative chemical analysis Method of characteristics Energy analysis Fontan procedure Computational fluid dynamics Fractional step method Experimental study Long term Blood flow total cavo-pulmonary connection inferior vena cava Blood circulation Pulsatile flow Flow visualization Energy losses superior vena cava Circulatory system Man
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Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2002; 18:43-52. Turritto VT, Baumgartner HR. In Platelet-Surface Interactions, Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Colman R et al. (eds). Lippincott Company: Philadelphia, 1987; 555-571. Shirai LK, Rosenthal DN, Reitz BA, Robbins RC, Dubin AM. Arrhythmias and thromboembolic complications after the extracardiac Fontan operation. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1998; 115:499-505. Zienkiewicz OC, Taylor RL, Nithiarasu P. The Finite Element Method for Fluid Dynamics. Elsevier, Butterworths-Heinemann: Amsterdam, London, 2005. Sheu TWH, Tsai SF, Hwang WS, Chang TM. A finite element study of the blood flow in total cavopulmonary connection. Computers and Fluids 1999; 28:19-39. Hedrick M, Elkins RC, Knott-Craig CJ, Razook JD. Successful thrombectomy for thrombosis of the right side of the heart after the Fontan operation. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1993; 105:297-301. Liu Y, Pekkan K, Casey Jones S, Yoganathan AP. The effects of different mesh generation methods on computational fluid dynamic analysis and power loss assessment in total cavopulmonary connection. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2004; 126:594-603. Nithiarasu P, Hassan O, Morgan K, Weatherill NP, Fielder C, Whittet H, Ebden H, Lewis KR. Steady flow through a realistic human upper airway geometry. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2008; 57:631-651. Qiao A, Liu Y. Numerical study of hemodynamics comparison between small and large femoral bypass grafts. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2008; DOI: 10.1002/cnm.1012. Nerem RM. Vascular fluid mechanics, the arterial wall and atherosclerosis. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1992; 114:274-282. Tzirtzilakis EE. A simple numerical methodology for bfd problems using stream function vorticity formulation. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2008; 24:683-700. Masters JC, Ketner M, Bleiweis MS, Mill M, Yoganathan A, Lucas CL. The effect of incorporating vessel compliance in a computational model of blood flow in a total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) with caval centerline offset. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2004; 126:709-713. Morgan VL, Graham TP, Roselli RJ, Lorenz CH. Alternations in pulmonary artery flow patterns and shear stress determined with three-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging in fontan patients. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1998; 116:294-304. Nithiarasu P, Liu C-B, Massarotti N. Laminar and turbulent flow calculations through a model human upper airway using unstructured meshes. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2007; 23:1057-1069. Taylor CA, Hughes TJ, Zarins CK. Computational investigations of vascular disease. Computers in Physics 1996; 10:224-232. Fontan F, Baudet E. Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia. 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References_xml	– reference: Sheu TWH, Tsai SF, Hwang WS, Chang TM. A finite element study of the blood flow in total cavopulmonary connection. Computers and Fluids 1999; 28:19-39. – reference: Hyun KY, Lee JS. Numerical investigation of hemodynamics at an end-to-side junction with a laterally diffused bypass graft. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2007; 1-10. DOI: 10.1002/fld.1832. – reference: Steiger HJ, Poll A, Liepsch D, Reulen HJ. Basic flow structures in saccular aneurysms: a flow visualization study. Heart and Vessels 1987; 3(2):55-65. – reference: Fung YC. Biodynamics: Circulation. Springer: New York, 1984. – reference: Shirai LK, Rosenthal DN, Reitz BA, Robbins RC, Dubin AM. Arrhythmias and thromboembolic complications after the extracardiac Fontan operation. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1998; 115:499-505. – reference: Liu Y, Pekkan K, Casey Jones S, Yoganathan AP. The effects of different mesh generation methods on computational fluid dynamic analysis and power loss assessment in total cavopulmonary connection. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2004; 126:594-603. – reference: Turritto VT, Baumgartner HR. In Platelet-Surface Interactions, Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Colman R et al. (eds). Lippincott Company: Philadelphia, 1987; 555-571. – reference: Taylor CA, Hughes TJ, Zarins CK. Computational investigations of vascular disease. Computers in Physics 1996; 10:224-232. – reference: Nithiarasu P, Liu C-B, Massarotti N. Laminar and turbulent flow calculations through a model human upper airway using unstructured meshes. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2007; 23:1057-1069. – reference: Nithiarasu P, Hassan O, Morgan K, Weatherill NP, Fielder C, Whittet H, Ebden H, Lewis KR. Steady flow through a realistic human upper airway geometry. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2008; 57:631-651. – reference: Hellums JD. 1993 Whitaker lecture: biorheology in thrombosis research. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 1994; 22:445-455. – reference: Perktold K, Rappitsch G. Computer simulation of local blood flow and vessel mechanics in a compliant carotid artery bifurcation model. Journal of Biomechanics 1995; 28:845-856. – reference: Truskey GA, Barber KM, Robey TC, Olivier LA, Combs MP. Characterization of a sudden expansion flow chamber to study the response of endothelium to flow recirculation. ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1995; 117:203-210. – reference: Qiao A, Liu Y. Numerical study of hemodynamics comparison between small and large femoral bypass grafts. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2008; DOI: 10.1002/cnm.1012. – reference: Mynard JP, Nithiarasu P. A 1d arterial blood flow model incorporating ventricular pressure, aortic valve and regional coronary flow using the locally conservative galerkin (lcg) method. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2008; 24:367-417. – reference: Cheng CP, Parker D, Taylor CA. Quantification of large blood vessels using Lagrangian interpolation functions with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2002; 30:1020-1032. – reference: Tzirtzilakis EE. A simple numerical methodology for bfd problems using stream function vorticity formulation. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2008; 24:683-700. – reference: Miranda AIP, Oliveira PJ, Pinh FT. Steady and unsteady laminar flows of Newtonian and generalized Newtonian fluids in a planar T-junction. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2008; 57:295-328. – reference: Rathishkumar BV. On operator splitting approach for parallel multi-frontal FE flow computation in a multiply dilated vessel. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2002; 18:43-52. – reference: Nerem RM. Vascular fluid mechanics, the arterial wall and atherosclerosis. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1992; 114:274-282. – reference: Zienkiewicz OC, Taylor RL, Nithiarasu P. The Finite Element Method for Fluid Dynamics. Elsevier, Butterworths-Heinemann: Amsterdam, London, 2005. – reference: Kim T, Cheer AY, Dwyer HA. A simulated dye method for flow visualization with a computational model for blood flow. Journal of Biomechanics 2004; 37(8):1125-1136. – reference: Chiu J-J, Wang DL, Chien S, Skalak R, Usami S. Effects of disturbed flow on endothelial cells. ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1998; 120:2-8. – reference: Aike Q, Liu Y. Numerical study of heamodynamics comparison between small and large femoral bypass grafts. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2008; 24:1067-1078. – reference: Khunatorn Y, Mahalingam S, DeGroff CG, Robin Shandas R. Influence of connection geometry and SVC-IVC flow rate ratio on flow structures within the total cavopulmonary connection: a numerical study. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2002; 124:364-377. – reference: Nithiarasu P, Codina R, Zienkiewicz OC. The characteristic based split (CBS) scheme-a unified approach to fluid dynamics. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2006; 66:1514-1546. – reference: de Leval MR, Kilner P, Gewillig M, Bull C. Total cavopulmonary connection: a logical alternative to atrio pulmonary connection for complex Fontan operations Experiment studies and early clinical experience. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1988; 96:682-695. – reference: Kim YH, Walker PG, Fontaine AA, Panchal S, Ensley AE, Oshinski J, Sharma S, Ha B, Lucas CL, Yoganathan AP. Hemodynamics of the Fontan connection: an in-vitro study. ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1995; 117:423-428. – reference: Friedman M, Hutchins HGM, Bargeron CB. Correlation between intimal thickness and fluid shear in human arteries. Atherosclerosis 1981; 39:425-436. – reference: Hedrick M, Elkins RC, Knott-Craig CJ, Razook JD. Successful thrombectomy for thrombosis of the right side of the heart after the Fontan operation. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1993; 105:297-301. – reference: Caro CG, Fitz-Gerald JM, Schroter RC. Atheroma and arterial wall shear: observation, correlation and proposal of a shear dependent mass transfer mechanism of atherogenesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B-Biological Sciences 1971; 177:109-159. – reference: Masters JC, Ketner M, Bleiweis MS, Mill M, Yoganathan A, Lucas CL. The effect of incorporating vessel compliance in a computational model of blood flow in a total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) with caval centerline offset. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2004; 126:709-713. – reference: Codina R, Owen C, Nithiarasu P, Liu C-B. Numerical comparison of CBS and SGS as stabilization techniques for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2006; 66:1672-1689. – reference: Fontan F, Baudet E. Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia. Thorax 1971; 26:240-248. – reference: Morgan VL, Graham TP, Roselli RJ, Lorenz CH. Alternations in pulmonary artery flow patterns and shear stress determined with three-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging in fontan patients. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1998; 116:294-304. – reference: Nithiarasu P. An efficient artificial compressibility (AC) scheme based on the characteristic based split (CBS) method for incompressible flows. 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Snippet	The complexities in the flow pattern in a cavo‐pulmonary vascular system—after application of the Fontan procedure in the vicinity of the superior vena cava,...
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SubjectTerms	Biological and medical sciences blood flow CFD Computational techniques Exact sciences and technology finite element method flow visualization Fluid dynamics Fontan procedure Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications) General theory Hemodynamics. Rheology inferior vena cava Mathematical methods in physics Physics superior vena cava total cavo-pulmonary connection Vertebrates: cardiovascular system
Title	An investigation of pulsatile flow in a model cavo-pulmonary vascular system
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