Obesity, risk of diabetes and role of physical activity, exercise training and cardiorespiratory fitness

The epidemic of obesity contributes to the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States and worldwide. Importantly, obesity is not only preventable but can be treated, particularly with lifestyle modifications to forestall T2DM in those with excess adiposity. The mechanisms linking...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Progress in cardiovascular diseases Vol. 62; no. 4; pp. 327 - 333
Main Authors: Carbone, Salvatore, Del Buono, Marco Giuseppe, Ozemek, Cemal, Lavie, Carl J.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.07.2019
Subjects:
Aged
Body Mass Index
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control
Comorbidity
Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology
Exercise - physiology
Exercise Therapy - methods
Exercise training
Female
Humans
Life Style
Male
Middle Aged
Obesity
Obesity - diagnosis
Obesity - epidemiology
Physical activity
Prognosis
Quality of Life
Risk Assessment
Sedentary Behavior
Sedentary behaviors
Severity of Illness Index
Weight Loss - physiology
FFA
T2DM
Physical activity
DPP
FM
WC
SB
VO2
NLRP3
Sedentary behaviors
Exercise training
HbA1c
BMI
Obesity
IL
ET
CVD
PA
CV
CRF
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Diabetes
GLUT4
MET
ADA
free-fatty acids
fat mass
cardiorespiratory fitness
oxygen consumption
type 2 diabetes mellitus
interleukin
sedentary behavior
glucose-transporter type 4
cardiovascular disease
VO 2
waist circumference
body mass index
cardiovascular
metabolic equivalent of tasks
physical activity
Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein
Diabetes Prevention Program
glycated hemoglobin
exercise training
American Diabetes Association
ISSN:0033-0620, 1873-1740, 1532-8643, 1873-1740
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The epidemic of obesity contributes to the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States and worldwide. Importantly, obesity is not only preventable but can be treated, particularly with lifestyle modifications to forestall T2DM in those with excess adiposity. The mechanisms linking obesity to T2DM are numerous and involve adipose tissue remodeling as a result of unhealthy behaviors, including unhealthy diet, reduced physical activity (PA) and exercise training (ET), and increased sedentary behaviors. Taken together, these factors markedly reduce cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), one of the strongest predictors for cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in the general population, but also in those with T2DM. In this review we describe the mechanisms leading to adipose tissue remodeling resulting in obesity, as well as the mechanisms linking excess adiposity to insulin resistance and, in turn, T2DM. We then present the therapeutic strategies that can be implemented in obesity to prevent T2DM, with a brief discussion on weight loss, and greater emphasis on PA and ET. We finally present the evidence to support the beneficial effects of such strategies in patients with established T2DM and discuss the importance of achieving improvements in CRF in this population to potentially improve clinical outcomes.
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ISSN:0033-0620
1873-1740
1532-8643
1873-1740
DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2019.08.004