Obesity, risk of diabetes and role of physical activity, exercise training and cardiorespiratory fitness

The epidemic of obesity contributes to the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States and worldwide. Importantly, obesity is not only preventable but can be treated, particularly with lifestyle modifications to forestall T2DM in those with excess adiposity. The mechanisms linking...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Progress in cardiovascular diseases Jg. 62; H. 4; S. 327 - 333
Hauptverfasser:	Carbone, Salvatore, Del Buono, Marco Giuseppe, Ozemek, Cemal, Lavie, Carl J.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	United States Elsevier Inc 01.07.2019
Schlagworte:	Aged Body Mass Index Cardiorespiratory fitness Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control Comorbidity Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology Exercise - physiology Exercise Therapy - methods Exercise training Female Humans Life Style Male Middle Aged Obesity Obesity - diagnosis Obesity - epidemiology Physical activity Prognosis Quality of Life Risk Assessment Sedentary Behavior Sedentary behaviors Severity of Illness Index Weight Loss - physiology FFA T2DM Physical activity DPP FM WC SB VO2 NLRP3 Sedentary behaviors Exercise training HbA1c BMI Obesity IL ET CVD PA CV CRF Cardiorespiratory fitness Diabetes GLUT4 MET ADA free-fatty acids fat mass cardiorespiratory fitness oxygen consumption type 2 diabetes mellitus interleukin sedentary behavior glucose-transporter type 4 cardiovascular disease VO 2 waist circumference body mass index cardiovascular metabolic equivalent of tasks physical activity Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein Diabetes Prevention Program glycated hemoglobin exercise training American Diabetes Association
ISSN:	0033-0620, 1873-1740, 1532-8643, 1873-1740
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Zusammenfassung:	The epidemic of obesity contributes to the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States and worldwide. Importantly, obesity is not only preventable but can be treated, particularly with lifestyle modifications to forestall T2DM in those with excess adiposity. The mechanisms linking obesity to T2DM are numerous and involve adipose tissue remodeling as a result of unhealthy behaviors, including unhealthy diet, reduced physical activity (PA) and exercise training (ET), and increased sedentary behaviors. Taken together, these factors markedly reduce cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), one of the strongest predictors for cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in the general population, but also in those with T2DM. In this review we describe the mechanisms leading to adipose tissue remodeling resulting in obesity, as well as the mechanisms linking excess adiposity to insulin resistance and, in turn, T2DM. We then present the therapeutic strategies that can be implemented in obesity to prevent T2DM, with a brief discussion on weight loss, and greater emphasis on PA and ET. We finally present the evidence to support the beneficial effects of such strategies in patients with established T2DM and discuss the importance of achieving improvements in CRF in this population to potentially improve clinical outcomes.
Bibliographie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	0033-0620 1873-1740 1532-8643 1873-1740
DOI:	10.1016/j.pcad.2019.08.004