Therapeutic alliance, empathy, and genuineness in individual adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review

Objective: Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which therapist empathy and genuineness contribute to the therapeutic alliance. Method: In this meta-analysis, a multifaceted search strategy yi...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Psychotherapy research Jg. 28; H. 4; S. 593 - 605
Hauptverfasser:	Nienhuis, Jacob B., Owen, Jesse, Valentine, Jeffrey C., Winkeljohn Black, Stephanie, Halford, Tyler C., Parazak, Stephanie E., Budge, Stephanie, Hilsenroth, Mark
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	England Routledge 04.07.2018 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Schlagworte:	aliança alleanza alliance Alliances Allianz Bias Empathy Ethnicity Genuineness Individual psychotherapy Meta-analysis Perceptions pesquisa de processo philosophical/theoretical issues in therapy research philosophisch/ theoretische Fragestellungen in der Therapieforschung process research Prozessforschung Psychotherapy questioni filosofiche / teoriche nella ricerca terapeutica questões filosóficas / teóricas em pesquisa em terapia Race Random effects ricerca di processo Systematic review Therapeutic alliances Therapist patient relationships Variables 同盟歷程研究治療研究中的哲學性／理論性議題 alliance process research philosophical/theoretical issues in therapy research
ISSN:	1050-3307, 1468-4381
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Abstract	Objective: Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which therapist empathy and genuineness contribute to the therapeutic alliance. Method: In this meta-analysis, a multifaceted search strategy yielded 53 studies. Forty studies reported alliance/empathy relationships, eight studies reported alliance/genuineness relationships, and five studies reported both. Results: Random effects meta-analyses revealed that therapeutic alliance was significantly related to perceptions of therapist empathy with a mean r = 0.50 (95% CI = 0.42, 0.57). Therapeutic alliance was also significantly related to perceptions of therapist genuineness with a mean r = 0.59 (95% CI = 0.45, 0.71). Tests of publication bias indicated a low likelihood of publication bias affecting the strength and direction of the results. Potential moderating variables were explored, including rater perspective, measure of therapeutic relationship variables, and client race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Therapeutic alliance has a moderate relationship with perceptions of therapist empathy and genuineness. Of note, there may be reason to believe that when rated by the same person, these constructs have significant overlap and lack discreteness. Future directions for study of the therapeutic relationship are discussed. Implications for practice are provided.
AbstractList	Objective: Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which therapist empathy and genuineness contribute to the therapeutic alliance. Method: In this meta-analysis, a multifaceted search strategy yielded 53 studies. Forty studies reported alliance/empathy relationships, eight studies reported alliance/genuineness relationships, and five studies reported both. Results: Random effects meta-analyses revealed that therapeutic alliance was significantly related to perceptions of therapist empathy with a mean r = 0.50 (95% CI = 0.42, 0.57). Therapeutic alliance was also significantly related to perceptions of therapist genuineness with a mean r = 0.59 (95% CI = 0.45, 0.71). Tests of publication bias indicated a low likelihood of publication bias affecting the strength and direction of the results. Potential moderating variables were explored, including rater perspective, measure of therapeutic relationship variables, and client race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Therapeutic alliance has a moderate relationship with perceptions of therapist empathy and genuineness. Of note, there may be reason to believe that when rated by the same person, these constructs have significant overlap and lack discreteness. Future directions for study of the therapeutic relationship are discussed. Implications for practice are provided. OBJECTIVEAlliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which therapist empathy and genuineness contribute to the therapeutic alliance.METHODIn this meta-analysis, a multifaceted search strategy yielded 53 studies. Forty studies reported alliance/empathy relationships, eight studies reported alliance/genuineness relationships, and five studies reported both.RESULTSRandom effects meta-analyses revealed that therapeutic alliance was significantly related to perceptions of therapist empathy with a mean r = 0.50 (95% CI = 0.42, 0.57). Therapeutic alliance was also significantly related to perceptions of therapist genuineness with a mean r = 0.59 (95% CI = 0.45, 0.71). Tests of publication bias indicated a low likelihood of publication bias affecting the strength and direction of the results. Potential moderating variables were explored, including rater perspective, measure of therapeutic relationship variables, and client race/ethnicity.CONCLUSIONSTherapeutic alliance has a moderate relationship with perceptions of therapist empathy and genuineness. Of note, there may be reason to believe that when rated by the same person, these constructs have significant overlap and lack discreteness. Future directions for study of the therapeutic relationship are discussed. Implications for practice are provided. (ProQuest: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted)Objective: Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which therapist empathy and genuineness contribute to the therapeutic alliance. Method: In this meta-analysis, a multifaceted search strategy yielded 53 studies. Forty studies reported alliance/empathy relationships, eight studies reported alliance/genuineness relationships, and five studies reported both. Results: Random effects meta-analyses revealed that therapeutic alliance was significantly related to perceptions of therapist empathy with a mean r = 0.50 (95% CI = 0.42, 0.57). Therapeutic alliance was also significantly related to perceptions of therapist genuineness with a mean r = 0.59 (95% CI = 0.45, 0.71). Tests of publication bias indicated a low likelihood of publication bias affecting the strength and direction of the results. Potential moderating variables were explored, including rater perspective, measure of therapeutic relationship variables, and client race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Therapeutic alliance has a moderate relationship with perceptions of therapist empathy and genuineness. Of note, there may be reason to believe that when rated by the same person, these constructs have significant overlap and lack discreteness. Future directions for study of the therapeutic relationship are discussed. Implications for practice are provided. Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which therapist empathy and genuineness contribute to the therapeutic alliance. In this meta-analysis, a multifaceted search strategy yielded 53 studies. Forty studies reported alliance/empathy relationships, eight studies reported alliance/genuineness relationships, and five studies reported both. Random effects meta-analyses revealed that therapeutic alliance was significantly related to perceptions of therapist empathy with a mean r = 0.50 (95% CI = 0.42, 0.57). Therapeutic alliance was also significantly related to perceptions of therapist genuineness with a mean r = 0.59 (95% CI = 0.45, 0.71). Tests of publication bias indicated a low likelihood of publication bias affecting the strength and direction of the results. Potential moderating variables were explored, including rater perspective, measure of therapeutic relationship variables, and client race/ethnicity. Therapeutic alliance has a moderate relationship with perceptions of therapist empathy and genuineness. Of note, there may be reason to believe that when rated by the same person, these constructs have significant overlap and lack discreteness. Future directions for study of the therapeutic relationship are discussed. Implications for practice are provided.
Author	Owen, Jesse Parazak, Stephanie E. Halford, Tyler C. Budge, Stephanie Valentine, Jeffrey C. Winkeljohn Black, Stephanie Hilsenroth, Mark Nienhuis, Jacob B.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jacob B. surname: Nienhuis fullname: Nienhuis, Jacob B. email: jake.nienhuis@gmail.com organization: Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of Louisville – sequence: 2 givenname: Jesse surname: Owen fullname: Owen, Jesse organization: Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Denver – sequence: 3 givenname: Jeffrey C. surname: Valentine fullname: Valentine, Jeffrey C. organization: Counseling and Human Development at the University of Louisville – sequence: 4 givenname: Stephanie surname: Winkeljohn Black fullname: Winkeljohn Black, Stephanie organization: Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of Louisville – sequence: 5 givenname: Tyler C. surname: Halford fullname: Halford, Tyler C. organization: Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of Louisville – sequence: 6 givenname: Stephanie E. surname: Parazak fullname: Parazak, Stephanie E. organization: Department of Clinical Psychology, Xavier University – sequence: 7 givenname: Stephanie surname: Budge fullname: Budge, Stephanie organization: Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison – sequence: 8 givenname: Mark surname: Hilsenroth fullname: Hilsenroth, Mark organization: Adelphi University, I A P S, Derner Institute
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Snippet	Objective: Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to... Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which... (ProQuest: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted)Objective: Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No... OBJECTIVEAlliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which...
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SubjectTerms	aliança alleanza alliance Alliances Allianz Bias Empathy Ethnicity Genuineness Individual psychotherapy Meta-analysis Perceptions pesquisa de processo philosophical/theoretical issues in therapy research philosophisch/ theoretische Fragestellungen in der Therapieforschung process research Prozessforschung Psychotherapy questioni filosofiche / teoriche nella ricerca terapeutica questões filosóficas / teóricas em pesquisa em terapia Race Random effects ricerca di processo Systematic review Therapeutic alliances Therapist patient relationships Variables 同盟歷程研究治療研究中的哲學性／理論性議題
Title	Therapeutic alliance, empathy, and genuineness in individual adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review
URI	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10503307.2016.1204023 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27389666 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2040703103 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1826719737
Volume	28
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