Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds — Comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure

Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and comp...

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Published in:	Environment international Vol. 37; no. 4; pp. 687 - 693
Main Authors:	Haug, Line S., Huber, Sandra, Becher, Georg, Thomsen, Cathrine
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2011
Subjects:	Adult air Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollutants - blood Air Pollutants - metabolism Air Pollution - statistics & numerical data Air Pollution, Indoor - statistics & numerical data Alkanesulfonic Acids - analysis Alkanesulfonic Acids - blood Alkanesulfonic Acids - metabolism biomarkers Biomonitoring biotransformation blood serum breast feeding breast milk Caprylates - analysis Caprylates - blood Caprylates - metabolism Diet Dust Dust - analysis Environmental Exposure - analysis Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data Exposure pathways Female Fluorocarbons - analysis Fluorocarbons - blood Fluorocarbons - metabolism food frequency questionnaires Foods Houses Human Humans Indoor environment Indoor environments Infant infants ingestion Intakes Mathematical models Milk, Human - metabolism Norway Pathways Perfluorinated compounds perfluorocarbons risk assessment Serums women Norway Exposure pathways Biomonitoring AMAP FTOH Intakes PFNA EFSA FFQ MLR PFDA TDI PFSA PFCs PK model PFHxS PFUnDA Indoor environment PFOA LOQ POP PFCA Diet FOSA FOSE Perfluorinated compounds PFHpS PFOS
ISSN:	0160-4120, 1873-6750, 1873-6750
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and compare estimated intakes with internal doses obtained through biomonitoring. Individual PFC intakes from multiple exposure sources for a study group of 41 Norwegian women were estimated using measured PFC concentrations in indoor air and house dust as well as information from food frequency questionnaires and PFC concentrations in Norwegian food. Food was generally the major exposure source, representing 67–84% of the median total intake for PFOA and 88–99% for PFOS using different dust ingestion rates and biotransformation factors of ‘precursor’ compounds. However, on an individual basis, the indoor environment accounted for up to around 50% of the total intake for several women. Significant positive associations between concentrations of PFCs in house dust and the corresponding serum concentrations underline the importance of indoor environment as an exposure pathway for PFCs. For breast-fed infants, breast milk was calculated to be the single most important source to PFCs by far. The estimated intakes were confirmed by comparing serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS calculated using PK models, with the corresponding concentrations measured in serum. Even though food in general is the major source of exposure for PFCs, the indoor environment may be an important contributor to human exposure. This study provides valuable knowledge for risk assessment of PFCs and control strategies. ►Multiple exposure sources of PFCs were evaluated on an individual basis. ►Food was generally the major exposure source of PFCs. ►Indoor environment was an important contributor for several individuals. ►Significant associations between PFCs in house dust and serum were seen. ►Intakes were confirmed by results from biomonitoring using PK-modeling.
AbstractList	Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and compare estimated intakes with internal doses obtained through biomonitoring. Individual PFC intakes from multiple exposure sources for a study group of 41 Norwegian women were estimated using measured PFC concentrations in indoor air and house dust as well as information from food frequency questionnaires and PFC concentrations in Norwegian food. Food was generally the major exposure source, representing 67-84% of the median total intake for PFOA and 88-99% for PFOS using different dust ingestion rates and biotransformation factors of 'precursor' compounds. However, on an individual basis, the indoor environment accounted for up to around 50% of the total intake for several women. Significant positive associations between concentrations of PFCs in house dust and the corresponding serum concentrations underline the importance of indoor environment as an exposure pathway for PFCs. For breast-fed infants, breast milk was calculated to be the single most important source to PFCs by far. The estimated intakes were confirmed by comparing serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS calculated using PK models, with the corresponding concentrations measured in serum. Even though food in general is the major source of exposure for PFCs, the indoor environment may be an important contributor to human exposure. This study provides valuable knowledge for risk assessment of PFCs and control strategies. Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and compare estimated intakes with internal doses obtained through biomonitoring. Individual PFC intakes from multiple exposure sources for a study group of 41 Norwegian women were estimated using measured PFC concentrations in indoor air and house dust as well as information from food frequency questionnaires and PFC concentrations in Norwegian food. Food was generally the major exposure source, representing 67–84% of the median total intake for PFOA and 88–99% for PFOS using different dust ingestion rates and biotransformation factors of ‘precursor’ compounds. However, on an individual basis, the indoor environment accounted for up to around 50% of the total intake for several women. Significant positive associations between concentrations of PFCs in house dust and the corresponding serum concentrations underline the importance of indoor environment as an exposure pathway for PFCs. For breast-fed infants, breast milk was calculated to be the single most important source to PFCs by far. The estimated intakes were confirmed by comparing serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS calculated using PK models, with the corresponding concentrations measured in serum. Even though food in general is the major source of exposure for PFCs, the indoor environment may be an important contributor to human exposure. This study provides valuable knowledge for risk assessment of PFCs and control strategies. ►Multiple exposure sources of PFCs were evaluated on an individual basis. ►Food was generally the major exposure source of PFCs. ►Indoor environment was an important contributor for several individuals. ►Significant associations between PFCs in house dust and serum were seen. ►Intakes were confirmed by results from biomonitoring using PK-modeling. Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and compare estimated intakes with internal doses obtained through biomonitoring. Individual PFC intakes from multiple exposure sources for a study group of 41 Norwegian women were estimated using measured PFC concentrations in indoor air and house dust as well as information from food frequency questionnaires and PFC concentrations in Norwegian food. Food was generally the major exposure source, representing 67-84% of the median total intake for PFOA and 88-99% for PFOS using different dust ingestion rates and biotransformation factors of 'precursor' compounds. However, on an individual basis, the indoor environment accounted for up to around 50% of the total intake for several women. Significant positive associations between concentrations of PFCs in house dust and the corresponding serum concentrations underline the importance of indoor environment as an exposure pathway for PFCs. For breast-fed infants, breast milk was calculated to be the single most important source to PFCs by far. The estimated intakes were confirmed by comparing serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS calculated using PK models, with the corresponding concentrations measured in serum. Even though food in general is the major source of exposure for PFCs, the indoor environment may be an important contributor to human exposure. This study provides valuable knowledge for risk assessment of PFCs and control strategies.Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and compare estimated intakes with internal doses obtained through biomonitoring. Individual PFC intakes from multiple exposure sources for a study group of 41 Norwegian women were estimated using measured PFC concentrations in indoor air and house dust as well as information from food frequency questionnaires and PFC concentrations in Norwegian food. Food was generally the major exposure source, representing 67-84% of the median total intake for PFOA and 88-99% for PFOS using different dust ingestion rates and biotransformation factors of 'precursor' compounds. However, on an individual basis, the indoor environment accounted for up to around 50% of the total intake for several women. Significant positive associations between concentrations of PFCs in house dust and the corresponding serum concentrations underline the importance of indoor environment as an exposure pathway for PFCs. For breast-fed infants, breast milk was calculated to be the single most important source to PFCs by far. The estimated intakes were confirmed by comparing serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS calculated using PK models, with the corresponding concentrations measured in serum. Even though food in general is the major source of exposure for PFCs, the indoor environment may be an important contributor to human exposure. This study provides valuable knowledge for risk assessment of PFCs and control strategies.
Author	Huber, Sandra Becher, Georg Haug, Line S. Thomsen, Cathrine
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Line S. surname: Haug fullname: Haug, Line S. email: line.smastuen.haug@fhi.no organization: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway – sequence: 2 givenname: Sandra surname: Huber fullname: Huber, Sandra email: sandra.huber@nilu.no organization: Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM Centre, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway – sequence: 3 givenname: Georg surname: Becher fullname: Becher, Georg email: georg.becher@fhi.no organization: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway – sequence: 4 givenname: Cathrine surname: Thomsen fullname: Thomsen, Cathrine email: cathrine.thomsen@fhi.no organization: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334069$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords	Exposure pathways Biomonitoring AMAP FTOH Intakes PFNA EFSA FFQ MLR PFDA TDI PFSA PFCs PK model PFHxS PFUnDA Indoor environment PFOA LOQ POP PFCA Diet FOSA FOSE Perfluorinated compounds PFHpS PFOS
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Snippet	Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized....
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SubjectTerms	Adult air Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollutants - blood Air Pollutants - metabolism Air Pollution - statistics & numerical data Air Pollution, Indoor - statistics & numerical data Alkanesulfonic Acids - analysis Alkanesulfonic Acids - blood Alkanesulfonic Acids - metabolism biomarkers Biomonitoring biotransformation blood serum breast feeding breast milk Caprylates - analysis Caprylates - blood Caprylates - metabolism Diet Dust Dust - analysis Environmental Exposure - analysis Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data Exposure pathways Female Fluorocarbons - analysis Fluorocarbons - blood Fluorocarbons - metabolism food frequency questionnaires Foods Houses Human Humans Indoor environment Indoor environments Infant infants ingestion Intakes Mathematical models Milk, Human - metabolism Norway Pathways Perfluorinated compounds perfluorocarbons risk assessment Serums women
Title	Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds — Comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure
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