Transported smoke from crop residue burning as the major source of organic aerosol and health risks in northern Indian cities during post-monsoon

[Display omitted] •Year-round near-molecular characterization of organic aerosols (OA) in Delhi and Kanpur, north India.•Biomass burning acted as the major OA source in Delhi (35 %) and Kanpur (66 %) annually.•Agricultural fire smokes from Northwest India was successfully disentangled, emerged as pr...

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Veröffentlicht in:Environment international Jg. 202; S. 109583
Hauptverfasser: Hao, Yufang, Strähl, Jan, Khare, Peeyush, Cui, Tianqu, Schneider-Beltran, Kristty, Qi, Lu, Wang, Dongyu, Top, Jens, Surdu, Mihnea, Bhattu, Deepika, Bhowmik, Himadri Sekhar, Vats, Pawan, Rai, Pragati, Kumar, Varun, Ganguly, Dilip, Szidat, Sönke, Uzu, Gaëlle, Jaffrezo, Jean-Luc, Elazzouzi, Rhabira, Rastogi, Neeraj, Slowik, Jay, Haddad, Imad EI, Tripathi, Sachchida Nand, Prévôt, André S.H., Daellenbach, Kaspar Rudolf
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01.08.2025
Elsevier
Schlagworte:
Aerosols - analysis
Agriculture
Air Pollutants - analysis
Air Pollution - statistics & numerical data
Biomass burning
Cities
Crops, Agricultural
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental Sciences
Humans
India
Molecular characterization
Organic aerosol
Particulate Matter - analysis
Smoke - analysis
Source apportionment
India
Organic aerosol
Molecular characterization
Source apportionment
Biomass burning
ISSN:0160-4120, 1873-6750, 1873-6750
Online-Zugang:Volltext
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Zusammenfassung:[Display omitted] •Year-round near-molecular characterization of organic aerosols (OA) in Delhi and Kanpur, north India.•Biomass burning acted as the major OA source in Delhi (35 %) and Kanpur (66 %) annually.•Agricultural fire smokes from Northwest India was successfully disentangled, emerged as primary OA source in post-monsoon. Ambient particulate matter significantly impacts air quality, climate, and human health. In the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), home to nearly one-seventh of the global population, severe air pollution is prevalent with high PM2.5 levels dominated by organic aerosols (OA). However, the sources and formation of OA pollution remain poorly constrained. For the first time, we characterize OA sources in two cities, Delhi and Kanpur in the IGP, over an entire year by combining near-molecular characterizations using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) with advanced statistical approaches. We identified three key local biomass burning sources—affected by various fuels such as wood, straw, and cow dung—that had a more pronounced impact on Kanpur (66 %) compared to Delhi (35 %), particularly during colder months. Additionally, we identified transported agricultural fire emissions from Northwest India, which significantly contributed to OA during the post-monsoon rice harvest season, playing a critical role in haze formation. Acute mortality estimates indicated that while urban OA sources were substantial, rural crop residue burning posed a notable health risk during the post-monsoon, accounting for 32 % of PM2.5-attributable mortality in Delhi and 53 % in Kanpur. These results highlight the need for coordinated air pollution mitigation strategies that extend beyond urban centres to a regional scale, with a particular focus on crop residue management in Punjab to reduce the health burden of PM2.5 pollution in the IGP.
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ISSN:0160-4120
1873-6750
1873-6750
DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109583