Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in subjects with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis

An open‐label, parallel‐group, single‐dose study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in 8 subjects with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with 8 subjects with normal renal function. A single oral 5‐mg dose of apixaban was admin...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of clinical pharmacology Jg. 56; H. 5; S. 628 - 636
Hauptverfasser:	Wang, Xiaoli, Tirucherai, Giridhar, Marbury, Thomas C., Wang, Jessie, Chang, Ming, Zhang, Donglu, Song, Yan, Pursley, Janice, Boyd, Rebecca A., Frost, Charles
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.05.2016 American College of Clinical Pharmacology Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Schlagworte:	Adult apixaban Area Under Curve end-stage renal disease Factor Xa - analysis Factor Xa Inhibitors - adverse effects Factor Xa Inhibitors - blood Factor Xa Inhibitors - pharmacokinetics Factor Xa Inhibitors - pharmacology Female Hemodialysis Humans International Normalized Ratio Kidney diseases Kidney Failure, Chronic - blood Kidney Failure, Chronic - metabolism Kidney Failure, Chronic - therapy Male Medicare Middle Aged Partial Thromboplastin Time pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics Prothrombin Time Pyrazoles - adverse effects Pyrazoles - blood Pyrazoles - pharmacokinetics Pyrazoles - pharmacology Pyridones - adverse effects Pyridones - blood Pyridones - pharmacokinetics Pyridones - pharmacology Renal Dialysis hemodialysis pharmacokinetics end-stage renal disease apixaban pharmacodynamics
ISSN:	0091-2700, 1552-4604, 1552-4604
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Abstract	An open‐label, parallel‐group, single‐dose study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in 8 subjects with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with 8 subjects with normal renal function. A single oral 5‐mg dose of apixaban was administered once to healthy subjects and twice to subjects with ESRD, separated by ≥7 days: 2 hours before (on hemodialysis) and immediately after a 4‐hour hemodialysis session (off hemodialysis). Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban pharmacokinetic parameters, measures of clotting (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time), and anti‐factor Xa (FXa) activity. Compared with healthy subjects, apixaban Cmax and AUCinf were 10% lower and 36% higher, respectively, in subjects with ESRD off hemodialysis. Hemodialysis in subjects with ESRD was associated with reductions in apixaban Cmax and AUCinf of 13% and 14%, respectively. The percent change from baseline in clotting measures was similar in healthy subjects and subjects with ESRD, and differences in anti‐FXa activity were similar to differences in apixaban concentration. A single 5‐mg oral dose of apixaban was well tolerated in both groups. In conclusion, ESRD resulted in a modest increase (36%) in apixaban AUC and no increase in Cmax, and hemodialysis had a limited impact on apixaban clearance.
AbstractList	An open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in 8 subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with 8 subjects with normal renal function. A single oral 5-mg dose of apixaban was administered once to healthy subjects and twice to subjects with ESRD, separated by ≥7 days: 2 hours before (on hemodialysis) and immediately after a 4-hour hemodialysis session (off hemodialysis). Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban pharmacokinetic parameters, measures of clotting (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time), and anti-factor Xa (FXa) activity. Compared with healthy subjects, apixaban Cmax and AUCinf were 10% lower and 36% higher, respectively, in subjects with ESRD off hemodialysis. Hemodialysis in subjects with ESRD was associated with reductions in apixaban Cmax and AUCinf of 13% and 14%, respectively. The percent change from baseline in clotting measures was similar in healthy subjects and subjects with ESRD, and differences in anti-FXa activity were similar to differences in apixaban concentration. A single 5-mg oral dose of apixaban was well tolerated in both groups. In conclusion, ESRD resulted in a modest increase (36%) in apixaban AUC and no increase in Cmax, and hemodialysis had a limited impact on apixaban clearance. An open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in 8 subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with 8 subjects with normal renal function. A single oral 5-mg dose of apixaban was administered once to healthy subjects and twice to subjects with ESRD, separated by ≥7 days: 2 hours before (on hemodialysis) and immediately after a 4-hour hemodialysis session (off hemodialysis). Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban pharmacokinetic parameters, measures of clotting (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time), and anti-factor Xa (FXa) activity. Compared with healthy subjects, apixaban Cmax and AUCinf were 10% lower and 36% higher, respectively, in subjects with ESRD off hemodialysis. Hemodialysis in subjects with ESRD was associated with reductions in apixaban Cmax and AUCinf of 13% and 14%, respectively. The percent change from baseline in clotting measures was similar in healthy subjects and subjects with ESRD, and differences in anti-FXa activity were similar to differences in apixaban concentration. A single 5-mg oral dose of apixaban was well tolerated in both groups. In conclusion, ESRD resulted in a modest increase (36%) in apixaban AUC and no increase in Cmax , and hemodialysis had a limited impact on apixaban clearance.An open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in 8 subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with 8 subjects with normal renal function. A single oral 5-mg dose of apixaban was administered once to healthy subjects and twice to subjects with ESRD, separated by ≥7 days: 2 hours before (on hemodialysis) and immediately after a 4-hour hemodialysis session (off hemodialysis). Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban pharmacokinetic parameters, measures of clotting (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time), and anti-factor Xa (FXa) activity. Compared with healthy subjects, apixaban Cmax and AUCinf were 10% lower and 36% higher, respectively, in subjects with ESRD off hemodialysis. Hemodialysis in subjects with ESRD was associated with reductions in apixaban Cmax and AUCinf of 13% and 14%, respectively. The percent change from baseline in clotting measures was similar in healthy subjects and subjects with ESRD, and differences in anti-FXa activity were similar to differences in apixaban concentration. A single 5-mg oral dose of apixaban was well tolerated in both groups. In conclusion, ESRD resulted in a modest increase (36%) in apixaban AUC and no increase in Cmax , and hemodialysis had a limited impact on apixaban clearance. An open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in 8 subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with 8 subjects with normal renal function. A single oral 5-mg dose of apixaban was administered once to healthy subjects and twice to subjects with ESRD, separated by ≥7 days2 hours before (on hemodialysis) and immediately after a 4-hour hemodialysis session (off hemodialysis). Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban pharmacokinetic parameters, measures of clotting (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time), and anti-factor Xa (FXa) activity. Compared with healthy subjects, apixaban Cmax and AUCinf were 10% lower and 36% higher, respectively, in subjects with ESRD off hemodialysis. Hemodialysis in subjects with ESRD was associated with reductions in apixaban Cmax and AUCinf of 13% and 14%, respectively. The percent change from baseline in clotting measures was similar in healthy subjects and subjects with ESRD, and differences in anti-FXa activity were similar to differences in apixaban concentration. A single 5-mg oral dose of apixaban was well tolerated in both groups. In conclusion, ESRD resulted in a modest increase (36%) in apixaban AUC and no increase in Cmax, and hemodialysis had a limited impact on apixaban clearance.
Author	Chang, Ming Tirucherai, Giridhar Marbury, Thomas C. Song, Yan Zhang, Donglu Boyd, Rebecca A. Wang, Xiaoli Frost, Charles Wang, Jessie Pursley, Janice
AuthorAffiliation	1At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA 2Orlando Clinical Research Center, Orlando, FL, USA 3Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA 2Orlando Clinical Research Center, Orlando, FL, USA 3Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Xiaoli surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Xiaoli organization: At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NJ, Princeton, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Giridhar surname: Tirucherai fullname: Tirucherai, Giridhar organization: At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NJ, Princeton, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Thomas C. surname: Marbury fullname: Marbury, Thomas C. organization: Orlando Clinical Research Center, FL, Orlando, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Jessie surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Jessie organization: At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NJ, Princeton, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Ming surname: Chang fullname: Chang, Ming organization: At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NJ, Princeton, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Donglu surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Donglu organization: At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NJ, Princeton, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Yan surname: Song fullname: Song, Yan organization: At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NJ, Princeton, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Janice surname: Pursley fullname: Pursley, Janice organization: At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NJ, Princeton, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Rebecca A. surname: Boyd fullname: Boyd, Rebecca A. organization: Pfizer Inc, CT, Groton, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Charles surname: Frost fullname: Frost, Charles email: charles.frost@bms.com organization: At time of research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NJ, Princeton, USA
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26331581$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	2015, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology 2016 American College of Clinical Pharmacology 2015, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology. 2016, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology
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References	Velenosi TJ, Urquhart BL. Pharmacokinetic considerations in chronic kidney disease and patients requiring dialysis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014; 10:1131-1143. Frost CE, Yu Z, Wang J, et al. Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of apixaban in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 85 (suppl 1):S34. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen, et al; AMPLIFY Investigators. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369(9):799−808. Frost C, Yu S, Nepal S, et al. Apixaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor: single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an intravenous formulation. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 48:1132. Chang M, Yu Z, Byon W, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of apixaban, J Clin Pharmacol. 2015. doi: 10.1002/jcph.633 Cockcroft DE, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976; 16(1):31-41. Pursley J, Shen JX, Shuster A, et al. LC-MS/MS determination of apixaban (BMS-562247) and its major metabolite in human plasma: an application of polarity switching and monolithic HPLC column. Bioanalysis. 2014; 6:2071-2082. Barrett JC, Wang Z, Frost C, Shenker A. Clinical laboratory measurement of direct factor Xa inhibitors: Anti-FXa assay is preferable to prothrombin time assay. Thromb Haemost. 2010; 104:1263-1271. Vakkalagadda B, Frost C, Wang J, et al. Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of apixaban, an oral direct inhibitor of factor Xa. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 49:1124. Frost C, Nepal S, Wang J, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of apixaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013; 76:776-786. Frost C, Shenker A, Gandhi MD, et al. Evaluation of the effect of naproxen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014; 78:877-885. Lassen MR, Gallus A, Raskob GE, Pineo G, Chen D, Ramirez LM. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(26):2487−2498. Tanaka H, Nagasawa Y, Matsui I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of olmesartan medoxomil in hemodialysis patients: little effect of dialysis upon its pharmacokinetics. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2009; 13(1):61-65. Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, Pineo G, Chen D, Portman RJ. Apixaban or enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(6):594−604. Raghavan N, Frost CE, Yu Z, et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009; 37(1):74-81. Frost C, Wang J, Nepal S, et al. Apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor: single-dose safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and food effect in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013; 75:476-487. Upreti VV, Wang J, Barrett YC, et al. Effect of extremes of body weight on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of apixaban in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013; 76:908-916. Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, Pineo G, Chen D, Hornick P; ADVANCE-2 investigators. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement (ADVANCE-2): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2010; 375(9717):807−815. Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(9):806-817. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJV, et al; ARISTOTLE committees and investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(11):981-992. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al; AMPLIFY-EXT Investigators. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368(8):699−708. 2009; 13 2009; 85 2013; 76 2013; 369 2013; 368 2010; 104 2013; 75 2010; 363 2010; 375 2008; 48 2015 2009; 361 1976; 16 2014; 6 2011; 365 2009; 49 2014; 78 2011; 364 2009; 37 2014; 10 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 Frost C (e_1_2_7_16_1) 2008; 48 e_1_2_7_7_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_13_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_23_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 Vakkalagadda B (e_1_2_7_17_1) 2009; 49 Frost CE (e_1_2_7_21_1) 2009; 85
References_xml	– reference: Frost C, Wang J, Nepal S, et al. Apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor: single-dose safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and food effect in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013; 75:476-487. – reference: Frost C, Nepal S, Wang J, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of apixaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013; 76:776-786. – reference: Frost C, Shenker A, Gandhi MD, et al. Evaluation of the effect of naproxen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014; 78:877-885. – reference: Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al; AMPLIFY-EXT Investigators. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368(8):699−708. – reference: Frost C, Yu S, Nepal S, et al. Apixaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor: single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an intravenous formulation. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 48:1132. – reference: Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen, et al; AMPLIFY Investigators. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369(9):799−808. – reference: Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(9):806-817. – reference: Pursley J, Shen JX, Shuster A, et al. LC-MS/MS determination of apixaban (BMS-562247) and its major metabolite in human plasma: an application of polarity switching and monolithic HPLC column. Bioanalysis. 2014; 6:2071-2082. – reference: Barrett JC, Wang Z, Frost C, Shenker A. Clinical laboratory measurement of direct factor Xa inhibitors: Anti-FXa assay is preferable to prothrombin time assay. Thromb Haemost. 2010; 104:1263-1271. – reference: Lassen MR, Gallus A, Raskob GE, Pineo G, Chen D, Ramirez LM. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(26):2487−2498. – reference: Upreti VV, Wang J, Barrett YC, et al. Effect of extremes of body weight on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of apixaban in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013; 76:908-916. – reference: Cockcroft DE, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976; 16(1):31-41. – reference: Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, Pineo G, Chen D, Portman RJ. Apixaban or enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(6):594−604. – reference: Tanaka H, Nagasawa Y, Matsui I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of olmesartan medoxomil in hemodialysis patients: little effect of dialysis upon its pharmacokinetics. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2009; 13(1):61-65. – reference: Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJV, et al; ARISTOTLE committees and investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(11):981-992. – reference: Raghavan N, Frost CE, Yu Z, et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009; 37(1):74-81. – reference: Velenosi TJ, Urquhart BL. Pharmacokinetic considerations in chronic kidney disease and patients requiring dialysis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014; 10:1131-1143. – reference: Vakkalagadda B, Frost C, Wang J, et al. Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of apixaban, an oral direct inhibitor of factor Xa. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 49:1124. – reference: Chang M, Yu Z, Byon W, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of apixaban, J Clin Pharmacol. 2015. doi: 10.1002/jcph.633 – reference: Frost CE, Yu Z, Wang J, et al. Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of apixaban in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 85 (suppl 1):S34. – reference: Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, Pineo G, Chen D, Hornick P; ADVANCE-2 investigators. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement (ADVANCE-2): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2010; 375(9717):807−815. – volume: 361 start-page: 594 issue: 6 year: 2009 end-page: 604 article-title: Apixaban or enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement publication-title: N Engl J Med – volume: 76 start-page: 776 year: 2013 end-page: 786 article-title: Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of apixaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy subjects publication-title: Br J Clin Pharmacol – volume: 13 start-page: 61 issue: 1 year: 2009 end-page: 65 article-title: Pharmacokinetics of olmesartan medoxomil in hemodialysis patients: little effect of dialysis upon its pharmacokinetics publication-title: Clin Exp Nephrol – volume: 104 start-page: 1263 year: 2010 end-page: 1271 article-title: Clinical laboratory measurement of direct factor Xa inhibitors: Anti‐FXa assay is preferable to prothrombin time assay publication-title: Thromb Haemost – volume: 76 start-page: 908 year: 2013 end-page: 916 article-title: Effect of extremes of body weight on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of apixaban in healthy subjects publication-title: Br J Clin Pharmacol – volume: 37 start-page: 74 issue: 1 year: 2009 end-page: 81 article-title: Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans publication-title: Drug Metab Dispos – volume: 85 start-page: S34 year: 2009 article-title: Single‐dose safety and pharmacokinetics of apixaban in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther – volume: 363 start-page: 2487 issue: 26 year: 2010 end-page: 2498 article-title: Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement publication-title: N Engl J Med – volume: 49 start-page: 1124 year: 2009 article-title: Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of apixaban, an oral direct inhibitor of factor Xa publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol – volume: 75 start-page: 476 year: 2013 end-page: 487 article-title: Apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor: single‐dose safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and food effect in healthy subjects publication-title: Br J Clin Pharmacol – volume: 78 start-page: 877 year: 2014 end-page: 885 article-title: Evaluation of the effect of naproxen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban publication-title: Br J Clin Pharmacol – volume: 48 start-page: 1132 year: 2008 article-title: Apixaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor: single‐dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an intravenous formulation publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol – volume: 6 start-page: 2071 year: 2014 end-page: 2082 article-title: LC–MS/MS determination of apixaban (BMS‐562247) and its major metabolite in human plasma: an application of polarity switching and monolithic HPLC column publication-title: Bioanalysis – volume: 364 start-page: 806 issue: 9 year: 2011 end-page: 817 article-title: Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation publication-title: N Engl J Med – year: 2015 article-title: Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of apixaban publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol – volume: 369 start-page: 799 issue: 9 year: 2013 end-page: 808 article-title: Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism publication-title: N Engl J Med – volume: 368 start-page: 699 issue: 8 year: 2013 end-page: 708 article-title: Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism publication-title: N Engl J Med – volume: 375 start-page: 807 issue: 9717 year: 2010 end-page: 815 article-title: Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement (ADVANCE‐2): a randomised double‐blind trial publication-title: Lancet – volume: 365 start-page: 981 issue: 11 year: 2011 end-page: 992 article-title: Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation publication-title: N Engl J Med – volume: 16 start-page: 31 issue: 1 year: 1976 end-page: 41 article-title: Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine publication-title: Nephron – volume: 10 start-page: 1131 year: 2014 end-page: 1143 article-title: Pharmacokinetic considerations in chronic kidney disease and patients requiring dialysis publication-title: Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol – ident: e_1_2_7_10_1 doi: 10.1002/jcph.633 – ident: e_1_2_7_22_1 doi: 10.1111/bcp.12114 – ident: e_1_2_7_23_1 doi: 10.1111/bcp.12393 – ident: e_1_2_7_2_1 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62125-5 – ident: e_1_2_7_4_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1006885 – ident: e_1_2_7_6_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107039 – ident: e_1_2_7_19_1 doi: 10.1111/bcp.12106 – ident: e_1_2_7_3_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0810773 – volume: 48 start-page: 1132 year: 2008 ident: e_1_2_7_16_1 article-title: Apixaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor: single‐dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an intravenous formulation publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol – volume: 85 start-page: S34 year: 2009 ident: e_1_2_7_21_1 article-title: Single‐dose safety and pharmacokinetics of apixaban in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther – ident: e_1_2_7_12_1 doi: 10.4155/bio.14.66 – ident: e_1_2_7_7_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1302507 – ident: e_1_2_7_9_1 doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.023143 – ident: e_1_2_7_8_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1207541 – ident: e_1_2_7_13_1 doi: 10.1517/17425255.2014.931371 – ident: e_1_2_7_14_1 doi: 10.1160/TH10-05-0328 – ident: e_1_2_7_20_1 doi: 10.1007/s10157-008-0067-0 – ident: e_1_2_7_18_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04369.x – ident: e_1_2_7_11_1 doi: 10.1159/000180580 – ident: e_1_2_7_5_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007432 – volume: 49 start-page: 1124 year: 2009 ident: e_1_2_7_17_1 article-title: Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of apixaban, an oral direct inhibitor of factor Xa publication-title: J Clin Pharmacol – ident: e_1_2_7_15_1
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SubjectTerms	Adult apixaban Area Under Curve end-stage renal disease Factor Xa - analysis Factor Xa Inhibitors - adverse effects Factor Xa Inhibitors - blood Factor Xa Inhibitors - pharmacokinetics Factor Xa Inhibitors - pharmacology Female Hemodialysis Humans International Normalized Ratio Kidney diseases Kidney Failure, Chronic - blood Kidney Failure, Chronic - metabolism Kidney Failure, Chronic - therapy Male Medicare Middle Aged Partial Thromboplastin Time pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics Prothrombin Time Pyrazoles - adverse effects Pyrazoles - blood Pyrazoles - pharmacokinetics Pyrazoles - pharmacology Pyridones - adverse effects Pyridones - blood Pyridones - pharmacokinetics Pyridones - pharmacology Renal Dialysis
Title	Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in subjects with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis
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