The edge of two worlds: A new review and synthesis on Eurasian forest-steppes

Aims: Eurasian forest-steppes are among the most complex non-tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest-steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest-stepp...

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Vydáno v:	Applied vegetation science Ročník 21; číslo 3; s. 345 - 362
Hlavní autoři:	Erdős, László, Ambarlι, Didem, Anenkhonov, Oleg A., Bátori, Zoltán, Cserhalmi, Dániel, Kiss, Márton, Kröel-Dulay, György, Liu, Hongyan, Magnes, Martin, Molnár, Zsolt, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Semenishchenkov, Yury A., Tölgyesi, Csaba, Török, Péter
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Malden John Wiley & Sons Ltd 01.07.2018 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Témata:	Abiotic factors altitude Arid climates Aridity Asia basins Biodiversity Climate change Conservation Conservation status Eastern European region Economic importance Eurasia Flora Forest management forest steppe forests functional diversity Grasslands habitat complexity habitats landscape heterogeneity landscapes meadow steppe Middle East Mosaics Mountain forests Natural vegetation prairie semiarid zones semi‐arid vegetation Species diversity steppe Steppes SYNTHESIS temperate zones Terrestrial ecosystems vegetation mosaic Wildlife conservation wooded‐steppe woodland Woodlands Middle East Asia Eurasia Eastern European region
ISSN:	1402-2001, 1654-109X
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Abstract	Aims: Eurasian forest-steppes are among the most complex non-tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest-steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest-steppes across the entire zone: (a) we propose an up-to-date definition of forest-steppes, (b) give a short physiogeographic outline, (c) delineate and briefly characterize the main forest-steppe regions, (d) explore forest-steppe biodiversity and conservation status, and (e) outline forest-steppe prospects under predicted climate change. Location: Eurasia (29°–56°N, 16°–139°E). Results and Conclusions: Forest-steppes are natural or near-natural vegetation complexes of arboreal and herbaceous components (typically distributed in a mosaic pattern) in the temperate zone, where the co-existence of forest and grassland is enabled primarily by the semi-humid to semi-arid climate, complemented by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors operating at multiple scales. This new definition includes lowland forest–grassland macromosaics (e.g. in Eastern Europe), exposure-related mountain forest-steppes (e.g. in Inner Asia), fine-scale forest-grassland mosaics (e.g. in the Carpathian Basin) and open woodlands (e.g. in the Middle East). Using criteria of flora, physiognomy, relief and climate, nine main forest-steppe regions are identified and characterized. Forest-steppes are not simple two-phase systems, as they show a high level of habitat diversity, with forest and grassland patches of varying types and sizes, connected by a network of differently oriented edges. Species diversity and functional diversity may also be exceptionally high in forest-steppes. Regarding conservation, we conclude that major knowledge gaps exist in determining priorities at the continental, regional, national and local levels, and in identifying clear target states and optimal management strategies. When combined with other threats, climate change may be particularly dangerous to forest-steppe survival, possibly resulting in compositional changes, rearrangement of the landscape mosaic or even the latitudinal or altitudinal shift of forest-steppes.
AbstractList	Aims Eurasian forest‐steppes are among the most complex non‐tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest‐steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest‐steppes across the entire zone: (a) we propose an up‐to‐date definition of forest‐steppes, (b) give a short physiogeographic outline, (c) delineate and briefly characterize the main forest‐steppe regions, (d) explore forest‐steppe biodiversity and conservation status, and (e) outline forest‐steppe prospects under predicted climate change. Location Eurasia (29°–56°N, 16°–139°E). Results and Conclusions Forest‐steppes are natural or near‐natural vegetation complexes of arboreal and herbaceous components (typically distributed in a mosaic pattern) in the temperate zone, where the co‐existence of forest and grassland is enabled primarily by the semi‐humid to semi‐arid climate, complemented by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors operating at multiple scales. This new definition includes lowland forest–grassland macromosaics (e.g. in Eastern Europe), exposure‐related mountain forest‐steppes (e.g. in Inner Asia), fine‐scale forest–grassland mosaics (e.g. in the Carpathian Basin) and open woodlands (e.g. in the Middle East). Using criteria of flora, physiognomy, relief and climate, nine main forest‐steppe regions are identified and characterized. Forest‐steppes are not simple two‐phase systems, as they show a high level of habitat diversity, with forest and grassland patches of varying types and sizes, connected by a network of differently oriented edges. Species diversity and functional diversity may also be exceptionally high in forest‐steppes. Regarding conservation, we conclude that major knowledge gaps exist in determining priorities at the continental, regional, national and local levels, and in identifying clear target states and optimal management strategies. When combined with other threats, climate change may be particularly dangerous to forest‐steppe survival, possibly resulting in compositional changes, rearrangement of the landscape mosaic or even the latitudinal or altitudinal shift of forest‐steppes. In our synthetic overview of Eurasian forest‐steppes, by collecting diffuse knowledge we provided a formal definition of forest‐steppes, and discussed spatial extents and gradients. We described and delineation the main forest‐steppe regions. We reviewed species and functional diversity of forest‐steppes and outlined their current conservation status and explored the future prospects under predicted climate change. Aims: Eurasian forest-steppes are among the most complex non-tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest-steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest-steppes across the entire zone: (a) we propose an up-to-date definition of forest-steppes, (b) give a short physiogeographic outline, (c) delineate and briefly characterize the main forest-steppe regions, (d) explore forest-steppe biodiversity and conservation status, and (e) outline forest-steppe prospects under predicted climate change. Location: Eurasia (29°–56°N, 16°–139°E). Results and Conclusions: Forest-steppes are natural or near-natural vegetation complexes of arboreal and herbaceous components (typically distributed in a mosaic pattern) in the temperate zone, where the co-existence of forest and grassland is enabled primarily by the semi-humid to semi-arid climate, complemented by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors operating at multiple scales. This new definition includes lowland forest–grassland macromosaics (e.g. in Eastern Europe), exposure-related mountain forest-steppes (e.g. in Inner Asia), fine-scale forest-grassland mosaics (e.g. in the Carpathian Basin) and open woodlands (e.g. in the Middle East). Using criteria of flora, physiognomy, relief and climate, nine main forest-steppe regions are identified and characterized. Forest-steppes are not simple two-phase systems, as they show a high level of habitat diversity, with forest and grassland patches of varying types and sizes, connected by a network of differently oriented edges. Species diversity and functional diversity may also be exceptionally high in forest-steppes. Regarding conservation, we conclude that major knowledge gaps exist in determining priorities at the continental, regional, national and local levels, and in identifying clear target states and optimal management strategies. When combined with other threats, climate change may be particularly dangerous to forest-steppe survival, possibly resulting in compositional changes, rearrangement of the landscape mosaic or even the latitudinal or altitudinal shift of forest-steppes. AimsEurasian forest‐steppes are among the most complex non‐tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest‐steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest‐steppes across the entire zone: (a) we propose an up‐to‐date definition of forest‐steppes, (b) give a short physiogeographic outline, (c) delineate and briefly characterize the main forest‐steppe regions, (d) explore forest‐steppe biodiversity and conservation status, and (e) outline forest‐steppe prospects under predicted climate change.LocationEurasia (29°–56°N, 16°–139°E).Results and ConclusionsForest‐steppes are natural or near‐natural vegetation complexes of arboreal and herbaceous components (typically distributed in a mosaic pattern) in the temperate zone, where the co‐existence of forest and grassland is enabled primarily by the semi‐humid to semi‐arid climate, complemented by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors operating at multiple scales. This new definition includes lowland forest–grassland macromosaics (e.g. in Eastern Europe), exposure‐related mountain forest‐steppes (e.g. in Inner Asia), fine‐scale forest–grassland mosaics (e.g. in the Carpathian Basin) and open woodlands (e.g. in the Middle East). Using criteria of flora, physiognomy, relief and climate, nine main forest‐steppe regions are identified and characterized. Forest‐steppes are not simple two‐phase systems, as they show a high level of habitat diversity, with forest and grassland patches of varying types and sizes, connected by a network of differently oriented edges. Species diversity and functional diversity may also be exceptionally high in forest‐steppes. Regarding conservation, we conclude that major knowledge gaps exist in determining priorities at the continental, regional, national and local levels, and in identifying clear target states and optimal management strategies. When combined with other threats, climate change may be particularly dangerous to forest‐steppe survival, possibly resulting in compositional changes, rearrangement of the landscape mosaic or even the latitudinal or altitudinal shift of forest‐steppes.
Author	Tölgyesi, Csaba Erdős, László Cserhalmi, Dániel Semenishchenkov, Yury A. Magnes, Martin Molnár, Zsolt Kröel-Dulay, György Kiss, Márton Bátori, Zoltán Török, Péter Ambarlι, Didem Naqinezhad, Alireza Liu, Hongyan Anenkhonov, Oleg A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: László surname: Erdős fullname: Erdős, László – sequence: 2 givenname: Didem surname: Ambarlι fullname: Ambarlι, Didem – sequence: 3 givenname: Oleg A. surname: Anenkhonov fullname: Anenkhonov, Oleg A. – sequence: 4 givenname: Zoltán surname: Bátori fullname: Bátori, Zoltán – sequence: 5 givenname: Dániel surname: Cserhalmi fullname: Cserhalmi, Dániel – sequence: 6 givenname: Márton surname: Kiss fullname: Kiss, Márton – sequence: 7 givenname: György surname: Kröel-Dulay fullname: Kröel-Dulay, György – sequence: 8 givenname: Hongyan surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Hongyan – sequence: 9 givenname: Martin surname: Magnes fullname: Magnes, Martin – sequence: 10 givenname: Zsolt surname: Molnár fullname: Molnár, Zsolt – sequence: 11 givenname: Alireza surname: Naqinezhad fullname: Naqinezhad, Alireza – sequence: 12 givenname: Yury A. surname: Semenishchenkov fullname: Semenishchenkov, Yury A. – sequence: 13 givenname: Csaba surname: Tölgyesi fullname: Tölgyesi, Csaba – sequence: 14 givenname: Péter surname: Török fullname: Török, Péter
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright © 2018 International Association for Vegetation Science 2018 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association for Vegetation Science.
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Snippet	Aims: Eurasian forest-steppes are among the most complex non-tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic... Aims Eurasian forest‐steppes are among the most complex non‐tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic... AimsEurasian forest‐steppes are among the most complex non‐tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic... AIMS: Eurasian forest‐steppes are among the most complex non‐tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic...
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SubjectTerms	Abiotic factors altitude Arid climates Aridity Asia basins Biodiversity Climate change Conservation Conservation status Eastern European region Economic importance Eurasia Flora Forest management forest steppe forests functional diversity Grasslands habitat complexity habitats landscape heterogeneity landscapes meadow steppe Middle East Mosaics Mountain forests Natural vegetation prairie semiarid zones semi‐arid vegetation Species diversity steppe Steppes SYNTHESIS temperate zones Terrestrial ecosystems vegetation mosaic Wildlife conservation wooded‐steppe woodland Woodlands
Title	The edge of two worlds: A new review and synthesis on Eurasian forest-steppes
URI	https://www.jstor.org/stable/26634164 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Favsc.12382 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2092778496 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2153631396
Volume	21
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