Titanium: a review on exposure, release, penetration, allergy, epidemiology, and clinical reactivity

Summary Exposure to titanium (Ti) from implants and from personal care products as nanoparticles (NPs) is common. This article reviews exposure sources, ion release, skin penetration, allergenic effects, and diagnostic possibilities. We conclude that human exposure to Ti mainly derives from dental a...

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Vydané v:	Contact dermatitis Ročník 74; číslo 6; s. 323 - 345
Hlavní autori:	Fage, Simon W., Muris, Joris, Jakobsen, Stig S., Thyssen, Jacob P.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.06.2016 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Predmet:	Alloys Bone Plates Bone Screws contact allergy corrosion Cosmetics Cosmetics industry Dental Implants dermatitis Dermatitis, Allergic Contact - epidemiology Dermatitis, Allergic Contact - etiology Food Humans hypersensitivity Jewelry lymphocyte transformation test Mucous Membrane - metabolism Pacemaker, Artificial patch test Patch Tests penetration Personal care industry Prostheses and Implants release Skin - metabolism Stents titanium Titanium - adverse effects Titanium - metabolism toxicity contact allergy toxicity corrosion dermatitis hypersensitivity penetration release titanium patch test lymphocyte transformation test
ISSN:	0105-1873, 1600-0536
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Shrnutí:	Summary Exposure to titanium (Ti) from implants and from personal care products as nanoparticles (NPs) is common. This article reviews exposure sources, ion release, skin penetration, allergenic effects, and diagnostic possibilities. We conclude that human exposure to Ti mainly derives from dental and medical implants, personal care products, and foods. Despite being considered to be highly biocompatible relative to other metals, Ti is released in the presence of biological fluids and tissue, especially under certain circumstances, which seem to be more likely with regard to dental implants. Although most of the studies reviewed have important limitations, Ti seems not to penetrate a competent skin barrier, either as pure Ti, alloy, or as Ti oxide NPs. However, there are some indications of Ti penetration through the oral mucosa. We conclude that patch testing with the available Ti preparations for detection of type IV hypersensitivity is currently inadequate for Ti. Although several other methods for contact allergy detection have been suggested, including lymphocyte stimulation tests, none has yet been generally accepted, and the diagnosis of Ti allergy is therefore still based primarily on clinical evaluation. Reports on clinical allergy and adverse events have rarely been published. Whether this is because of unawareness of possible adverse reactions to this specific metal, difficulties in detection methods, or the metal actually being relatively safe to use, is still unresolved.
Bibliografia:	ArticleID:COD12565 ark:/67375/WNG-T9LQJPB3-R istex:540AC9AFEEFE5293080AF73E0B657D8F0CF24624 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	0105-1873 1600-0536
DOI:	10.1111/cod.12565