Why elephant have trunks and giraffe long tongues: how plants shape large herbivore mouth morphology
We investigated whether mass and morphological spatial patterns in plants possibly induced the development of enlarged soft mouth parts in especially megaherbivores. We used power functions and geometric principles to explore allometric relationships of both morphological and foraging characteristic...
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| Vydáno v: | Acta zoologica (Stockholm) Ročník 97; číslo 2; s. 246 - 254 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Oxford
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.04.2016
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| ISSN: | 0001-7272, 1463-6395 |
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| Abstract | We investigated whether mass and morphological spatial patterns in plants possibly induced the development of enlarged soft mouth parts in especially megaherbivores. We used power functions and geometric principles to explore allometric relationships of both morphological and foraging characteristics of mammalian herbivores in the South African savannah, covering a body size range of more than three orders magnitude. Our results show that, although intradental mouth volume scaled to a power slightly less than one to body mass, actual bite volume, as measured in the field, scaled to body mass with a factor closer to 1.75. However, when including the volume added to intradental mouth volume by soft mouth parts, such as tongue and lips (or trunks in elephant), mouth volume scaled linearly with actual bite volume and in a similar fashion as actual bite volume to body size. Bite mass and bite leaf mass scaled linearly with body size. We conclude that these scaling relationships indicate that large herbivores use their enlarged soft mouth parts to not only increase bite volume and thereby bite mass, but also select soft plant parts and thereby increase the leaf mass fraction per bite. |
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| AbstractList | We investigated whether mass and morphological spatial patterns in plants possibly induced the development of enlarged soft mouth parts in especially megaherbivores. We used power functions and geometric principles to explore allometric relationships of both morphological and foraging characteristics of mammalian herbivores in the South African savannah, covering a body size range of more than three orders magnitude. Our results show that, although intradental mouth volume scaled to a power slightly less than one to body mass, actual bite volume, as measured in the field, scaled to body mass with a factor closer to 1.75. However, when including the volume added to intradental mouth volume by soft mouth parts, such as tongue and lips (or trunks in elephant), mouth volume scaled linearly with actual bite volume and in a similar fashion as actual bite volume to body size. Bite mass and bite leaf mass scaled linearly with body size. We conclude that these scaling relationships indicate that large herbivores use their enlarged soft mouth parts to not only increase bite volume and thereby bite mass, but also select soft plant parts and thereby increase the leaf mass fraction per bite. |
| Author | van Wijngaarden, Machiel Kohi, Edward M. Kortekaas, Kim Grant, Rina C. Mwakiwa, Emmanuel de Boer, Willem F. Pretorius, Yolanda Slotow, Rob Prins, Herbert H. T. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yolanda surname: Pretorius fullname: Pretorius, Yolanda email: yolanda4wildlife@gmail.com organization: Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: Willem F. surname: de Boer fullname: de Boer, Willem F. organization: Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: Kim surname: Kortekaas fullname: Kortekaas, Kim organization: Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: Machiel surname: van Wijngaarden fullname: van Wijngaarden, Machiel organization: Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands – sequence: 5 givenname: Rina C. surname: Grant fullname: Grant, Rina C. organization: Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, 1350, Skukuza, South Africa – sequence: 6 givenname: Edward M. surname: Kohi fullname: Kohi, Edward M. organization: Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands – sequence: 7 givenname: Emmanuel surname: Mwakiwa fullname: Mwakiwa, Emmanuel organization: Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands – sequence: 8 givenname: Rob surname: Slotow fullname: Slotow, Rob organization: Biological and Conservation Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, 4000, Durban, South Africa – sequence: 9 givenname: Herbert H. T. surname: Prins fullname: Prins, Herbert H. T. organization: Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands |
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| Title | Why elephant have trunks and giraffe long tongues: how plants shape large herbivore mouth morphology |
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