Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. III. Cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses in cultured murine macrophage cells
Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain insight into the potential toxicity to workers associated with inhalation of FSD during hydraulic fracturing. While the role of respirable crys...
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| Published in: | Toxicology and applied pharmacology Vol. 408; p. 115281 |
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| Language: | English |
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01.12.2020
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| Abstract | Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain insight into the potential toxicity to workers associated with inhalation of FSD during hydraulic fracturing. While the role of respirable crystalline silica in the development of silicosis is well documented, nothing is known about the toxicity of inhaled FSD. The FSD (FSD 8) used in these studies was from an unconventional gas well drilling site. FSD 8was prepared as a 10 mg/ml stock solution in sterile PBS, vortexed for 15 s, and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min before applying the suspension to RAW 264.7cells. Compared to PBS controls, cellular viability was significantly decreased after a 24 h exposure to FSD. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the production of IL-6, TNFα, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were up-regulated as a result of the exposure, whereas the hydroxyl radical (.OH) was only detected in an acellular system. Immunofluorescent staining of cells against TNFα revealed that FSD 8 caused cellular blebbing, and engulfment of FSD 8 by macrophages was observed with enhanced dark-field microscopy. The observed changes in cellular viability, cellular morphology, free radical generation and cytokine production all confirm that FSD 8 is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells and warrants future studies into the specific pathways and mechanisms by which these toxicities occur.
•FSD is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells, causing inflammation and cell death.•Enhanced dark-field microscopy revealed engulfment of FSD by macrophages.•Immunofluorescent staining against TNFα showed cellular blebbing caused by FSD. |
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| AbstractList | Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain insight into the potential toxicity to workers associated with inhalation of FSD during hydraulic fracturing. While the role of respirable crystalline silica in the development of silicosis is well documented, nothing is known about the toxicity of inhaled FSD. The FSD (FSD 8) used in these studies was from an unconventional gas well drilling site. FSD 8was prepared as a 10 mg/ml stock solution in sterile PBS, vortexed for 15 s, and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min before applying the suspension to RAW 264.7cells. Compared to PBS controls, cellular viability was significantly decreased after a 24 h exposure to FSD. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the production of IL-6, TNFα, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were up-regulated as a result of the exposure, whereas the hydroxyl radical (˙OH) was only detected in an acellular system. Immunofluorescent staining of cells against TNFα revealed that FSD 8 caused cellular blebbing, and engulfment of FSD 8 by macrophages was observed with enhanced dark-field microscopy. The observed changes in cellular viability, cellular morphology, free radical generation and cytokine production all confirm that FSD 8 is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells and warrants future studies into the specific pathways and mechanisms by which these toxicities occur. Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain insight into the potential toxicity to workers associated with inhalation of FSD during hydraulic fracturing. While the role of respirable crystalline silica in the development of silicosis is well documented, nothing is known about the toxicity of inhaled FSD. The FSD (FSD 8) used in these studies was from an unconventional gas well drilling site. FSD 8was prepared as a 10 mg/ml stock solution in sterile PBS, vortexed for 15 s, and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min before applying the suspension to RAW 264.7cells. Compared to PBS controls, cellular viability was significantly decreased after a 24 h exposure to FSD. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the production of IL-6, TNFα, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were up-regulated as a result of the exposure, whereas the hydroxyl radical (.OH) was only detected in an acellular system. Immunofluorescent staining of cells against TNFα revealed that FSD 8 caused cellular blebbing, and engulfment of FSD 8 by macrophages was observed with enhanced dark-field microscopy. The observed changes in cellular viability, cellular morphology, free radical generation and cytokine production all confirm that FSD 8 is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells and warrants future studies into the specific pathways and mechanisms by which these toxicities occur.Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain insight into the potential toxicity to workers associated with inhalation of FSD during hydraulic fracturing. While the role of respirable crystalline silica in the development of silicosis is well documented, nothing is known about the toxicity of inhaled FSD. The FSD (FSD 8) used in these studies was from an unconventional gas well drilling site. FSD 8was prepared as a 10 mg/ml stock solution in sterile PBS, vortexed for 15 s, and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min before applying the suspension to RAW 264.7cells. Compared to PBS controls, cellular viability was significantly decreased after a 24 h exposure to FSD. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the production of IL-6, TNFα, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were up-regulated as a result of the exposure, whereas the hydroxyl radical (.OH) was only detected in an acellular system. Immunofluorescent staining of cells against TNFα revealed that FSD 8 caused cellular blebbing, and engulfment of FSD 8 by macrophages was observed with enhanced dark-field microscopy. The observed changes in cellular viability, cellular morphology, free radical generation and cytokine production all confirm that FSD 8 is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells and warrants future studies into the specific pathways and mechanisms by which these toxicities occur. Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain insight into the potential toxicity to workers associated with inhalation of FSD during hydraulic fracturing. While the role of respirable crystalline silica in the development of silicosis is well documented, nothing is known about the toxicity of inhaled FSD. The FSD (FSD 8) used in these studies was from an unconventional gas well drilling site. FSD 8was prepared as a 10 mg/ml stock solution in sterile PBS, vortexed for 15 s, and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min before applying the suspension to RAW 264.7cells. Compared to PBS controls, cellular viability was significantly decreased after a 24 h exposure to FSD. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the production of IL-6, TNFα, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were up-regulated as a result of the exposure, whereas the hydroxyl radical (.OH) was only detected in an acellular system. Immunofluorescent staining of cells against TNFα revealed that FSD 8 caused cellular blebbing, and engulfment of FSD 8 by macrophages was observed with enhanced dark-field microscopy. The observed changes in cellular viability, cellular morphology, free radical generation and cytokine production all confirm that FSD 8 is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells and warrants future studies into the specific pathways and mechanisms by which these toxicities occur. •FSD is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells, causing inflammation and cell death.•Enhanced dark-field microscopy revealed engulfment of FSD by macrophages.•Immunofluorescent staining against TNFα showed cellular blebbing caused by FSD. Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain insight into the potential toxicity to workers associated with inhalation of FSD during hydraulic fracturing. While the role of respirable crystalline silica in the development of silicosis is well documented, nothing is known about the toxicity of inhaled FSD. The FSD (FSD 8) used in these studies was from an unconventional gas well drilling site. FSD 8was prepared as a 10 mg/ml stock solution in sterile PBS, vortexed for 15 s, and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min before applying the suspension to RAW 264.7cells. Compared to PBS controls, cellular viability was significantly decreased after a 24 h exposure to FSD. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the production of IL-6, TNFα, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were up-regulated as a result of the exposure, whereas the hydroxyl radical ( OH) was only detected in an acellular system. Immunofluorescent staining of cells against TNFα revealed that FSD 8 caused cellular blebbing, and engulfment of FSD 8 by macrophages was observed with enhanced dark-field microscopy. The observed changes in cellular viability, cellular morphology, free radical generation and cytokine production all confirm that FSD 8 is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells and warrants future studies into the specific pathways and mechanisms by which these toxicities occur. |
| ArticleNumber | 115281 |
| Author | Fedan, Jeffrey S. Knepp, Alycia K. Morris, Anna M. Bowers, Lauren N. Duling, Matthew G. Olgun, Nicole S. Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. Leonard, Stephen S. Mercer, Robert R. Kashon, Michael L. |
| AuthorAffiliation | a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America b Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: b Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – name: a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Nicole S. surname: Olgun fullname: Olgun, Nicole S. email: nolgun@cdc.gov organization: Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Anna M. surname: Morris fullname: Morris, Anna M. organization: Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 3 givenname: Aleksandr B. surname: Stefaniak fullname: Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. organization: Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 4 givenname: Lauren N. surname: Bowers fullname: Bowers, Lauren N. organization: Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 5 givenname: Alycia K. surname: Knepp fullname: Knepp, Alycia K. organization: Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 6 givenname: Matthew G. surname: Duling fullname: Duling, Matthew G. organization: Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 7 givenname: Robert R. surname: Mercer fullname: Mercer, Robert R. organization: Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 8 givenname: Michael L. surname: Kashon fullname: Kashon, Michael L. organization: Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 9 givenname: Jeffrey S. surname: Fedan fullname: Fedan, Jeffrey S. organization: Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America – sequence: 10 givenname: Stephen S. surname: Leonard fullname: Leonard, Stephen S. organization: Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America |
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| Keywords | Cytotoxicity Inflammation Occupational exposure Macrophages Fracking sand dust |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Nicole S. Olgun: Methodology, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Visualization. Anna M. Morris: Investigation. Aleksandr B. Stefaniak: Investigation, Validation, Formal analysis, Methodology. Lauren N. Bowers: Investigation, Validation, Formal analysis. Alycia K. Knepp: Investigation, Validation, Formal analysis. Matthew G. Duling: Investigation, Validation, Formal analysis, Methodology. Robert R. Mercer: Investigation, Validation, Formal analysis, Methodology. Michael L. Kashon: Formal analysis. Jeffrey S. Fedan: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Methodology. Stephen S. Leonard: Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Methodology, Conceptualization. CRediT authorship contribution statement |
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| Snippet | Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Cell Survival Comet Assay Cytotoxicity Dust Fracking sand dust Hydraulic Fracking Inflammation Interleukin-6 Macrophages Mice Occupational exposure RAW 264.7 Cells Reactive Oxygen Species Sand Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha |
| Title | Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. III. Cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses in cultured murine macrophage cells |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2020.115281 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33065155 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2451846217 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7952011 |
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