Characterization, sources and risk assessment of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in Harbin, a cold city in Northern China

Inhalation of atmospheric particulates is an significant way for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and substituted PAHs (SPAHs) to enter the human lungs. Some SPAHs are more virulent than parent PAHs. Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were obtained at Harbin Institute of Tech...

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Published in:	Journal of cleaner production Vol. 264; p. 121673
Main Authors:	Ma, Lixin, Li, Bo, Liu, Yuping, Sun, Xiazhong, Fu, Donglei, Sun, Shaojing, Thapa, Samit, Geng, Jialu, Qi, Hong, Zhang, Anping, Tian, Chongguo
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 10.08.2020
Subjects:	air quality autumn biomass burning breathing China coal cold cold zones combustion emissions heat humans lungs meteorological parameters neoplasms Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) particulates PM2.5 pollutants pollution polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) risk Risk assessment Source apportionment straw virulence winter China Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Source apportionment Risk assessment PM2.5
ISSN:	0959-6526, 1879-1786
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Abstract	Inhalation of atmospheric particulates is an significant way for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and substituted PAHs (SPAHs) to enter the human lungs. Some SPAHs are more virulent than parent PAHs. Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were obtained at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) in Harbin, China. This study provided the first description, source apportionment, and health risk for PM2.5-bound 16 PAHs and 16 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in cold regions of China. On average, the PM2.5, PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs concentrations were 80.8 μg/m3, 86.9 ng/m³ and 5.48 ng/m³. Significant increases in PM2.5 (274 μg/m³) and PM2.5-bound NPAHs (24.7 ng/m³) concentrations were measured during the straw burning in autumn, while the concentration of PM2.5-bound PAHs (215 ng/m³) increased obviously in winter. Source apportionment showed that the main source of PAHs was combustion, while besides direct emissions, about 20% of NPAHs came from the secondary formation. Controlling coal combustion and biomass burning might be an effective measure to improve air quality during the heating period in Harbin. The influence of meteorological conditions on PAHs and NPAHs concentration indicated that pollutants were more susceptible to meteorological conditions during the heating period than during the non-heating period, especially for PAHs. The health risk analysis indicated that the highest health risk caused by exposure to the PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs was in winter, and this was inconsistent with the trend of PM2.5 pollution. Cancer risk assessments demonstrated the potential cancer risk at this PAHs and NPAHs concentration level. [Display omitted] •The characteristics of PM2.5-bound PAHs and nitro-PAHs were studied in cold regions of China.•The concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs were susceptible to meteorological conditions during heating season.•Controlling coal combustion and biomass combustion is important to improve air quality during heating period.•There is a potential cancer risk due to exposure to these levels of PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
AbstractList	Inhalation of atmospheric particulates is an significant way for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and substituted PAHs (SPAHs) to enter the human lungs. Some SPAHs are more virulent than parent PAHs. Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) samples were obtained at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) in Harbin, China. This study provided the first description, source apportionment, and health risk for PM₂.₅-bound 16 PAHs and 16 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in cold regions of China. On average, the PM₂.₅, PM₂.₅-bound PAHs and NPAHs concentrations were 80.8 μg/m³, 86.9 ng/m³ and 5.48 ng/m³. Significant increases in PM₂.₅ (274 μg/m³) and PM₂.₅-bound NPAHs (24.7 ng/m³) concentrations were measured during the straw burning in autumn, while the concentration of PM₂.₅-bound PAHs (215 ng/m³) increased obviously in winter. Source apportionment showed that the main source of PAHs was combustion, while besides direct emissions, about 20% of NPAHs came from the secondary formation. Controlling coal combustion and biomass burning might be an effective measure to improve air quality during the heating period in Harbin. The influence of meteorological conditions on PAHs and NPAHs concentration indicated that pollutants were more susceptible to meteorological conditions during the heating period than during the non-heating period, especially for PAHs. The health risk analysis indicated that the highest health risk caused by exposure to the PM₂.₅-bound PAHs and NPAHs was in winter, and this was inconsistent with the trend of PM₂.₅ pollution. Cancer risk assessments demonstrated the potential cancer risk at this PAHs and NPAHs concentration level. Inhalation of atmospheric particulates is an significant way for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and substituted PAHs (SPAHs) to enter the human lungs. Some SPAHs are more virulent than parent PAHs. Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were obtained at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) in Harbin, China. This study provided the first description, source apportionment, and health risk for PM2.5-bound 16 PAHs and 16 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in cold regions of China. On average, the PM2.5, PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs concentrations were 80.8 μg/m3, 86.9 ng/m³ and 5.48 ng/m³. Significant increases in PM2.5 (274 μg/m³) and PM2.5-bound NPAHs (24.7 ng/m³) concentrations were measured during the straw burning in autumn, while the concentration of PM2.5-bound PAHs (215 ng/m³) increased obviously in winter. Source apportionment showed that the main source of PAHs was combustion, while besides direct emissions, about 20% of NPAHs came from the secondary formation. Controlling coal combustion and biomass burning might be an effective measure to improve air quality during the heating period in Harbin. The influence of meteorological conditions on PAHs and NPAHs concentration indicated that pollutants were more susceptible to meteorological conditions during the heating period than during the non-heating period, especially for PAHs. The health risk analysis indicated that the highest health risk caused by exposure to the PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs was in winter, and this was inconsistent with the trend of PM2.5 pollution. Cancer risk assessments demonstrated the potential cancer risk at this PAHs and NPAHs concentration level. [Display omitted] •The characteristics of PM2.5-bound PAHs and nitro-PAHs were studied in cold regions of China.•The concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs were susceptible to meteorological conditions during heating season.•Controlling coal combustion and biomass combustion is important to improve air quality during heating period.•There is a potential cancer risk due to exposure to these levels of PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
ArticleNumber	121673
Author	Liu, Yuping Sun, Shaojing Tian, Chongguo Li, Bo Qi, Hong Geng, Jialu Sun, Xiazhong Fu, Donglei Zhang, Anping Ma, Lixin Thapa, Samit
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Lixin surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Lixin organization: School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China – sequence: 2 givenname: Bo surname: Li fullname: Li, Bo organization: School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China – sequence: 3 givenname: Yuping surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Yuping organization: Heilongjiang Provincial Environmental Science Research Institute, Harbin 150090, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Xiazhong surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Xiazhong organization: School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China – sequence: 5 givenname: Donglei surname: Fu fullname: Fu, Donglei organization: School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China – sequence: 6 givenname: Shaojing surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Shaojing organization: School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China – sequence: 7 givenname: Samit surname: Thapa fullname: Thapa, Samit organization: School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China – sequence: 8 givenname: Jialu surname: Geng fullname: Geng, Jialu organization: School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China – sequence: 9 givenname: Hong surname: Qi fullname: Qi, Hong email: hongqi@hit.edu.cn organization: School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China – sequence: 10 givenname: Anping surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Anping organization: College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China – sequence: 11 givenname: Chongguo surname: Tian fullname: Tian, Chongguo email: cgtian@yic.ac.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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Keywords	Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Source apportionment Risk assessment PM2.5
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Snippet	Inhalation of atmospheric particulates is an significant way for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and substituted PAHs (SPAHs) to enter the human lungs....
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SubjectTerms	air quality autumn biomass burning breathing China coal cold cold zones combustion emissions heat humans lungs meteorological parameters neoplasms Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) particulates PM2.5 pollutants pollution polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) risk Risk assessment Source apportionment straw virulence winter
Title	Characterization, sources and risk assessment of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in Harbin, a cold city in Northern China
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