The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Hydration of the Stratosphere
Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption....
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| Published in: | Geophysical research letters Vol. 49; no. 13; pp. e2022GL099381 - n/a |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
United States
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
16.07.2022
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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| ISSN: | 0094-8276, 1944-8007 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H2O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17‐year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H2O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O.
Plain Language Summary
The violent Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption on 15 January 2022 not only injected ash into the stratosphere but also large amounts of water vapor, breaking all records for direct injection of water vapor, by a volcano or otherwise, in the satellite era. This is not surprising since the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai caldera was formerly situated 150 m below sea level. The massive blast injected water vapor up to altitudes as high as 53 km. Using measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder on NASA's Aura satellite, we estimate that the excess water vapor is equivalent to around 10% of the amount of water vapor typically residing in the stratosphere. Unlike previous strong eruptions, this event may not cool the surface, but rather it could potentially warm the surface due to the excess water vapor.
Key Points
Following the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measured enhancements of stratospheric H2O, SO2, and HCl
The mass of SO2 and HCl injected is comparable to that from prior eruptions, whereas the magnitude of the H2O injection is unprecedented
Excess stratospheric H2O will persist for years, could affect stratospheric chemistry and dynamics, and may lead to surface warming |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H2O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17‐year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H2O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O. Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H2O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17‐year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H2O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O. Following the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measured enhancements of stratospheric H2O, SO2, and HClThe mass of SO2 and HCl injected is comparable to that from prior eruptions, whereas the magnitude of the H2O injection is unprecedentedExcess stratospheric H2O will persist for years, could affect stratospheric chemistry and dynamics, and may lead to surface warming Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H2O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17‐year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H2O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O. Plain Language Summary The violent Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption on 15 January 2022 not only injected ash into the stratosphere but also large amounts of water vapor, breaking all records for direct injection of water vapor, by a volcano or otherwise, in the satellite era. This is not surprising since the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai caldera was formerly situated 150 m below sea level. The massive blast injected water vapor up to altitudes as high as 53 km. Using measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder on NASA's Aura satellite, we estimate that the excess water vapor is equivalent to around 10% of the amount of water vapor typically residing in the stratosphere. Unlike previous strong eruptions, this event may not cool the surface, but rather it could potentially warm the surface due to the excess water vapor. Key Points Following the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measured enhancements of stratospheric H2O, SO2, and HCl The mass of SO2 and HCl injected is comparable to that from prior eruptions, whereas the magnitude of the H2O injection is unprecedented Excess stratospheric H2O will persist for years, could affect stratospheric chemistry and dynamics, and may lead to surface warming Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H O, SO , and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17-year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H O. Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H 2 O, SO 2 , and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO 2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H 2 O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17‐year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H 2 O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H 2 O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H 2 O. The violent Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption on 15 January 2022 not only injected ash into the stratosphere but also large amounts of water vapor, breaking all records for direct injection of water vapor, by a volcano or otherwise, in the satellite era. This is not surprising since the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai caldera was formerly situated 150 m below sea level. The massive blast injected water vapor up to altitudes as high as 53 km. Using measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder on NASA's Aura satellite, we estimate that the excess water vapor is equivalent to around 10% of the amount of water vapor typically residing in the stratosphere. Unlike previous strong eruptions, this event may not cool the surface, but rather it could potentially warm the surface due to the excess water vapor. Following the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measured enhancements of stratospheric H 2 O, SO 2 , and HCl The mass of SO 2 and HCl injected is comparable to that from prior eruptions, whereas the magnitude of the H 2 O injection is unprecedented Excess stratospheric H 2 O will persist for years, could affect stratospheric chemistry and dynamics, and may lead to surface warming Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H2O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17-year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H2O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O.Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H2O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17-year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H2O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O. |
| Author | Millán, L. Read, W. G. Werner, F. Wu, L. Santee, M. L. Froidevaux, L. Lambert, A. Manney, G. L. Wang, Y. Su, H. Schwartz, M. J. Livesey, N. J. Pumphrey, H. C. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 NorthWest Research Associates Socorro NM USA 2 School of GeoSciences The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA 4 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro NM USA 5 Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 School of GeoSciences The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK – name: 3 NorthWest Research Associates Socorro NM USA – name: 4 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro NM USA – name: 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA – name: 5 Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: L. orcidid: 0000-0002-9509-9095 surname: Millán fullname: Millán, L. email: luis.f.millan@jpl.nasa.gov organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: M. L. orcidid: 0000-0002-9466-7257 surname: Santee fullname: Santee, M. L. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 3 givenname: A. surname: Lambert fullname: Lambert, A. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 4 givenname: N. J. orcidid: 0000-0001-8753-9153 surname: Livesey fullname: Livesey, N. J. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 5 givenname: F. orcidid: 0000-0002-7141-0934 surname: Werner fullname: Werner, F. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 6 givenname: M. J. orcidid: 0000-0001-6169-5094 surname: Schwartz fullname: Schwartz, M. J. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 7 givenname: H. C. orcidid: 0000-0003-0747-1457 surname: Pumphrey fullname: Pumphrey, H. C. organization: The University of Edinburgh – sequence: 8 givenname: G. L. orcidid: 0000-0003-4489-4811 surname: Manney fullname: Manney, G. L. organization: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology – sequence: 9 givenname: Y. orcidid: 0000-0001-6657-8401 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Y. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 10 givenname: H. orcidid: 0000-0003-1265-9702 surname: Su fullname: Su, H. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 11 givenname: L. orcidid: 0000-0001-8447-8180 surname: Wu fullname: Wu, L. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 12 givenname: W. G. surname: Read fullname: Read, W. G. organization: California Institute of Technology – sequence: 13 givenname: L. surname: Froidevaux fullname: Froidevaux, L. organization: California Institute of Technology |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35865735$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous... Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous... |
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| SubjectTerms | Abrupt/Rapid Climate Change Air/Sea Constituent Fluxes Air/Sea Interactions Altitude Atmospheric Atmospheric Composition and Structure Atmospheric Effects Atmospheric Processes Atmospheric Science Avalanches Benefit‐cost Analysis Biogeosciences Calderas Climate and Interannual Variability Climate Change and Variability Climate Dynamics Climate Impact Climate Impacts Climate Variability Climatology Computational Geophysics Cryosphere Decadal Ocean Variability Disaster Risk Analysis and Assessment Earth System Modeling Earthquake Ground Motions and Engineering Seismology Effusive Volcanism Eruptions Excess water Explosive Volcanism Gases General Circulation Geodesy and Gravity Geological Global Change Global Change from Geodesy Gravity and Isostasy Hydrological Cycles and Budgets Hydrology Impacts of Global Change Informatics Injection Land/Atmosphere Interactions Lower mantle Marine Geology and Geophysics Mass Balance Mesosphere Middle Atmosphere Dynamics Middle Atmosphere: Composition and Chemistry Middle Atmosphere: Constituent Transport and Chemistry Middle Atmosphere: Energy Deposition Modeling Moisture content Mud Volcanism Natural Hazards Numerical Modeling Numerical Solutions Ocean influence of Earth rotation Ocean Monitoring with Geodetic Techniques Ocean/Atmosphere Interactions Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions Oceanic Oceanography: General Oceanography: Physical Oceans Paleoceanography Physical Modeling Policy Sciences Radiance Radiation: Transmission and Scattering Radiative forcing Radio Oceanography Radio Science Regional Climate Change Regional Modeling Research Letter Risk Satellites Sea level Sea Level Change Sea Level: Variations and Mean Seismology Solid Earth Stratosphere Sulfate aerosols Sulfates Sulfur dioxide Surface cooling Surface temperature Surface Waves and Tides Theoretical Modeling Trace gases Tsunamis and Storm Surges Volcanic Effects Volcanic eruptions Volcanic Hazards and Risks Volcano Monitoring Volcano Seismology Volcano/Climate Interactions Volcanoes Volcanology Water content Water Cycles Water vapor Water vapour |
| Title | The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Hydration of the Stratosphere |
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