Modelling the trade-off between fire and grazing in a tropical savanna landscape, northern Australia
As savannas are widespread across northern Australia and provide northern rangelands, the sustainable use of this landscape is crucial. Both fire and grazing are known to influence the tree–grass character of tropical savannas. Frequent fires open up the tree layer and change the ground layer from p...
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| Vydáno v: | Environment international Ročník 27; číslo 2; s. 173 - 180 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article Konferenční příspěvek |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Amsterdam
Elsevier Ltd
01.09.2001
Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 0160-4120, 1873-6750 |
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| Abstract | As savannas are widespread across northern Australia and provide northern rangelands, the sustainable use of this landscape is crucial. Both fire and grazing are known to influence the tree–grass character of tropical savannas. Frequent fires open up the tree layer and change the ground layer from perennials to that dominated by annuals. Annual species in turn produce copious quantities of highly flammable fuel that perpetuates frequent, hot fires. Grazing reduces fuel loads because livestock consumes fuel–forage. This trade-off between fire and grazing was modelled using a spatially explicit, process-orientated model (SAVANNA) and field data from fire experiments performed in the Victoria River District of northern Australia. Results of simulating fire (over 40 years) with minimal or no grazing pressure revealed a reduction in the shrub and woody plants, a reduction in grasses, and no influence on the tree structure given mild fires. While mature trees were resistant to fire, immature trees, which are more likely associated with the shrub layer, were removed by fire. The overall tree density may be reduced with continual burning over longer time periods because of increasing susceptibility of old trees to fire and the lack of recruitment. Increases in stocking rates created additional forage demands until the majority of the fuel load was consumed, thus effectively suppressing fire and reverting to the grazing and suppressed fire scenario where trees and shrubs established. |
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| AbstractList | As savannas are widespread across northern Australia and provide northern rangelands, the sustainable use of this landscape is crucial. Both fire and grazing are known to influence the tree-grass character of tropical savannas. Frequent fires open up the tree layer and change the ground layer from perennials to that dominated by annuals. Annual species in turn produce copious quantities of highly flammable fuel that perpetuates frequent, hot fires. Grazing reduces fuel loads because livestock consumes fuel-forage. This trade-off between fire and grazing was modelled using a spatially explicit, process-orientated model (SAVANNA) and field data from fire experiments performed in the Victoria River District of northern Australia. Results of simulating fire (over 40 years) with minimal or no grazing pressure revealed a reduction in the shrub and woody plants, a reduction in grasses, and no influence on the tree structure given mild fires. While mature trees were resistant to fire, immature trees, which are more likely associated with the shrub layer, were removed by fire. The overall tree density may be reduced with continual burning over longer time periods because of increasing susceptibility of old trees to fire and the lack of recruitment. Increases in stocking rates created additional forage demands until the majority of the fuel load was consumed, thus effectively suppressing fire and reverting to the grazing and suppressed fire scenario where trees and shrubs established. The results of comprehensive fire studies in the Victoria River District and Kakadu National Park in northern Australia were combined with a simulation model to assess the effects of fire and grazing on savanna ecosystems. The simulation model, SAVANNA, was used, which was developed to simulate the structure and function of savannas and other grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands. The model was parameterized for Kidman Springs, Northern Territory, and used to simulate a range of fire regimes and grazing pressures. Results indicated that mild fire did not affect simulated tree cover, while intensive fire reduced tree cover, but the fire regimes produced a decline in the biomass of both perennial and annual grasses. Simulated increases in the level of livestock stocking reduced the perennial grass biomass in both the savanna woodland and the savanna grassland. However, moderate grazing on the savanna woodland produced greater annual biomass than either heavy grazing or no grazing. As savannas are widespread across northern Australia and provide northern rangelands, the sustainable use of this landscape is crucial. Both fire and grazing are known to influence the tree-grass character of tropical savannas. Frequent fires open up the tree layer and change the ground layer from perennials to that dominated by annuals. Annual species in turn produce copious quantities of highly flammable fuel that perpetuates frequent, hot fires. Grazing reduces fuel loads because livestock consumes fuel-forage. This trade-off between fire and grazing was modelled using a spatially explicit, process-orientated model (SAVANNA) and field data from fire experiments performed in the Victoria River District of northern Australia. Results of simulating fire (over 40 years) with minimal or no grazing pressure revealed a reduction in the shrub and woody plants, a reduction in grasses, and no influence on the tree structure given mild fires. While mature trees were resistant to fire, immature trees, which are more likely associated with the shrub layer, were removed by fire. The overall tree density may be reduced with continual burning over longer time periods because of increasing susceptibility of old trees to fire and the lack of recruitment. Increases in stocking rates created additional forage demands until the majority of the fuel load was consumed, thus effectively suppressing fire and reverting to the grazing and suppressed fire scenario where trees and shrubs established.As savannas are widespread across northern Australia and provide northern rangelands, the sustainable use of this landscape is crucial. Both fire and grazing are known to influence the tree-grass character of tropical savannas. Frequent fires open up the tree layer and change the ground layer from perennials to that dominated by annuals. Annual species in turn produce copious quantities of highly flammable fuel that perpetuates frequent, hot fires. Grazing reduces fuel loads because livestock consumes fuel-forage. This trade-off between fire and grazing was modelled using a spatially explicit, process-orientated model (SAVANNA) and field data from fire experiments performed in the Victoria River District of northern Australia. Results of simulating fire (over 40 years) with minimal or no grazing pressure revealed a reduction in the shrub and woody plants, a reduction in grasses, and no influence on the tree structure given mild fires. While mature trees were resistant to fire, immature trees, which are more likely associated with the shrub layer, were removed by fire. The overall tree density may be reduced with continual burning over longer time periods because of increasing susceptibility of old trees to fire and the lack of recruitment. Increases in stocking rates created additional forage demands until the majority of the fuel load was consumed, thus effectively suppressing fire and reverting to the grazing and suppressed fire scenario where trees and shrubs established. |
| Author | Liedloff, Adam C. Coughenour, Michael B. Ludwig, John A. Dyer, Rodd |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Adam C. surname: Liedloff fullname: Liedloff, Adam C. organization: Tropical Savannas CRC, c/- CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, PMB 44, Winnellie, Darwin 0822, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Michael B. surname: Coughenour fullname: Coughenour, Michael B. organization: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: John A. surname: Ludwig fullname: Ludwig, John A. organization: Tropical Savannas CRC, c/- CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, PMB 44, Winnellie, Darwin 0822, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Rodd surname: Dyer fullname: Dyer, Rodd organization: Tropical Savannas CRC, c/- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, PO Box 1346, Katherine, NT 0851, Australia |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1046/j.1442-9993.1999.00946.x 10.1071/RJ9850107 10.2307/2404920 10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00002.x |
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| Keywords | Modelling Grazing Fire Tropical savannas Grassland Savannah Tropical zone Perennial plant Fuel element Annual plant Woody plant Sustainable use Animal effect Grassland management Pasture Vegetation fire Simulation model Mathematical model |
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| References | Coughenour (BIB2) 1992; vol. I Foran, Bastin, Hill (BIB5) 1985; 7 Russell-Smith, Ryan, Klessa, Waight, Harwood (BIB8) 1998; 35 Mott, Williams, Andrew, Gillison (BIB6) 1985 Russell-Smith, Ryan, Durieu (BIB7) 1997; 34 Williams, Cook, Gill, Moore (BIB9) 1999; 24 Clewett, Clarkson, Owens, Abrecht (BIB1) 1994 Dyer, Mott (BIB4) 1999; 1 Dyer R, Cobiac M, Cafe L, Stockwell T. Developing sustainable pasture management practices for the semi-arid tropics of the Northern Territory. Final Report, NTA 022. Katherine: NT Primary Industry and Fisheries, 1997. Coughenour (10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB2) 1992; vol. I Mott (10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB6) 1985 Foran (10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB5) 1985; 7 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB3 Russell-Smith (10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB7) 1997; 34 Dyer (10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB4) 1999; 1 Clewett (10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB1) 1994 Williams (10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB9) 1999; 24 Russell-Smith (10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB8) 1998; 35 |
| References_xml | – volume: 24 start-page: 50 year: 1999 end-page: 59 ident: BIB9 article-title: Fire regime, fire intensity and tree survival in a tropical savanna in northern Australia publication-title: Aust J Ecol – volume: 7 start-page: 107 year: 1985 end-page: 113 ident: BIB5 article-title: The pasture dynamics and management of two rangeland communities in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory publication-title: Rangel J – reference: Dyer R, Cobiac M, Cafe L, Stockwell T. Developing sustainable pasture management practices for the semi-arid tropics of the Northern Territory. Final Report, NTA 022. Katherine: NT Primary Industry and Fisheries, 1997. – volume: 34 start-page: 748 year: 1997 end-page: 766 ident: BIB7 article-title: A LANDSAT MSS-derived fire history of Kakadu National Park, monsoonal Australia, 1980–94: seasonal effect, frequency and patchiness publication-title: J Appl Ecol – year: 1994 ident: BIB1 publication-title: Australian Rainman: rainfall information for better management – volume: 35 start-page: 829 year: 1998 end-page: 846 ident: BIB8 article-title: Fire regimes, fire sensitive vegetation, and fire management of the sandstone Arnhem Plateau, monsoonal northern Australia publication-title: J Appl Ecol – volume: vol. I start-page: 787 year: 1992 end-page: 810 ident: BIB2 article-title: Spatial modeling and landscape characterization of an African pastoral ecosystem: a prototype model and its potential use for monitoring drought publication-title: Ecological indicators – start-page: 56 year: 1985 end-page: 82 ident: BIB6 article-title: Australian savanna ecosystems publication-title: Ecology and management of the world's savannas – volume: 1 start-page: 268 year: 1999 end-page: 269 ident: BIB4 article-title: The impact of fire on two grazed savanna communities in northern Australia publication-title: Proc VI Int Rangel Congr – ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB3 – volume: 1 start-page: 268 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB4 article-title: The impact of fire on two grazed savanna communities in northern Australia publication-title: Proc VI Int Rangel Congr – volume: 24 start-page: 50 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB9 article-title: Fire regime, fire intensity and tree survival in a tropical savanna in northern Australia publication-title: Aust J Ecol doi: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.1999.00946.x – year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB1 – volume: 7 start-page: 107 year: 1985 ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB5 article-title: The pasture dynamics and management of two rangeland communities in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory publication-title: Rangel J doi: 10.1071/RJ9850107 – volume: 34 start-page: 748 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB7 article-title: A LANDSAT MSS-derived fire history of Kakadu National Park, monsoonal Australia, 1980–94: seasonal effect, frequency and patchiness publication-title: J Appl Ecol doi: 10.2307/2404920 – start-page: 56 year: 1985 ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB6 article-title: Australian savanna ecosystems – volume: vol. I start-page: 787 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB2 article-title: Spatial modeling and landscape characterization of an African pastoral ecosystem: a prototype model and its potential use for monitoring drought – volume: 35 start-page: 829 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00079-4_BIB8 article-title: Fire regimes, fire sensitive vegetation, and fire management of the sandstone Arnhem Plateau, monsoonal northern Australia publication-title: J Appl Ecol doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00002.x |
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| Snippet | As savannas are widespread across northern Australia and provide northern rangelands, the sustainable use of this landscape is crucial. Both fire and grazing... The results of comprehensive fire studies in the Victoria River District and Kakadu National Park in northern Australia were combined with a simulation model... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions Animal Husbandry Animals Australia Biological and medical sciences Cattle Conservation of Natural Resources Ecosystem Fire Fires Forecasting Forest and land fires Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General agroecology General agroecology. Agricultural and farming systems. Agricultural development. Rural area planning. Landscaping General agronomy. Plant production Generalities. Agricultural and farming systems. Agricultural development Grazing Modelling Models, Theoretical Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection Plants, Edible Poaceae Trees - growth & development Tropical Climate Tropical savannas Weather damages. Fires |
| Title | Modelling the trade-off between fire and grazing in a tropical savanna landscape, northern Australia |
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