Integration of posture and movement: Contributions of Sherrington, Hess, and Bernstein
Neural mechanisms that integrate posture with movement are widespread throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and they are recruited in patterns that are both task- and context-dependent. Scientists from several countries who were born in the 19th century provided essential groundwork for these...
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| Vydané v: | Human movement science Ročník 24; číslo 5-6; s. 621 - 643 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article Konferenčný príspevok.. |
| Jazyk: | English |
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Amsterdam
Elsevier B.V
01.10.2005
Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 0167-9457, 1872-7646 |
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| Abstract | Neural mechanisms that integrate posture with movement are widespread throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and they are recruited in patterns that are both task- and context-dependent. Scientists from several countries who were born in the 19th century provided essential groundwork for these modern-day concepts. Here, the focus is on three of this group with each selected for a somewhat different reason. Charles Sherrington (1857–1952) had innumerable contributions that were certainly needed in the subsequent study of posture and movement: inhibition as an active coordinative mechanism, the functional anatomy of spinal cord-muscle connectivity, and helping set the stage for modern work on the sensorimotor cortex and the corticospinal tract. Sadly, however, by not championing the work of his trainee and collaborator, Thomas Graham Brown (1882–1965), he delayed progress on two key motor control mechanisms: central programming and pattern generation. Walter Hess (1881–1973), a self-taught experimentalist, is now best known for his work on CNS coordination of autonomic (visceral) and emotional behavior. His contributions to posture and movement, however, were also far-reaching: the coordination of eye movements and integration of goal-directed and “framework” (anticipatory set) motor behavior. Nikolai Bernstein (1896–1966), the quintessence of an interdisciplinary, self-taught movement neuroscientist, made far-reaching contributions that were barely recognized by Western workers prior to the 1960s. Today, he is widely praised for showing that the CNS’s hierarchy of control mechanisms for posture and movement is organized hand-in-hand with distributed and parallel processing, with all three subject to evolutionary pressures. He also made important observations, like those of several previous workers, on the goal focus of voluntary movements. The contributions of Sherrington, Hess, and Bernstein are enduring. They prompt thought on the philosophical axioms that appear to have driven their research, and the continual need for emphasis on interdisciplinary, comparative, and transnational approaches to advance movement neuroscience. |
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| AbstractList | Neural mechanisms that integrate posture with movement are widespread throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and they are recruited in patterns that are both task- and context-dependent. Scientists from several countries who were born in the 19th century provided essential groundwork for these modern-day concepts. Here, the focus is on three of this group with each selected for a somewhat different reason. Charles Sherrington (1857-1952) had innumerable contributions that were certainly needed in the subsequent study of posture and movement: inhibition as an active coordinative mechanism, the functional anatomy of spinal cord-muscle connectivity, and helping set the stage for modern work on the sensorimotor cortex and the corticospinal tract. Sadly, however, by not championing the work of his trainee and collaborator, Thomas Graham Brown (1882-1965), he delayed progress on two key motor control mechanisms: central programming and pattern generation. Walter Hess (1881-1973), a self-taught experimentalist, is now best known for his work on CNS coordination of autonomic (visceral) and emotional behavior. His contributions to posture and movement, however, were also far-reaching: the coordination of eye movements and integration of goal-directed and "framework" (anticipatory set) motor behavior. Nikolai Bernstein (1896-1966), the quintessence of an interdisciplinary, self-taught movement neuroscientist, made far-reaching contributions that were barely recognized by Western workers prior to the 1960s. Today, he is widely praised for showing that the CNS's hierarchy of control mechanisms for posture and movement is organized hand-in-hand with distributed and parallel processing, with all three subject to evolutionary pressures. He also made important observations, like those of several previous workers, on the goal focus of voluntary movements. The contributions of Sherrington, Hess, and Bernstein are enduring. They prompt thought on the philosophical axioms that appear to have driven their research, and the continual need for emphasis on interdisciplinary, comparative, and transnational approaches to advance movement neuroscience.Neural mechanisms that integrate posture with movement are widespread throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and they are recruited in patterns that are both task- and context-dependent. Scientists from several countries who were born in the 19th century provided essential groundwork for these modern-day concepts. Here, the focus is on three of this group with each selected for a somewhat different reason. Charles Sherrington (1857-1952) had innumerable contributions that were certainly needed in the subsequent study of posture and movement: inhibition as an active coordinative mechanism, the functional anatomy of spinal cord-muscle connectivity, and helping set the stage for modern work on the sensorimotor cortex and the corticospinal tract. Sadly, however, by not championing the work of his trainee and collaborator, Thomas Graham Brown (1882-1965), he delayed progress on two key motor control mechanisms: central programming and pattern generation. Walter Hess (1881-1973), a self-taught experimentalist, is now best known for his work on CNS coordination of autonomic (visceral) and emotional behavior. His contributions to posture and movement, however, were also far-reaching: the coordination of eye movements and integration of goal-directed and "framework" (anticipatory set) motor behavior. Nikolai Bernstein (1896-1966), the quintessence of an interdisciplinary, self-taught movement neuroscientist, made far-reaching contributions that were barely recognized by Western workers prior to the 1960s. Today, he is widely praised for showing that the CNS's hierarchy of control mechanisms for posture and movement is organized hand-in-hand with distributed and parallel processing, with all three subject to evolutionary pressures. He also made important observations, like those of several previous workers, on the goal focus of voluntary movements. The contributions of Sherrington, Hess, and Bernstein are enduring. They prompt thought on the philosophical axioms that appear to have driven their research, and the continual need for emphasis on interdisciplinary, comparative, and transnational approaches to advance movement neuroscience. Neural mechanisms that integrate posture with movement are widespread throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and they are recruited in patterns that are both task- and context-dependent. Scientists from several countries who were born in the 19th century provided essential groundwork for these modern-day concepts. Here, the focus is on three of this group with each selected for a somewhat different reason. Charles Sherrington (1857-1952) had innumerable contributions that were certainly needed in the subsequent study of posture and movement: inhibition as an active coordinative mechanism, the functional anatomy of spinal cord-muscle connectivity, and helping set the stage for modern work on the sensorimotor cortex and the corticospinal tract. Sadly, however, by not championing the work of his trainee and collaborator, Thomas Graham Brown (1882-1965), he delayed progress on two key motor control mechanisms: central programming and pattern generation. Walter Hess (1881-1973), a self-taught experimentalist, is now best known for his work on CNS coordination of autonomic (visceral) and emotional behavior. His contributions to posture and movement, however, were also far-reaching: the coordination of eye movements and integration of goal-directed and "framework" (anticipatory set) motor behavior. Nikolai Bernstein (1896-1966), the quintessence of an interdisciplinary, self-taught movement neuroscientist, made far-reaching contributions that were barely recognized by Western workers prior to the 1960s. Today, he is widely praised for showing that the CNS's hierarchy of control mechanisms for posture and movement is organized hand-in-hand with distributed and parallel processing, with all three subject to evolutionary pressures. He also made important observations, like those of several previous workers, on the goal focus of voluntary movements. The contributions of Sherrington, Hess, and Bernstein are enduring. They prompt thought on the philosophical axioms that appear to have driven their research, and the continual need for emphasis on interdisciplinary, comparative, and transnational approaches to advance movement neuroscience. |
| Author | Stuart, Douglas G. |
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| References | Orlovsky, Deliagina, Grillner (bib76) 1999 Prus (bib84) 1898; 11 Hess, Bürgi, Bucher (bib46) 1946; 112 Bernstein (bib11) 1992 Gloor (bib29) 1954; 71 Hess (bib42) 1949 Kohnstamm (bib58) 1901; 4 Bernstein (bib7) 1940/1967 Gurfinkel, Shik (bib36) 1973 Rushworth, Walton, Kennerley, Bannerman (bib85) 2004; 8 Hess (bib40) 1942; 30 Stein (bib91) 1999; 123 Hess (bib45) 1965; 207 Lashley (bib60) 1929 Mori, Stuart, Wiesendanger (bib75) 2004; Vol. 143 (bib31) 1986 Wachholder (bib103) 1928; 26 Paillard (bib78) 1986 Stuart (bib94) 1985 Pearson (bib79) 1993; 16 Swazey (bib97) 1969 Whiting (bib104) 1984 Bernstein (bib10) 1967 Paillard (bib77) 1960; Vol. III Bernstein (bib9) 1947 Creed, Denny-Brown, Eccles, Liddell, Sherrington (bib18) 1932 Lashley (bib61) 1933; 13 Delcomyn (bib19) 1980; 210 Fulton (bib26) 1955 Bongaardt (bib13) 2001 Clarac, Humphrey, Freund (bib17) 1991 Loeb (bib69) 1987; 10 Eccles, Gibson (bib20) 1979 Latash (bib62) 1998 Bernstein (bib6) 1929; Vol. 1 Lundberg, Phillips (bib72) 1973; 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| RelatedPersons | Nikolai N Bernstein Charles C Sherrington Walter W Hess Hess Walter Bernstein Nikolai Sherrington Charles |
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| Snippet | Neural mechanisms that integrate posture with movement are widespread throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and they are recruited in patterns that are... |
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| SubjectTerms | Affect - physiology Awareness - physiology Bernstein Nikolai Biological and medical sciences Central Nervous System - physiology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Hess Walter History of movement neuroscience History, 19th Century History, 20th Century Humans Motor Cortex - physiology Movement Neurosciences - history Posture Pyramidal Tracts - physiology Russia Sherrington Charles Somatosensory Cortex - physiology United Kingdom Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports Visceral Afferents - physiology |
| Title | Integration of posture and movement: Contributions of Sherrington, Hess, and Bernstein |
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