Worldwide risk assessment of phthalates and bisphenol A in humans: The need for updating guidelines

Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are compounds widely used as raw materials in the production of plastics, making them ubiquitous in our daily lives. This results in widespread human exposure and human health hazards. Although efforts have been conducted to evaluate the risk of these compounds in di...

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Published in:Environment international Vol. 181; p. 108294
Main Authors: Dueñas-Moreno, Jaime, Mora, Abrahan, Kumar, Manish, Meng, Xiang-Zhou, Mahlknecht, Jürgen
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Netherlands Elsevier 01.11.2023
Subjects:
Animals
Bisphenol A
carcinogenicity
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
environment
Environmental Exposure - adverse effects
Human exposure
human health
Humans
Low-dose exposure
Phthalates
Phthalic Acids
risk
Risk Assessment
Toxicological effects
Bisphenol A
Toxicological effects
Low-dose exposure
Risk assessment
Phthalates
Human exposure
ISSN:0160-4120, 1873-6750, 1873-6750
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Abstract Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are compounds widely used as raw materials in the production of plastics, making them ubiquitous in our daily lives. This results in widespread human exposure and human health hazards. Although efforts have been conducted to evaluate the risk of these compounds in diverse regions around the world, data scattering may mask important trends that could be useful for updating current guidelines and regulations. This study offers a comprehensive global assessment of human exposure levels to these chemicals, considering dietary and nondietary ingestion, and evaluates the associated risk. Overall, the exposure daily intake (EDI) values of phthalates and BPA reported worldwide ranged from 1.11 × 10 to 3 700 µg kg bw d and from 3.00 × 10 to 6.56 µg kg bw d , respectively. Nevertheless, the dose-additive effect of phthalates has been shown to increase the EDI up to 5 100 µg kg bw d , representing a high risk in terms of noncarcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic (CR) effects. The worldwide HQ values of phthalates and BPA ranged from 2.25 × 10 to 3.66 and from 2.74 × 10 to 9.72 × 10 , respectively. Meanwhile, a significant number of studies exhibit high CR values for benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Moreover, DEHP has shown the highest maximum mean CR values for humans in numerous studies, up to 179-fold higher than BBP. Despite mounting evidence of the harmful effects of these chemicals at low-dose exposure on animals and humans, most regulations have not been updated. Thus, this article emphasizes the need for updating guidelines and public policies considering compelling evidence for the adverse effects of low-dose exposure, and it cautions against the use of alternative plasticizers as substitutes for phthalates and BPA because of the significant gaps in their safety.
AbstractList Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are compounds widely used as raw materials in the production of plastics, making them ubiquitous in our daily lives. This results in widespread human exposure and human health hazards. Although efforts have been conducted to evaluate the risk of these compounds in diverse regions around the world, data scattering may mask important trends that could be useful for updating current guidelines and regulations. This study offers a comprehensive global assessment of human exposure levels to these chemicals, considering dietary and nondietary ingestion, and evaluates the associated risk. Overall, the exposure daily intake (EDI) values of phthalates and BPA reported worldwide ranged from 1.11 × 10 to 3 700 µg kg bw d and from 3.00 × 10 to 6.56 µg kg bw d , respectively. Nevertheless, the dose-additive effect of phthalates has been shown to increase the EDI up to 5 100 µg kg bw d , representing a high risk in terms of noncarcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic (CR) effects. The worldwide HQ values of phthalates and BPA ranged from 2.25 × 10 to 3.66 and from 2.74 × 10 to 9.72 × 10 , respectively. Meanwhile, a significant number of studies exhibit high CR values for benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Moreover, DEHP has shown the highest maximum mean CR values for humans in numerous studies, up to 179-fold higher than BBP. Despite mounting evidence of the harmful effects of these chemicals at low-dose exposure on animals and humans, most regulations have not been updated. Thus, this article emphasizes the need for updating guidelines and public policies considering compelling evidence for the adverse effects of low-dose exposure, and it cautions against the use of alternative plasticizers as substitutes for phthalates and BPA because of the significant gaps in their safety.
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are compounds widely used as raw materials in the production of plastics, making them ubiquitous in our daily lives. This results in widespread human exposure and human health hazards. Although efforts have been conducted to evaluate the risk of these compounds in diverse regions around the world, data scattering may mask important trends that could be useful for updating current guidelines and regulations. This study offers a comprehensive global assessment of human exposure levels to these chemicals, considering dietary and nondietary ingestion, and evaluates the associated risk. Overall, the exposure daily intake (EDI) values of phthalates and BPA reported worldwide ranged from 1.11 × 10-7 to 3 700 µg kg bw-1 d-1 and from 3.00 × 10-5 to 6.56 µg kg bw-1 d-1, respectively. Nevertheless, the dose-additive effect of phthalates has been shown to increase the EDI up to 5 100 µg kg bw-1 d-1, representing a high risk in terms of noncarcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic (CR) effects. The worldwide HQ values of phthalates and BPA ranged from 2.25 × 10-7 to 3.66 and from 2.74 × 10-7 to 9.72 × 10-2, respectively. Meanwhile, a significant number of studies exhibit high CR values for benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Moreover, DEHP has shown the highest maximum mean CR values for humans in numerous studies, up to 179-fold higher than BBP. Despite mounting evidence of the harmful effects of these chemicals at low-dose exposure on animals and humans, most regulations have not been updated. Thus, this article emphasizes the need for updating guidelines and public policies considering compelling evidence for the adverse effects of low-dose exposure, and it cautions against the use of alternative plasticizers as substitutes for phthalates and BPA because of the significant gaps in their safety.Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are compounds widely used as raw materials in the production of plastics, making them ubiquitous in our daily lives. This results in widespread human exposure and human health hazards. Although efforts have been conducted to evaluate the risk of these compounds in diverse regions around the world, data scattering may mask important trends that could be useful for updating current guidelines and regulations. This study offers a comprehensive global assessment of human exposure levels to these chemicals, considering dietary and nondietary ingestion, and evaluates the associated risk. Overall, the exposure daily intake (EDI) values of phthalates and BPA reported worldwide ranged from 1.11 × 10-7 to 3 700 µg kg bw-1 d-1 and from 3.00 × 10-5 to 6.56 µg kg bw-1 d-1, respectively. Nevertheless, the dose-additive effect of phthalates has been shown to increase the EDI up to 5 100 µg kg bw-1 d-1, representing a high risk in terms of noncarcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic (CR) effects. The worldwide HQ values of phthalates and BPA ranged from 2.25 × 10-7 to 3.66 and from 2.74 × 10-7 to 9.72 × 10-2, respectively. Meanwhile, a significant number of studies exhibit high CR values for benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Moreover, DEHP has shown the highest maximum mean CR values for humans in numerous studies, up to 179-fold higher than BBP. Despite mounting evidence of the harmful effects of these chemicals at low-dose exposure on animals and humans, most regulations have not been updated. Thus, this article emphasizes the need for updating guidelines and public policies considering compelling evidence for the adverse effects of low-dose exposure, and it cautions against the use of alternative plasticizers as substitutes for phthalates and BPA because of the significant gaps in their safety.
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are compounds widely used as raw materials in the production of plastics, making them ubiquitous in our daily lives. This results in widespread human exposure and human health hazards. Although efforts have been conducted to evaluate the risk of these compounds in diverse regions around the world, data scattering may mask important trends that could be useful for updating current guidelines and regulations. This study offers a comprehensive global assessment of human exposure levels to these chemicals, considering dietary and nondietary ingestion, and evaluates the associated risk. Overall, the exposure daily intake (EDI) values of phthalates and BPA reported worldwide ranged from 1.11 × 10⁻⁷ to 3 700 µg kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹ and from 3.00 × 10⁻⁵ to 6.56 µg kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively. Nevertheless, the dose-additive effect of phthalates has been shown to increase the EDI up to 5 100 µg kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹, representing a high risk in terms of noncarcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic (CR) effects. The worldwide HQ values of phthalates and BPA ranged from 2.25 × 10⁻⁷ to 3.66 and from 2.74 × 10⁻⁷ to 9.72 × 10⁻², respectively. Meanwhile, a significant number of studies exhibit high CR values for benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Moreover, DEHP has shown the highest maximum mean CR values for humans in numerous studies, up to 179-fold higher than BBP. Despite mounting evidence of the harmful effects of these chemicals at low-dose exposure on animals and humans, most regulations have not been updated. Thus, this article emphasizes the need for updating guidelines and public policies considering compelling evidence for the adverse effects of low-dose exposure, and it cautions against the use of alternative plasticizers as substitutes for phthalates and BPA because of the significant gaps in their safety.
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are compounds widely used as raw materials in the production of plastics, making them ubiquitous in our daily lives. This results in widespread human exposure and human health hazards. Although efforts have been conducted to evaluate the risk of these compounds in diverse regions around the world, data scattering may mask important trends that could be useful for updating current guidelines and regulations. This study offers a comprehensive global assessment of human exposure levels to these chemicals, considering dietary and nondietary ingestion, and evaluates the associated risk. Overall, the exposure daily intake (EDI) values of phthalates and BPA reported worldwide ranged from 1.11 × 10−7 to 3 700 µg kg bw−1 d−1 and from 3.00 × 10−5 to 6.56 µg kg bw−1 d−1, respectively. Nevertheless, the dose-additive effect of phthalates has been shown to increase the EDI up to 5 100 µg kg bw−1 d−1, representing a high risk in terms of noncarcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic (CR) effects. The worldwide HQ values of phthalates and BPA ranged from 2.25 × 10−7 to 3.66 and from 2.74 × 10−7 to 9.72 × 10−2, respectively. Meanwhile, a significant number of studies exhibit high CR values for benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Moreover, DEHP has shown the highest maximum mean CR values for humans in numerous studies, up to 179-fold higher than BBP. Despite mounting evidence of the harmful effects of these chemicals at low-dose exposure on animals and humans, most regulations have not been updated. Thus, this article emphasizes the need for updating guidelines and public policies considering compelling evidence for the adverse effects of low-dose exposure, and it cautions against the use of alternative plasticizers as substitutes for phthalates and BPA because of the significant gaps in their safety.
ArticleNumber 108294
Author Dueñas-Moreno, Jaime
Meng, Xiang-Zhou
Mahlknecht, Jürgen
Mora, Abrahan
Kumar, Manish
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  givenname: Jaime
  surname: Dueñas-Moreno
  fullname: Dueñas-Moreno, Jaime
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  givenname: Abrahan
  surname: Mora
  fullname: Mora, Abrahan
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Manish
  surname: Kumar
  fullname: Kumar, Manish
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Xiang-Zhou
  surname: Meng
  fullname: Meng, Xiang-Zhou
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Jürgen
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5708-0043
  surname: Mahlknecht
  fullname: Mahlknecht, Jürgen
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37935082$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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IngestDate Fri Oct 03 12:50:29 EDT 2025
Sat Sep 27 19:38:11 EDT 2025
Sun Nov 09 10:03:58 EST 2025
Thu Nov 20 01:40:44 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 07:27:09 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 21:01:23 EST 2025
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Keywords Bisphenol A
Toxicological effects
Low-dose exposure
Risk assessment
Phthalates
Human exposure
Language English
License Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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Snippet Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are compounds widely used as raw materials in the production of plastics, making them ubiquitous in our daily lives. This...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Bisphenol A
carcinogenicity
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
environment
Environmental Exposure - adverse effects
Human exposure
human health
Humans
Low-dose exposure
Phthalates
Phthalic Acids
risk
Risk Assessment
Toxicological effects
Title Worldwide risk assessment of phthalates and bisphenol A in humans: The need for updating guidelines
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37935082
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Volume 181
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